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A citizen-based platform reveals the distribution of functional groups inside a large city from the Southern Hemisphere: e-Bird and the urban birds of Santiago (Central Chile) 一个以市民为基础的平台揭示了南半球大城市内功能群体的分布:e-Bird和圣地亚哥(智利中部)的城市鸟类
IF 2.2 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2018-03-27 DOI: 10.1186/s40693-018-0073-x
Pablo Gutiérrez-Tapia, M. Ignacio Azócar, Sergio A. Castro
BackgroundCurrent knowledge of urban bird ecology and biodiversity relies on evidence from cities of the Northern Hemisphere, while the Southern Hemisphere is underrepresented. Santiago is a large city from South America, located in central Chile, which is both a biodiversity hotspot and an Endemic Bird Area. This work is a synthesis, which aims to provide a diversity account for Santiago, and to describe the broad geographic distribution and bird functional patterns.MethodsWe synthesized a seven-year (2009–2016) bird register from the eBird database (21,865 georeferenced registers at Santiago) into a single avifaunal account, along with the observed number of individuals. We complemented these registers by using available literature about Santiago’s avifauna (28 references). We investigated the proportion of native/exotic, migrants/residents, conservation categories, and urban nesting status. We classified Santiago’s birds into seven trophic guilds. We plotted species richness and number of individuals for each functional group, by interpolating trough the Inverse Distance Weighted Method.ResultsWe found that Santiago’s avifauna (46 species) is composed mainly by native (41), resident (38), non-threatened species (46) that breed inside the city (31). Some functional groups inhabit a large portion of Santiago’s urban surface, reaching high values of richness and abundance. Among these groups are the native, urban-nesters and resident species; even though exotics possess low species richness (5), they are abundant and inhabit the complete urban surface of the city.The dominant trophic guilds are omnivorous (11) and granivorous (10). Insectivorous are the third most abundant trophic guild, and show the highest species richness (13).ConclusionThe functional groups with lower species richness are less abundant and display reduced and patchy distributions in Santiago. This is probably because of the low availability of suitable habitats and/or restricted food supply (migrants, carnivorous, nectarivorous, frugivorous, herbivorous and piscivorous). The high insectivorous richness reported in Santiago, along with similar patterns reported in several cities in the Neotropics, provides evidence to postulate a pattern of high species richness of this guild in cities across this biogeographic realm.
目前关于城市鸟类生态学和生物多样性的知识依赖于来自北半球城市的证据,而南半球的代表性不足。圣地亚哥是南美洲的一个大城市,位于智利中部,是一个生物多样性热点和特有种鸟类区。这项工作是一项综合工作,旨在为圣地亚哥的多样性提供一个解释,并描述广泛的地理分布和鸟类功能模式。方法将eBird数据库中7年(2009-2016年)的鸟类登记册(圣地亚哥的21865个地理参考登记册)与观察到的个体数量综合到一个单一的鸟类种群账户中。我们利用有关圣地亚哥鸟类的现有文献(28篇参考文献)来补充这些登记。我们调查了本地/外来比例、迁徙/居民比例、保护类别和城市筑巢状况。我们把圣地亚哥的鸟类分为七个营养协会。通过反距离加权插值法绘制了各功能群的物种丰富度和个体数。结果圣地亚哥市鸟类种类以本地种(41种)、留鸟种(38种)、非濒危种(46种)为主,在市内繁殖(31种)。一些功能群体占据了圣地亚哥城市表面的很大一部分,达到了很高的丰富性和丰富性。在这些群体中有本地的、城市筑巢的和常驻的物种;尽管外来物种的物种丰富度较低(5),但它们数量丰富,栖息在城市的整个表面。主要的营养行会是杂食性(11)和肉食性(10)。食虫是第三丰富的营养行业,并显示出最高的物种丰富度(13)。结论圣地亚哥地区物种丰富度较低的官能团数量较少,呈减少状、斑块状分布。这可能是由于适宜栖息地较少和/或食物供应有限(候鸟、肉食性、食蜜性、果食性、草食性和鱼食性)。在圣地亚哥报道的高食虫丰富度,以及在新热带地区的几个城市报道的类似模式,提供了证据,假设在这个生物地理领域的城市中,这个行业的物种丰富度很高。
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引用次数: 16
A modularity-based approach for identifying biodiversity management units 基于模块化的生物多样性管理单元识别方法
IF 2.2 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2018-02-26 DOI: 10.1186/s40693-018-0072-y
A. Borthagaray, Á. Soutullo, A. Carranza, M. Arim
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引用次数: 7
Protected areas in Chile: are we managing them? 智利的保护区:我们在管理它们吗?
IF 2.2 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2018-01-30 DOI: 10.1186/s40693-018-0071-z
Ignacio J. Petit, Ana N. Campoy, Maria-Jose Hevia, Carlos F. Gaymer, Francisco A. Squeo
BackgroundHuman population growth since the mid-1900s has been accompanied by an unsustainable use of natural resources and a corresponding impact on terrestrial and marine biota. In response, most states have established protected areas as tools to decrease biodiversity loss, being Chile one of the signatories of international conservation agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the 2010 Aichi Targets. This study reviews the Chilean protected areas that have been created to date, with an emphasis on the existence and effectiveness of management plans for all terrestrial and marine protected areas.Effectiveness was individually evaluated using two filters: 1) the age of the management plan and 2) the first four steps of the Protected Areas Management Effectiveness (PAME) methodology recommended by the IUCN.ResultsWe show that 84 out of a total of 145 protected areas (PAs), and only five out of a total of 20 marine protected areas (MPAs), have management plans. Only 12% (N = 16) of PAs are effectively managed; while in the marine realm, no MPA has an effective plan.ConclusionsOur results show the lack of both the effectiveness of and updates to the management plans for the vast majority of the national territory and raise the following question: is it sustainable to continue adding protected areas to the national system even though it is clear that the existing support is insufficient to meet the minimum requirements for full implementation?
自20世纪中期以来,伴随着人口增长的是对自然资源的不可持续利用,以及对陆地和海洋生物群的相应影响。作为回应,大多数国家都建立了保护区,作为减少生物多样性丧失的工具,智利是《生物多样性公约》(CBD)和2010年爱知目标等国际保护协议的签署国之一。这项研究审查了智利迄今为止建立的保护区,重点是所有陆地和海洋保护区的管理计划的存在和有效性。使用两个过滤器单独评估有效性:1)管理计划的年龄和2)世界自然保护联盟推荐的保护区管理有效性(PAME)方法的前四个步骤。结果145个保护区中有84个有管理计划,20个海洋保护区中只有5个有管理计划。只有12% (N = 16)的PAs得到有效管理;而在海洋领域,没有一个保护区有一个有效的计划。结论我们的结果表明,绝大多数国家领土的管理计划既缺乏有效性,也缺乏更新,并提出了以下问题:即使现有的支持不足以满足全面实施的最低要求,继续在国家系统中增加保护区是否可持续?
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引用次数: 31
The ecological value of long-term studies of birds and mammals in Central America, South America and Antarctica 中美洲、南美洲和南极洲鸟类和哺乳动物长期研究的生态价值
IF 2.2 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2017-09-06 DOI: 10.1186/s40693-017-0070-5
Megan Taig-Johnston, Madeline K. Strom, K. Calhoun, Kendra Nowak, L. Ebensperger, L. Hayes
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引用次数: 8
Temporal variations in macroinvertebrate communities from the tributaries in the Three Gorges Reservoir Catchment, China 三峡库区支流大型无脊椎动物群落的时间变化
IF 2.2 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2017-08-29 DOI: 10.1186/s40693-017-0069-y
Shiyun Chi, Sixin Li, Sheng Chen, Mingxiu Chen, Jinxiu Zheng, Juxiang Hu
BackgroundThe seasonal variations in macroinvertebrate communities in tropical, temperate and subarctic regions have been observed and well documented to date, but similar studies conducted in subtropical rivers at the regional scale are relatively rare. In this paper, the macroinvertebrate communities from the main tributaries in the Three Gorges Reservoir Catchment (TGRC) were investigated as a function of the four seasons to explore the temporal variations in macroinvertebrate communities and further tests the temporal stability of certain metrics that are based on macroinvertebrates under a routine bioassessment framework.ResultsThe taxa richness reached the highest point in spring, followed by winter, autumn and summer. The taxa Chironomidae, Heptageniidae, Corbiculidae and Baetidae dominated the communities across seasons. The temporal variations in communities were mainly reflected in the changes in taxa proportions between seasons. The percentages of the taxa Heptageniidae and Baetidae were the highest in autumn (normal discharge period) and lowest in summer (high discharge period). The abundance of macroinvertebrates was the lowest in summer, increased in autumn and winter, and then decreased in spring. Natural fluctuations of aquatic ecosystems (temporal effects) resulted in variations that were apparent in macroinvertebrate-based metrics, such as EPT%, Baetidae%, Caenidae%, Ephemerellidae% and Hydropsychidae%.ConclusionsThe results of our study demonstrated that the macroinvertebrate communities in the main tributaries of the TGRC varied as a function of seasons. This variation was fundamentally similar to the seasonal patterns in subarctic and temperate streams. Different hydro-morphological characteristics and water quality during the high discharge period (summer), low discharge period (winter) and normal discharge period (spring and autumn) strongly affected the distribution patterns of macroinvertebrate communities. Discharge variation among seasons resulted in seasonal fluctuations in the density of macroinvertebrates. In the TGRC, autumn was the important hatching period for mayflies (Ephemeroptera). The variations in metrics related to macroinvertebrates indicated that temporal effects should not be neglected under a biomonitoring framework in future studies.
背景:热带、温带和亚北极地区大型无脊椎动物群落的季节变化已经被观察到,但在区域尺度上对亚热带河流进行的类似研究相对较少。本文以三峡库区主要支流的大型无脊椎动物群落为研究对象,探讨了大型无脊椎动物群落的季节变化特征,并在常规生物评价框架下检验了基于大型无脊椎动物的某些指标的时间稳定性。结果植物类群丰富度在春季最高,其次为冬季、秋季和夏季。各季节的主要分类群为手蛾科、七爪蛾科、蠓科和贝伊科。群落的时间变化主要体现在季节间分类群比例的变化上。以秋季(正常流量期)和夏季(高流量期)为最高,以七尾蝇科和贝蝶科为最低。大型无脊椎动物丰度夏季最低,秋冬季增加,春季减少。水生生态系统的自然波动(时间效应)导致了以大型无脊椎动物为基础的指标(EPT%、Baetidae%、Caenidae%、Ephemerellidae%和Hydropsychidae%)的明显变化。结论TGRC主要支流的大型无脊椎动物群落具有明显的季节变化特征。这种变化基本上与亚北极和温带河流的季节模式相似。高流量期(夏季)、低流量期(冬季)和正常流量期(春季和秋季)不同的水文形态特征和水质对大型无脊椎动物群落的分布格局影响较大。季节间流量的变化导致大型无脊椎动物密度的季节性波动。在青藏高原,秋季是蜉蝣目重要的孵化期。与大型无脊椎动物相关的指标变化表明,在未来的生物监测框架下,时间效应不应被忽视。
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引用次数: 15
Molecular phylogenetic analyses reveal the importance of taxon sampling in cryptic diversity: Liolaemus nigroviridis and L. monticola (Liolaeminae) as focal species 分子系统发育分析揭示了分类群取样在隐种多样性中的重要性:黑病毒Liolaemus nigroviridis和liolaemensis (Liolaeminae)是焦点种
IF 2.2 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2017-06-20 DOI: 10.1186/s40693-017-0068-z
Fernando Torres-Pérez, Dusan Boric-Bargetto, Evelyn Rodríguez-Valenzuela, Constanza Escobar, R. Eduardo Palma
BackgroundMitochondrial markers are widely used as a first approach in determining evolutionary relationships among vertebrate taxa at different hierarchical scales. Cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase I are among the most common markers; they are particularly useful in phylogeography and species delineation studies. Simulation and empirical studies show that increasing the taxon sampling has a clear and strong effect on the accuracy of the inferred trees and therefore on hypothesized phylogenetic relationships (and eventually in new taxonomic rearrangements); this should be considered in the design of studies. The lizard genus Liolaemus is widely distributed in southern South America and includes more than 250 described species. The number of taxa and the distribution of Liolaemus species/populations makes them a good model for testing different hypotheses in systematics.MethodsWe studied two Liolaemus species, Liolaemus nigroviridis and L. monticola as focal species to evaluate their monophyly and the influence of adding new samples from related taxa in the resulting phylogenies. We performed phylogenetic analyses (maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) using 141 sequences of the mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome b (cyt-b) of 11 Liolaemus species.ResultsOur study show that using intensive taxon sampling for phylogenetic reconstructions, two species (L. uniformis and L. nitidus) are placed within the clades of the two focal species (L. nigroviridis and L. monticola, respectively).ConclusionsOur study confirms the importance of taxon sampling to infer more accurate phylogenetic relationships, particularly to reveal hidden polyphyly or paraphyly, which may have a strong impact on taxonomic proposals and/or inferring cryptic diversity.
线粒体标记被广泛用于确定不同层次尺度的脊椎动物类群之间的进化关系。细胞色素b和细胞色素氧化酶I是最常见的标志物;它们在系统地理学和物种描述研究中特别有用。模拟和实证研究表明,增加分类群采样对推断树的准确性有明显而强烈的影响,从而对假设的系统发育关系(最终在新的分类重排中)有明显的影响;在设计研究时应考虑到这一点。Liolaemus蜥蜴属广泛分布在南美洲南部,包括250多种已描述的物种。Liolaemus的分类群数量和种/居群分布使其成为检验不同系统学假设的良好模型。方法以黑病毒Liolaemus和monticola Liolaemus两种Liolaemus为焦点种,评价其单系性以及相关类群中添加新样本对系统发育的影响。我们利用11个Liolaemus物种的141个线粒体DNA细胞色素b (cyt-b)序列进行了系统发育分析(最大似然和贝叶斯推断)。结果本研究表明,通过密集的分类群采样进行系统发育重建,两个物种(L. uniformis和L. nitidus)被放置在两个焦点物种(L. nigroviridis和L. monticola)的分支中。结论我们的研究证实了分类群取样对于推断更准确的系统发育关系的重要性,特别是对于揭示隐藏的多聚或副聚,这可能对分类建议和/或推断隐种多样性具有重要影响。
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引用次数: 7
Composition, structure and diversity of a mesquite in Pesquería (Northeastern Mexico) 墨西哥东北部Pesquería一种豆科植物的组成、结构和多样性
IF 2.2 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2017-06-14 DOI: 10.1186/s40693-017-0066-1
E. Alanís-Rodríguez, V. Molina-Guerra, J. Jiménez-Pérez, E. A. Rubio-Camacho, A. Mora-Olivo, Alejandro Collantes-Chávez-Costa, Jonathan J. Marroquín-Castillo
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引用次数: 2
Agricultural landscapes as habitat for birds in central Chile 智利中部作为鸟类栖息地的农业景观
IF 2.2 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2017-05-31 DOI: 10.1186/s40693-017-0067-0
Andrés Muñoz-Sáez, Jorge F. Perez-Quezada, Cristián F. Estades
BackgroundUnderstanding the role of agroecosystems as habitat for wildlife is crucial for long-term conservation planning, as different crop stratification and landscape elements can influence bird communities, which are also affected by seasonality. The goal of our study was to determine how agricultural landscapes varying in land cover characteristics affect bird richness and abundance. Bird surveys were conducted at 110 locations within agricultural landscapes in central Chile. The surveyed areas were characterized by land cover at two scales (50 and 500 m radii) through direct observation and photo-interpretation, during winter and spring seasons. Generalized Linear Mixed Models were used to evaluate the effects of different agricultural land covers on bird species and communities.ResultsOur results show that birds were more abundant during winter, in particular for insectivorous and granivorous birds, and that bird species richness was significantly increased due to cover provided by hedgerows at the plot scale.ConclusionsWe found that abundance of some bird species in agroecosystems in central Chile was higher in winter than in spring, and that overall bird richness was favored by structural diversity including non-crop structures such as hedgerows, which thus may be relevant for improving bird conservation management in temperate agroecosystems. Our results suggest that native vegetation proximity and area may affect seasonal changes in bird communities at larger scales, relationships which warrant further study.
了解农业生态系统作为野生动物栖息地的作用对于长期保护规划至关重要,因为不同的作物分层和景观元素会影响鸟类群落,而鸟类群落也受到季节性的影响。我们研究的目的是确定不同土地覆盖特征的农业景观如何影响鸟类的丰富度和丰度。在智利中部农业景观的110个地点进行了鸟类调查。在冬季和春季,通过直接观测和照片解译,对调查区域在50和500 m半径两个尺度上的土地覆盖特征进行了分析。采用广义线性混合模型评价了不同农用地覆盖对鸟类种类和群落的影响。结果表明,冬季鸟类以食虫和食食性鸟类为主,且在样地尺度上,植物篱的覆盖使鸟类物种丰富度显著增加。结论智利中部农业生态系统中部分鸟类的丰度在冬季高于春季,整体鸟类丰富度受包括植物篱等非作物结构在内的结构多样性的影响,这可能与改善温带农业生态系统鸟类保护管理有关。研究结果表明,原生植被的接近度和面积可能在更大尺度上影响鸟类群落的季节变化,这种关系值得进一步研究。
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引用次数: 32
Persistence of Dromiciops gliroides in landscapes dominated by Pinus radiata plantations 辐射松人工林景观中油油松的持久性
IF 2.2 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2017-03-21 DOI: 10.1186/s40693-017-0065-2
Sandra V. Uribe, Romina G. Chiappe, Cristián F. Estades
BackgroundMonitos del monte (Dromiciops gliroides) are old-growth forest specialists and, thus, believed to be very sensitive to habitat transformation, although some recent studies show some level of plasticity of their habitat selection patterns.FindingsIn this note we report on records of D. gliroides living in a very modified environment, composed mostly by industrial pine plantations and small fragments of Nothofagus spp. forests and we report the extension of the northernmost limit of its currently known distribution.ConclusionsAlthough highly reliant on native vegetation, Dromiciops gliroides has been able to persist in industrial forest landscapes dominated by pine plantations.
尽管最近的一些研究表明它们的栖息地选择模式有一定程度的可塑性,但它们是原生林专家,因此被认为对栖息地的转变非常敏感。在本文中,我们报道了生活在一个主要由工业松林和小块Nothofagus spp.森林组成的非常改变的环境中的D. gliroides的记录,并报告了其目前已知分布的最北端极限的扩展。结论虽然对原生植被高度依赖,但在以松林为主的工业森林景观中仍能生存。
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引用次数: 12
Winter diet of the long-eared owl Asio otus (Strigiformes: Strigidae) in the grasslands of Janos, Chihuahua, Mexico 墨西哥奇瓦瓦州雅诺斯草原上长耳猫头鹰的冬季饮食
IF 2.2 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2017-01-28 DOI: 10.1186/s40693-017-0064-3
J. González-Rojas, Hernaldo Padilla-Rangel, Irene Ruvalcaba-Ortega, M. A. Cruz-Nieto, Ricardo Canales-Del-Castillo, A. Guzmán-Velasco
{"title":"Winter diet of the long-eared owl Asio otus (Strigiformes: Strigidae) in the grasslands of Janos, Chihuahua, Mexico","authors":"J. González-Rojas, Hernaldo Padilla-Rangel, Irene Ruvalcaba-Ortega, M. A. Cruz-Nieto, Ricardo Canales-Del-Castillo, A. Guzmán-Velasco","doi":"10.1186/s40693-017-0064-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40693-017-0064-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21247,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chilena de Historia Natural","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2017-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40693-017-0064-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65743368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
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Revista Chilena de Historia Natural
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