The potential merits of empirical modelling (EM) as a new approach to generating software for educational use are examined. Connections between EM and the learning process are discussed. EM is proposed as a method of dealing with knowledge that is gained through experience of interaction with artefacts. The philosophical implications of this thesis are considered, with particular reference to the work of William James (1842-1910) (W. James, 1996). The relationship between EM and current research on multi user spreadsheets and agent oriented modelling is also described. A practical agenda for future applications of EM to education is outlined.
{"title":"Empirical modelling for educational technology","authors":"W. M. Beynon","doi":"10.1109/CT.1997.617682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CT.1997.617682","url":null,"abstract":"The potential merits of empirical modelling (EM) as a new approach to generating software for educational use are examined. Connections between EM and the learning process are discussed. EM is proposed as a method of dealing with knowledge that is gained through experience of interaction with artefacts. The philosophical implications of this thesis are considered, with particular reference to the work of William James (1842-1910) (W. James, 1996). The relationship between EM and current research on multi user spreadsheets and agent oriented modelling is also described. A practical agenda for future applications of EM to education is outlined.","PeriodicalId":212776,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Second International Conference on Cognitive Technology Humanizing the Information Age","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125772262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper addresses technology which aims at designing systems which are intelligent or show life like behaviour. The author views 'intelligence' and 'life' as concepts which are constructed and attributed by humans: a) in a certain context by the process of interaction and understanding, or b) between humans in processes of agreement and the social construction of conventions. Cognitive technology can be an opportunity to study the processes of how new forms of interactions can emerge at the human tool interface. These new kinds of interaction need not mimic 'natural' ones, they can be qualitatively new forms of 'interactive intelligence' which are more than the sum of their parts. The relevance of artificial life (AL) to the field of cognitive technology is discussed. The Embodied AL (EAL) direction is interpreted in terms of concepts which stress the individual, embodied and social nature of humans as designers and users of technology. 'Believability', 'stories', 'autobiography', 'social understanding', and the coupling of an individual's internal and external dynamics to its environment are central concepts of this approach. The potential contribution of EAL to the field of cognitive technology is summarised in a list of ten CT guidelines.
{"title":"The role of interactive conceptions of intelligence and life in cognitive technology","authors":"K. Dautenhahn","doi":"10.1109/CT.1997.617680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CT.1997.617680","url":null,"abstract":"The paper addresses technology which aims at designing systems which are intelligent or show life like behaviour. The author views 'intelligence' and 'life' as concepts which are constructed and attributed by humans: a) in a certain context by the process of interaction and understanding, or b) between humans in processes of agreement and the social construction of conventions. Cognitive technology can be an opportunity to study the processes of how new forms of interactions can emerge at the human tool interface. These new kinds of interaction need not mimic 'natural' ones, they can be qualitatively new forms of 'interactive intelligence' which are more than the sum of their parts. The relevance of artificial life (AL) to the field of cognitive technology is discussed. The Embodied AL (EAL) direction is interpreted in terms of concepts which stress the individual, embodied and social nature of humans as designers and users of technology. 'Believability', 'stories', 'autobiography', 'social understanding', and the coupling of an individual's internal and external dynamics to its environment are central concepts of this approach. The potential contribution of EAL to the field of cognitive technology is summarised in a list of ten CT guidelines.","PeriodicalId":212776,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Second International Conference on Cognitive Technology Humanizing the Information Age","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115645176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paradigm shifts occur in industries with the development of technologies which change the economics of the industry. Tertiary education is on the verge of a radical change in the way it is organised and in the way instruction is delivered. There will be relatively little effect on the learning outcomes for students but there will be major changes in the working conditions of teachers in the industry. It is unlikely that many universities will adapt sufficiently quickly to become the dominant suppliers of education services. It is likely that tertiary education will be dominated by a few multinational companies with connections with some existing universities.
{"title":"Technology and tertiary education","authors":"K. Cox","doi":"10.1109/CT.1997.617705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CT.1997.617705","url":null,"abstract":"Paradigm shifts occur in industries with the development of technologies which change the economics of the industry. Tertiary education is on the verge of a radical change in the way it is organised and in the way instruction is delivered. There will be relatively little effect on the learning outcomes for students but there will be major changes in the working conditions of teachers in the industry. It is unlikely that many universities will adapt sufficiently quickly to become the dominant suppliers of education services. It is likely that tertiary education will be dominated by a few multinational companies with connections with some existing universities.","PeriodicalId":212776,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Second International Conference on Cognitive Technology Humanizing the Information Age","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114084138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When discussing computer tools it is common to say that these artefacts "augment" human cognition by the functionality that has been programmed in them. Augmentation is a powerful idea: the hypothesis is that a person becomes more capable when the functionality of a cognitive tool is added to his or her own cognitive functionality-in augmentation a new, more capable cognitive system emerges. We discuss two general approaches to distribute cognition between humans and artefacts. The first approach the current "augmentation" approach-begins by making a distinction between the individual, who is unaided by any artefacts, and a broader cognitive system comprising the individual and certain objects in his/her environment. This approach, which considers distributed cognition as a structural expansion of unaided cognition, is contrasted with another approach-a mediational approach which from the very beginning focuses on the interaction between the individual and the world. As we demonstrate, this difference is associated with conflicting views on the very nature of distributed cognition.
{"title":"Rethinking cognitive tools: from augmentation to mediation","authors":"K. Kuutti, V. Kaptelinin","doi":"10.1109/CT.1997.617678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CT.1997.617678","url":null,"abstract":"When discussing computer tools it is common to say that these artefacts \"augment\" human cognition by the functionality that has been programmed in them. Augmentation is a powerful idea: the hypothesis is that a person becomes more capable when the functionality of a cognitive tool is added to his or her own cognitive functionality-in augmentation a new, more capable cognitive system emerges. We discuss two general approaches to distribute cognition between humans and artefacts. The first approach the current \"augmentation\" approach-begins by making a distinction between the individual, who is unaided by any artefacts, and a broader cognitive system comprising the individual and certain objects in his/her environment. This approach, which considers distributed cognition as a structural expansion of unaided cognition, is contrasted with another approach-a mediational approach which from the very beginning focuses on the interaction between the individual and the world. As we demonstrate, this difference is associated with conflicting views on the very nature of distributed cognition.","PeriodicalId":212776,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Second International Conference on Cognitive Technology Humanizing the Information Age","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116563899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Bhalla, H. Abramson, K. Christianson, J. Goodwin, J. Goodwin, J. Sarraille, L. Schmitt
This paper presents a qualitative analysis of differences in the way that kanji are perceived by different users of Japanese language. Most non-native users of Japanese dictionaries find it difficult to use these dictionaries, because the data are organized in the conventional way, that is similar to dictionaries for native Japanese users. These present compilations are based on the assumption that each user has sufficient knowledge of the language. However, the non-native users, in particular at the beginner's level, have a number of difficulties concerning the Japanese characters (called 'kanji'), and words (called 'compounds'). In practice, the experienced user with adequate background of the Japanese language also finds it difficult to use Japanese dictionaries. In some cases, these require up to 20 to 30 minutes to locate a reference which may involve the use of several dictionaries. A simple analysis demonstrates that learning tools currently in use are not favorable for non-Japanese learners, and that it is necessary to develop new tools. We describe, analyze, and give examples of some new tools that we are developing in connection with a multimedia Japanese-English dictionary, in particular a convenient user interface based on support data from multi-attribute databases.
{"title":"Recognition of Japanese characters by non-native learners through a support database system","authors":"S. Bhalla, H. Abramson, K. Christianson, J. Goodwin, J. Goodwin, J. Sarraille, L. Schmitt","doi":"10.1109/CT.1997.617699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CT.1997.617699","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a qualitative analysis of differences in the way that kanji are perceived by different users of Japanese language. Most non-native users of Japanese dictionaries find it difficult to use these dictionaries, because the data are organized in the conventional way, that is similar to dictionaries for native Japanese users. These present compilations are based on the assumption that each user has sufficient knowledge of the language. However, the non-native users, in particular at the beginner's level, have a number of difficulties concerning the Japanese characters (called 'kanji'), and words (called 'compounds'). In practice, the experienced user with adequate background of the Japanese language also finds it difficult to use Japanese dictionaries. In some cases, these require up to 20 to 30 minutes to locate a reference which may involve the use of several dictionaries. A simple analysis demonstrates that learning tools currently in use are not favorable for non-Japanese learners, and that it is necessary to develop new tools. We describe, analyze, and give examples of some new tools that we are developing in connection with a multimedia Japanese-English dictionary, in particular a convenient user interface based on support data from multi-attribute databases.","PeriodicalId":212776,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Second International Conference on Cognitive Technology Humanizing the Information Age","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126526470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, we have been working on technologies for an Intelligent Room. Rather than pull people into the virtual world of the computer, we are trying to pull the computer out into the real world of people. To do this, we are combining robotics and vision technology with speech understanding systems and agent-based architectures to provide ready-at-hand computation and information services for people engaged in day-to-day activities, both on their own and in conjunction with others. We have built a layered architecture where, at the bottom level, vision systems track people and identify their activities and gestures, and, through word spotting, decide whether people in the room are talking to each other or to the room itself. At the next level, an agent architecture provides a uniform interface to such specially-built systems, and to other off-the-shelf software, such as Web browsers, etc. At the highest level, we are able to build application systems that provide occupants of the room with specialized services; examples we have built include systems for command-and-control situations rooms and as a room for giving presentations.
{"title":"The Intelligent Room project","authors":"R. Brooks","doi":"10.1109/CT.1997.617707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CT.1997.617707","url":null,"abstract":"At the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, we have been working on technologies for an Intelligent Room. Rather than pull people into the virtual world of the computer, we are trying to pull the computer out into the real world of people. To do this, we are combining robotics and vision technology with speech understanding systems and agent-based architectures to provide ready-at-hand computation and information services for people engaged in day-to-day activities, both on their own and in conjunction with others. We have built a layered architecture where, at the bottom level, vision systems track people and identify their activities and gestures, and, through word spotting, decide whether people in the room are talking to each other or to the room itself. At the next level, an agent architecture provides a uniform interface to such specially-built systems, and to other off-the-shelf software, such as Web browsers, etc. At the highest level, we are able to build application systems that provide occupants of the room with specialized services; examples we have built include systems for command-and-control situations rooms and as a room for giving presentations.","PeriodicalId":212776,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Second International Conference on Cognitive Technology Humanizing the Information Age","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124612045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research studies the show actions to examine how participants integrate the three modalities of speech, camera control, and gesture during TV conferencing. After introducing some concepts of individual show action, the paper focuses attention on the cooperative show actions of two person collaboration. Message exchange TV conferencing was simulated to make observations on participants' free use of speech and camera control modality to transmit certain objects to each other. The coordination and interaction of the two participants in modality choice were compared when they exchange three types of object: formed text, mathematical expression and electronic circuit, with various sizes (complexity). Four models and nine types of the cooperative show actions were defined by how participants expressed an object and what modality they chose for the expression. The results of experimentation confirmed that participants' show actions varied, depending on the type and size of the objects.
{"title":"The cooperative show actions in TV conferencing","authors":"Zhang Rui, H. Tamura, Y. Shibuya","doi":"10.1109/CT.1997.617683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CT.1997.617683","url":null,"abstract":"This research studies the show actions to examine how participants integrate the three modalities of speech, camera control, and gesture during TV conferencing. After introducing some concepts of individual show action, the paper focuses attention on the cooperative show actions of two person collaboration. Message exchange TV conferencing was simulated to make observations on participants' free use of speech and camera control modality to transmit certain objects to each other. The coordination and interaction of the two participants in modality choice were compared when they exchange three types of object: formed text, mathematical expression and electronic circuit, with various sizes (complexity). Four models and nine types of the cooperative show actions were defined by how participants expressed an object and what modality they chose for the expression. The results of experimentation confirmed that participants' show actions varied, depending on the type and size of the objects.","PeriodicalId":212776,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Second International Conference on Cognitive Technology Humanizing the Information Age","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121954109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The First International Conference on Cognitive Technology (CT'95, Hong Kong, 1995) explored a radically new way of thinking about the impact computer technology has on humans, especially on the human mind. Our main aim at that time was a consideration of these effects with respect to rendering the interface between people and computers more humane. And we exemplified our approach by pointing to existing trends and tendencies in the vast new loosely organized field of research often referred to as 'HCI' ('human computer interaction'; the replacement for the politically and factually 'incorrect' MMI, 'man machine interface').
{"title":"Putting the horse before the cart: formulating and exploring methods for studying cognitive technology","authors":"B. Gorayska, Jonathon P. Marsh, J. Mey","doi":"10.1109/CT.1997.617675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CT.1997.617675","url":null,"abstract":"The First International Conference on Cognitive Technology (CT'95, Hong Kong, 1995) explored a radically new way of thinking about the impact computer technology has on humans, especially on the human mind. Our main aim at that time was a consideration of these effects with respect to rendering the interface between people and computers more humane. And we exemplified our approach by pointing to existing trends and tendencies in the vast new loosely organized field of research often referred to as 'HCI' ('human computer interaction'; the replacement for the politically and factually 'incorrect' MMI, 'man machine interface').","PeriodicalId":212776,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Second International Conference on Cognitive Technology Humanizing the Information Age","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129372651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The cycle of abstraction-reconstruction, which occurs as a fundamental principle in the development of culture and in cognitive processes, is described and analyzed. This approach leads to recognition of boundary conditions for and directions of probable development of cognitive tools. It is shown how the transition from a conventional Japanese-English character dictionary to a multi-dimensional language database is an instance of such an abstraction-reconstruction cycle. The individual phases in the design of a multi-dimensional language database based upon different computer software technologies are investigated in regard to the underlying cycle. The methods used in the design of a multi-dimensional language database include the use of UNIX software tools, classical database methods as well as the use of search engines based upon full text search. Several directions of application and extension for multi-dimensional language databases are discussed.
{"title":"Information retrieval and database architecture for conventional Japanese character dictionaries","authors":"Lothar M. Schmitt, Jens Herder, Subhash Bhalla","doi":"10.1109/CT.1997.617700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CT.1997.617700","url":null,"abstract":"The cycle of abstraction-reconstruction, which occurs as a fundamental principle in the development of culture and in cognitive processes, is described and analyzed. This approach leads to recognition of boundary conditions for and directions of probable development of cognitive tools. It is shown how the transition from a conventional Japanese-English character dictionary to a multi-dimensional language database is an instance of such an abstraction-reconstruction cycle. The individual phases in the design of a multi-dimensional language database based upon different computer software technologies are investigated in regard to the underlying cycle. The methods used in the design of a multi-dimensional language database include the use of UNIX software tools, classical database methods as well as the use of search engines based upon full text search. Several directions of application and extension for multi-dimensional language databases are discussed.","PeriodicalId":212776,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Second International Conference on Cognitive Technology Humanizing the Information Age","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128358198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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