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Analysis of forest tree dieback using UltraCam and UAV imagery 基于UltraCam和无人机影像的林木枯死分析
IF 1.8 3区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-07-07 DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2231349
M. Naseri, Shaban Shataee Jouibary, H. Habashi
ABSTRACT In recent years, increasing tree diebacks and mortality in some forests, particularly in forest parks, created a need amongst forest managers to find effective methods to gather information about the rate of dieback and mortality and their reasons. High-quality air and space-born remote sensing data has established as an alternative to field surveys for certain inventory tasks. This study used high-quality UltraCam-Xp and UAV drone images from 2016 and 2021 to map tree dieback and mortality in Daland Forest Park, Golestan Province, Iran. High-quality ortho mosaics and Digital Surface Models (DSMs) were generated from UltraCam (2016) and UAV (2021) images. The images were then classified through object-based classification by Nearest Neighbor (NN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Bayes algorithms using various input data sets including spectral bands, Canopy Height Model (CHM), vegetation indices, and texture analysis features. Our results indicate that the Bayes algorithm is more precise in mapping tree dieback for the two time steps compared to other algorithms. The best tree dieback map on UltraCam images was obtained using the spectral bands with CHM, texture analysis features, and vegetation indices. This combination resulted in an overall accuracy of 91.20% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.88. It was also found that combining the UAV main bands with CHM and texture features did produce a high-accuracy map with an overall accuracy of 88.46% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.84. Change detection analysis of tree dieback showed that between 2016 and 2021, the number of healthy trees decreased, and the number of gaps and open areas increased in the study area. We conclude that UltraCam and UAV photographs can serve to identify and map tree dieback and dead trees with good accuracies and can hence support forest health monitoring.
摘要近年来,一些森林,特别是森林公园的树木枯死和死亡率不断增加,森林管理者需要找到有效的方法来收集有关枯死率和死亡率及其原因的信息。高质量的空气和太空遥感数据已成为某些库存任务的实地调查的替代方案。这项研究使用了2016年和2021年的高质量UltraCam Xp和无人机无人机图像,绘制了伊朗戈勒斯坦省达兰森林公园的树木枯死和死亡率图。根据UltraCam(2016)和UAV(2021)图像生成了高质量的正射马赛克和数字表面模型。然后,使用各种输入数据集(包括谱带、冠层高度模型、植被指数和纹理分析特征),通过最近邻(NN)、支持向量机(SVM)和贝叶斯算法对图像进行基于对象的分类。我们的结果表明,与其他算法相比,贝叶斯算法在映射两个时间步长的树枯死方面更精确。利用具有CHM的光谱带、纹理分析特征和植被指数,获得了UltraCam图像上的最佳树木枯死图。这种组合的总体准确率为91.20%,Kappa系数为0.88。研究还发现,将无人机主波段与CHM和纹理特征相结合,确实产生了高精度地图,总体精度为88.46%,Kappa系数为0.84。树木枯死的变化检测分析显示,在2016年至2021年间,研究区域内健康树木的数量减少,缺口和开放区域的数量增加。我们得出的结论是,UltraCam和无人机照片可以很准确地识别和绘制树木枯死和枯树图,从而支持森林健康监测。
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引用次数: 1
Comparing stand growth models in optimizing mixed-species forest management 林分生长模式在混交林经营优化中的比较
IF 1.8 3区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2227095
Nico Österberg, Vesa-Pekka Parkatti, O. Tahvonen
ABSTRACT We study the effect of forest stand growth models on the economically optimal management of boreal mixed-species forests. Our size-structured economic–ecological model includes the optimization of harvest timing, harvesting intensities, rotation periods, and the choice between rotation forestry and continuous cover forestry. We carry out a systemic comparison of economically optimal solutions obtained with three statistical–empirical stand growth models for both single- and mixed-species stands with up to four tree species. Given a 1% interest rate, the optimal choice between continuous cover and rotation forestry depends on the applied growth model. However, under a 3% interest rate, the optimal management regime is always continuous cover forestry. The optimal solution details are highly dependent on the growth models. With a 1% interest rate, it may become optimal to apply intensive close-to-clearcut harvesting that results in a dominant species change via natural regeneration. However, the level of natural regeneration varies strongly between the growth models. The economic superiority of a species mixture cannot be determined from overyielding differences. Mixed-species stands have higher maximum sustainable yields, bare land values, and average net revenues compared with monocultures.
摘要研究不同林分生长模式对北方混交林经济最优经营的影响。我们的规模结构经济生态模型包括采伐时间、采伐强度、轮作周期的优化,以及轮作林与连续覆盖林的选择。本文系统比较了单树种和混合树种林分的三种统计-经验林分生长模型的经济最优解。在1%的利率条件下,连续覆盖和轮作林业的最优选择取决于应用的生长模式。然而,在3%的利率下,最优的经营制度始终是连续覆盖森林。最优解决方案的细节高度依赖于增长模型。在利率为1%的情况下,进行密集的近距离采伐可能是最佳选择,从而通过自然再生导致优势物种的变化。然而,自然再生水平在不同的生长模式之间差异很大。一个物种混合物的经济优势不能由过度屈服的差异来决定。与单一栽培相比,混合树种林具有更高的最大可持续产量、裸地价值和平均净收入。
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引用次数: 0
EU wood production vs. biodiversity goals – possible reconciliation in Finland? 欧盟木材生产与生物多样性目标——芬兰可能和解?
IF 1.8 3区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2229732
M. Räty, A. Juutinen, K. Korhonen, K. Syrjänen, L. Kärkkäinen
ABSTRACT According to protection targets of EU Biodiversity Strategy 2030, 30% of EU’s land and sea area should be legally protected by 2030. While the actual targets and even terms are still to be defined, the strategy’s possible impacts can be simulated for policy support purposes. The strategy aims to increase protection by setting aside forests and extending closer-to-nature forest management practices. We simulated Finland’s forest resources with the European Forestry Dynamics Model (EFDM) considering the protection targets. According to our simulations, the total growing stock and net present value will be lower with the additional protection than by carrying on the business-as-usual management. The additional protection resulted in intensified harvesting in the remaining forest area available for wood supply with the current harvest level. This may weaken the positive ecological impacts of protection. Reducing the harvest level from the current level is not a likely alternative either, because the demand for biomass is predicted to increase in the future, while the supply is insufficient, and EU policies aim to avoid shifting the negative impacts of resource extraction outside the EU. The feasibility of the additional protection depends on the actual implementation and definitions.
根据《欧盟生物多样性战略2030》的保护目标,到2030年,欧盟30%的陆地和海洋面积应得到法律保护。虽然实际目标和术语仍有待确定,但可以模拟该战略的可能影响,以供政策支持之用。该战略旨在通过留出森林和推广更接近自然的森林管理做法来加强保护。考虑芬兰的森林保护目标,采用欧洲林业动态模型(EFDM)对芬兰的森林资源进行了模拟。根据我们的模拟,在额外的保护下,总增长库存和净现值将低于照常经营。额外的保护导致在现有采伐水平下可用于木材供应的剩余森林地区加强采伐。这可能会削弱保护的积极生态影响。从目前的水平降低收获水平也不是一个可能的选择,因为预计未来对生物质的需求会增加,而供应不足,欧盟的政策旨在避免将资源开采的负面影响转移到欧盟以外。附加保护的可行性取决于实际实施和定义。
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引用次数: 0
Walnut in Sweden: effects of nurse trees, weed control and fertilization on five-year survival and growth of planted Juglans × intermedia NG23 and NG38 瑞典核桃:护树、除草和施肥对种植核桃五年生存和生长的影响 × 中间NG23和NG38
IF 1.8 3区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2221038
J. P. Skovsgaard, U. Johansson, J. Englund, Stefan Juravle
ABSTRACT This study quantified the effects of different establishment practices on survival, dieback and early growth of Juglans × intermedia NG23 and NG38 planted in a statistically designed field experiment on glacial till in southern Sweden. Establishment practices included the use or absence of nurse trees (Populus maximowiczii × trichocarpa var. OP42 planted one year before J. × intermedia), weed control (2 m2·tree−1) and fertilization (+25 g N·tree−1·year−1). NG23 transplants were smaller than NG38 at the time of planting. The overall survival rate was 97%. NG23 suffered marginally more mortality than NG38. Leader shoot dieback occurred in all treatment combinations but was most severe in the presence of nurse trees. NG23 suffered less dieback than NG38. Annual height growth of trees unaffected by dieback increased with increasing levels of precipitation during the growing season (194–407 mm) and with increasing soil quality in terms of nitrogen (94·10−3–607·10−3 g·g−1), base saturation (14–99%) or available soil water capacity (8.6–30.6 l·m−3). It was negatively influenced by poplar nurse trees and positively by fertilization. Weed control had no impact on height growth, possibly due to inefficient implementation. With nurse trees, NG23 had stronger growth than NG38. The opposite was true without nurse trees. It was hypothesized that less growth and more dieback resulted from competition for water.
摘要本研究量化了不同栽培方式对核桃存活、枯死和早期生长的影响 × 在瑞典南部的一个统计设计的冰原田间试验中种植的中间品种NG23和NG38。建立实践包括使用或不使用护树(Populus maximowiczii × 毛果变种OP42在J。 × 媒介)、杂草控制(2 m2·树−1)和施肥(+25 g N·树−1·年−1)。NG23移植体在种植时比NG38移植体小。总生存率为97%。NG23的死亡率略高于NG38。在所有的治疗组合中都发生了Leader Shot枯死,但在有护树的情况下最为严重。NG23的死亡率低于NG38。未受枯死影响的树木的年高度增长随着生长季节降水量的增加而增加(194-407 mm),土壤质量在氮(94.10−3–607·10−3 g·g−1)、基本饱和度(14–99%)或有效土壤含水量(8.6–30.6 l·m−3)。杨树护树对其有负向影响,施肥对其有正向影响。杂草控制对身高增长没有影响,可能是由于实施效率低下。有护树的情况下,NG23的生长比NG38强。如果没有护树,情况正好相反。据推测,较少的生长和更多的枯死是由于对水的竞争造成的。
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引用次数: 0
A user-driven, reduced whole-stand growth model for major hybrid poplar clones in Spain 西班牙主要杂交杨无性系的用户驱动、减少的整株生长模型
IF 1.8 3区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2225870
Fernando Castedo‐Dorado, P. Rodríguez-Gonzálvez, E. González-Ferreiro, Guillermo Ramos-González, R. Álvarez-Esteban, Flor Álvarez-Taboada
ABSTRACT Populus spp. clones and hybrids are commonly cultivated for timber production worldwide due to their fast growth and adaptability. In Spain, growth models are currently available for the Populus × euramericana clones ‘I-214' and ‘MC'. However, the input variables required for these models are not typically available to potential users. For the most widely used P. × interamericana clones ('Beaupre', ‘Raspalje' and ‘Unal') there is currently no growth model available in Spain or elsewhere in Europe. The aim of the present study was to develop a whole-stand growth model for these five clones. Data were obtained from a network of 134 plots and 265 trees scanned by Terrestrial Laser Scanning. The structure of the growth model was mediated by plot data typically available from forest owners: plantation age, number of trees of each clone and arithmetic mean tree diameter (dm). The main component of the growth model is a dm projection function, enabling dm to be projected at any time. Sensitivity analysis of the prediction accuracy of this function revealed that the proposed model provides satisfactory predictions for time intervals of between 5 and 10 years. The growth model was implemented in a web-based plot growth simulator, facilitating its use.
杨树无性系和杂交种生长迅速,适应性强,在世界范围内广泛用于木材生产。在西班牙,杨树×欧美无性系‘I-214’和‘MC’的生长模型目前可用。然而,这些模型所需的输入变量通常对潜在用户是不可用的。对于最广泛使用的美洲凤梨无性系(‘Beaupre’、‘Raspalje’和‘Unal’),目前在西班牙或欧洲其他地方没有可用的生长模式。本研究的目的是建立这五个无性系的整株生长模型。数据来自陆地激光扫描的134个样地和265棵树的网络。生长模型的结构由林主提供的样地数据介导:人工林年龄、每个无性系的树数和算术平均树径(dm)。增长模型的主要组成部分是dm投影函数,使dm能够在任何时候进行投影。对该函数预测精度的敏感性分析表明,该模型在5 ~ 10年的时间间隔内可以提供令人满意的预测。生长模型在基于网络的地块生长模拟器中实现,便于使用。
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引用次数: 0
The potential to develop environmental values on privately owned forest land in southern Sweden 在瑞典南部私有林地开发环境价值的潜力
IF 1.8 3区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-19 DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2225871
E. Olofsson, R. Jakobsson
ABSTRACT Private forest owners’ management decisions significantly impact the development of forest values in Sweden. This study explored the potential to develop environmental values on privately owned land in southern Sweden. Data were collected through interviews with 23 forest owners and analyzed with semantic content analysis. The interviewees owned estates of productive, predominantly coniferous forest ranging in size from 10–825 ha. They were aged 36–84, and 26% were female. Results showed that there is considerable potential to develop environmental values on private land since 1) Forest owners demonstrated multi-functional views of primarily social and emotional dimensions surrounding forest ownership, and the mindset of combining goals enables many different values to be developed, 2) Desired management showed numerous ideas that could bring a diversity of benefits, and 3) Practical management included various production-favoring measures, but even more for environmental, social, cultural, and emotional purposes that, largely unnoted, bring environmental conservation benefits. All forest owners perceived barriers to management and ownership, categorized primarily to structural or surrounding society factors. Financial incentives, policies encouraging forest owners’ initiatives, an adequate supply of resources and sound management advice are suggested measures to reduce barriers and facilitate the development of environmental values.
私人森林所有者的管理决策显著影响瑞典森林价值的发展。这项研究探讨了在瑞典南部私有土地上开发环境价值的潜力。通过对23名森林所有者的访谈收集数据,并进行语义内容分析。受访者拥有以针叶林为主的生产性林地,面积从10-825公顷不等。他们的年龄在36-84岁之间,其中26%为女性。结果表明,由于1)森林所有者表现出围绕森林所有权的主要社会和情感维度的多功能观点,并且结合目标的心态使得许多不同的价值观得以发展,因此在私人土地上具有相当大的发展潜力;2)期望管理显示出许多可以带来多样性利益的想法;3)实际管理包括各种有利于生产的措施。但更多的是出于环境、社会、文化和情感的目的,这些目的在很大程度上没有被注意到,它们带来了环境保护的好处。所有森林所有者都认为管理和所有权存在障碍,主要分类为结构性或周围社会因素。财政奖励、鼓励森林所有者主动行动的政策、充足的资源供应和健全的管理咨询是减少障碍和促进环境价值发展的建议措施。
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引用次数: 0
Growth rate and economic evaluation of mixed stands established with Cedrus libani and Pinus nigra 雪松与黑松混交林生长速率及经济评价
IF 1.8 3区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-02 DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2219461
N. Erkan, Edanur Ayhan
ABSTRACT This study aimed to (1) investigate the long-term results of Cedrus libani + Pinus nigra mixed afforestation and (2) compare it with pure P. nigra afforestation in terms of wood production, economic return, and carbon (C) sequestration. The study was conducted in Elazığ-Sivrice, southeastern Turkey. Data were collected from six sample plots, and stem analysis for each species in the mixed stand was performed to reveal the growth and development of the basal-area-averaged trees. Statistical analyses showed that the pure P. nigra stands were superior to the mixed stands in terms of wood production (236 m3 ha−1 vs. 150 m3 ha−1), wood economic value ($19,551 ha−1 vs. $11,483 ha−1), and C sequestration (93 t ha−1 vs. 64 t C ha−1) at 54 years old. The lower values calculated for the mixed stand may have been due to the incompatible growth curves of the two species. These results imply that if the aim is to obtain wood products, pure P. nigra stands may be more advantageous than mixtures of C. libani and P. nigra for afforestation.
摘要:本研究旨在(1)研究杉木+黑松混合造林的长期效果,(2)与纯黑松造林在木材产量、经济效益和碳(C)固存方面进行比较。这项研究在土耳其东南部的Elazığ-Sivrice进行。利用6个样地的数据,对混交林各树种进行了茎干分析,揭示了基区平均树木的生长发育情况。统计分析表明,纯黑松林在木材产量(236 m3 ha - 1比150 m3 ha - 1)、木材经济价值(19,551 ha - 1美元比11,483 ha - 1美元)和54岁时碳固存(93 tha - 1比64 t C - ha - 1)方面优于混合林分。混交林的计算值较低可能是由于两种树种的生长曲线不相容。这些结果表明,如果目的是获得木材产品,纯黑桫椤林分可能比黑桫椤和黑桫椤混合林分更有利于造林。
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引用次数: 2
Incorporated neighborhood and environmental effects to model individual-tree height using random forest regression 结合邻域效应和环境效应,利用随机森林回归模型模拟单树高度
IF 1.8 3区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-05-19 DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2215545
Jiali Nie, Shuai Liu
ABSTRACT In forest resource inventory, tree height is often estimated by easily measurable diameter from height-diameter model. In this study, we tried to use random forest (RF), an important machine learning method, to model individual-tree height. Results showed that the optimized RF model had better fitting and prediction accuracy (R 2 = 0.8146 and RMSE = 2.2527 m). In terms of relative importance, diameter at breast height (DBH) was the most important factor, followed by neighborhood-related variables and other variables related to environmental conditions. Further, tree height was generally positively affected by DBH, mean diameter of neighbors, DBH dominance, number of neighbors, and mean annual precipitation, but negatively affected by elevation. The results indicated that the RF-based height model was statistically reliable and highly accurate, and it had strong interpretability with ecological significance. Our study will provide a new perspective for the application of machine learning algorithms to forest dynamic modeling.
摘要在森林资源清查中,树木高度通常是通过高度-直径模型中易于测量的直径来估计的。在这项研究中,我们试图使用随机森林(RF)这一重要的机器学习方法来对个体树高进行建模。结果表明,优化后的RF模型具有较好的拟合和预测精度(R2 = 0.8146和RMSE = 2.2527 m) 。就相对重要性而言,胸围(DBH)是最重要的因素,其次是邻域相关变量和其他与环境条件相关的变量。此外,树高通常受到DBH、邻居平均直径、DBH优势度、邻居数量和年平均降水量的正向影响,但受到海拔的负向影响。结果表明,基于RF的身高模型在统计上可靠、准确,具有较强的可解释性和生态学意义。我们的研究将为机器学习算法在森林动态建模中的应用提供一个新的视角。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of four alternative survey methods in assessing dead wood at the stand level 林分水平枯木评估的四种调查方法的比较
IF 1.8 3区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-05-19 DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2216946
J. Siitonen, Hannes Pasanen, Matti Ylänne, L. Saaristo
ABSTRACT Many forestry practitioners need information on the amount of dead wood for various purposes, often at the level of individual stands. Our aim was to compare four simple dead-wood inventory methods of which systematic circular plot inventory is a well-known method, while relascope plot inventory (using the ordinary horizontal angle relascope also for downed trees), diameter class counting and total inventory are new methods. Seven surveyors tested the methods in four stands in southern Finland. All the methods produced rather accurate volume estimates. Mean percent error was the smallest (−5.7%) in total inventory and the largest (−12.4%) in diameter class counting. Precision differed significantly between the methods. Variation among individual measurements, expressed as percentage SD, was 15.9% in total inventory, 24.8% in diameter counting, 36.6% in relascope inventory and 43.0% in circular plot inventory. Diameter counting was by far the fastest method. Relascope inventory and circular plot inventory took about twice as much time, and total inventory over three times as much time as diameter counting. In conclusion, diameter class counting is a cost-effective dead-wood assessment method, if the purpose is to get an estimate of the total volume of dead wood within a forest stand with a reasonable precision.
摘要许多林业从业者需要各种目的的枯木数量信息,通常是在单个林分的水平上。我们的目的是比较四种简单的枯木盘点方法,其中系统的圆形地块盘点是一种众所周知的方法,而重新定位地块盘点(也对倒下的树木使用普通的水平角重新定位仪)、直径类别计数和总盘点是新方法。七名测量人员在芬兰南部的四个林分中测试了这些方法。所有的方法都产生了相当准确的数量估计。平均百分比误差在总库存中最小(−5.7%),在直径类别计数中最大(−12.4%)。两种方法的精密度差异很大。以SD百分比表示的单个测量值之间的差异在总库存中为15.9%,在直径计数中为24.8%,在相关库存中为36.6%,在圆形地块库存中为43.0%。直径计数是迄今为止最快的方法。中继盘点和循环地块盘点所花费的时间大约是直径盘点的两倍,总盘点所花费时间是直径盘点时间的三倍。总之,如果目的是以合理的精度估计林分内的枯木总量,那么直径类别计数是一种具有成本效益的枯木评估方法。
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引用次数: 0
Students’ perception of bioeconomy as an important factor in communicating and further development of the bioeconomy in Slovakia and the Czech Republic 学生对生物经济的看法是斯洛伐克和捷克共和国生物经济交流和进一步发展的重要因素
IF 1.8 3区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-05-19 DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2211806
Lenka Marcineková (nee Navrátilová), P. Palátová, Jozef Výbošťok, V. Jarský, M. Riedl, Blanka Giertliova, R. Dudík, Jaroslav Šálka
ABSTRACT This study focuses on the issues of bioeconomy perception of students at forestry faculties in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Bioeconomy is seen as a great window of opportunities, hence there is increased demand for bioeconomy education. This paper can help answer this demand and improve the curricula of universities providing bioeconomy-related education. The survey was conducted at the Technical University in Zvolen and the Czech University of Life Sciences Prague among 367 students. The results show that 70% of students have heard about bioeconomy, while this number is significantly higher amongst Slovak students. Considering bioeconomy awareness, we identified significant differences between different study programmes. The main information source about the bioeconomy issues turns out to be university courses followed by news. Czech students turned out to be less satisfied with bioeconomy involvement in curricula, and who also find it necessary to increase bioeconomy focus within their study curriculum. Our results show that targeted communication of bioeconomy is a key factor for general acceptance of bioeconomy and its further development among students and the general public. The results obtained can be used to increase the extent to which bioeconomy is being addressed in study programmes within the analysed universities.
摘要本研究关注斯洛伐克和捷克共和国林业学院学生的生物经济认知问题。生物经济被视为一个巨大的机会之窗,因此对生物经济教育的需求越来越大。本文有助于满足这一需求,并改进提供生物经济相关教育的大学的课程。这项调查是在兹沃伦技术大学和捷克布拉格生命科学大学对367名学生进行的。结果显示,70%的学生听说过生物经济,而斯洛伐克学生的这一数字要高得多。考虑到生物经济意识,我们发现不同研究项目之间存在显著差异。关于生物经济问题的主要信息来源是大学课程,其次是新闻。捷克学生对生物经济课程的参与不太满意,他们也发现有必要在学习课程中增加对生物经济的关注。我们的研究结果表明,生物经济的定向传播是学生和公众普遍接受生物经济及其进一步发展的关键因素。所获得的结果可用于提高被分析大学的研究计划中对生物经济的处理程度。
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引用次数: 0
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Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research
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