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Citizens’ knowledge of and perceptions of multi-storey wood buildings in seven European countries 七个欧洲国家的公民对多层木结构建筑的认知和看法
IF 1.8 3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2280653
A. Q. Nyrud, K. M. A. Heltorp, Anders Roos, Francisco X. Aguilar, Katja Lähtinen, Noora Viholainen, Sami Berghäll, Anne Toppinen, B. J. Thorsen, Matleena Kniivilä, Antti Haapala, Elias Hurmekoski, T. Hujala, H. F. Hoen
This study examined public attitudes towards multi-storey wood buildings (MSWBs) in seven European countries. A questionnaire was distributed to online panellists in Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germ...
这项研究调查了七个欧洲国家公众对多层木结构建筑(MSWBs)的态度。一份调查问卷分发给了奥地利、丹麦、芬兰、德国……
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引用次数: 0
Mapping Finland’s regional forest bioeconomy plans 绘制芬兰区域森林生物经济计划
IF 1.8 3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-11-21 DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2282087
Fredric Mosley, Jo Van Brusselen
As a key part of the national policy agenda, Finland aims to operationalize forest-based bioeconomy. The coordination and implementation of changes are often carried out at the regional level. Yet,...
作为国家政策议程的一个关键部分,芬兰的目标是实施以森林为基础的生物经济。改革的协调和执行往往在区域一级进行。然而,……
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引用次数: 0
Harmonized decay classification for dead wood in Nordic national forest inventories 北欧国家森林目录中枯木腐烂分类的统一
IF 1.8 3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-11-20 DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2282086
Tuomas Aakala, Juha Heikkinen
Dead wood quality is typically recorded as a biodiversity indicator and as part of forest carbon estimates, using decay classification systems. In large-scale national forest inventories (NFIs), th...
枯木质量通常被记录为生物多样性指标,并使用腐烂分类系统作为森林碳估算的一部分。在大规模国家森林清查(NFIs)中,…
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引用次数: 0
The development of foliar fungal communities of nursery-grown Pinus sylvestris seedlings 苗木小松叶片真菌群落的发育
3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2277745
Rebecca Larsson, Audrius Menkis, Oskar Skogström, Carin Espes, Eva-Karin Brogren-Mohlin, Martin Larsson, Åke Olson
In forest nurseries, foliar fungi play a key role in the health of tree seedlings. The aim of this study was to study the diversity and the development of foliar fungal species associated with nursery-grown Pinus sylvestris, and to evaluate the effect of two biological control products and two growth-stimulating products on seedling growth and disease control, as well as seedling associated fungal community. The study was conducted at four Swedish forest nurseries. Fungal communities were assessed from non-symptomatic needles using high-throughput sequencing of the ITS2 rRNA region. The fungal pathogens Cladosporium sp. (15.1%), Phoma herbarum (14.5%), and Alternaria alternata (5.5%) were among the most abundant fungi. Results showed that the nurseries and the development of fungal communities influenced the occurrence of dominant fungal taxa. Disease prevalence was low and microbial treatments had no significant impact on seedling growth and survival, nor on the number of fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs), species diversity, and species evenness (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the results showed a dynamic change in foliar fungal community structure over the growing season. With appropriate nursery management strategies and under suitable climatic conditions, nursery seedlings can remain healthy even in the presence of fungal pathogens.
在森林苗圃中,叶面真菌对树木幼苗的健康起着关键作用。本研究旨在研究苗木西尔维斯松叶面真菌种类的多样性和发育情况,评价两种生物防治产品和两种促生产品对苗木生长和病害的防治效果以及苗木真菌群落的影响。这项研究是在四个瑞典森林苗圃进行的。使用ITS2 rRNA区域的高通量测序对无症状针头的真菌群落进行评估。真菌致病菌枝孢霉(Cladosporium sp.)(15.1%)、草本真菌(Phoma herbarum)(14.5%)和互花霉(Alternaria alternata)(5.5%)数量最多。结果表明,苗圃和真菌群落的发育对优势真菌类群的发生有影响。病害患病率低,微生物处理对幼苗生长和存活无显著影响,对真菌操作分类单位(OTUs)数量、物种多样性和物种均匀性无显著影响(p < 0.05)。综上所述,不同生长季节叶片真菌群落结构呈动态变化。通过适当的苗圃管理策略和适宜的气候条件,苗圃幼苗即使在真菌病原体存在的情况下也能保持健康。
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引用次数: 0
Biomass allocation and equations for silver birch ( Betula pendula ) and downy birch ( Betula pubescens ) in Estonia 爱沙尼亚的白桦(Betula pendula)和白桦(Betula pubescens)的生物量分配和方程
3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2273250
Mikko Buht, Allar Padari, Jürgen Aosaar, Mats Varik, Kristiina Aun, Marek Uri, Hardo Becker, Mai Kukumägi, Agnes Sepaste, Veiko Uri
ABSTRACTThe values of the fractional distribution of aboveground (AGB) and belowground biomass (BGB), root/shoot ratios (R/S) and stemwood density were estimated for silver (Betula pendula) and downy birch (Betula pubescens) along site index and age gradients for Estonia. Biomass models were used, in which the diameter at breast height (D1.3, measured above root collar), tree height, age and site index served as independent variables. The models for AGB and BGB were elaborated based on the data of 117 and 30 model trees, respectively. Strong allometric relationships were revealed between D1.3 and total AGB (with foliage), stem mass and BGB. For trees with D1.3 < 15 cm, individual models predicted similar biomass patterns for both species, for larger trees, species-specific models are suggested. The relative share of stem mass in AGB was 80–90% for all site index and age classes, being significantly higher for silver birch. The average relative share of stembark, branches, leaves and the R/S, were significantly higher for downy birch. Mean oven-dry mass stemwood density for silver and downy birch was 0.573 g cm−3, there was no statistically significant difference between the species. The mean R/S ratio was 0.29 and 0.43 for silver and downy birch, respectively.KEYWORDS: Silver birchdowny birchbiomass modelsbelowground biomassroot/shoot ratiostemwood density AcknowledgementsWe would sincerely like to thank Mrs. Ester Jaigma for revising the English text of the manuscript.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis study was supported by the project PRG681 through the Estonian Research Council and by the Environmental Board of Estonia project 4-3/17/50 “Elaboration of country specific biomass models for Estonian forests”; Eesti Teadusagentuur.
摘要利用立地指数和年龄梯度估算了爱沙尼亚银桦(Betula pendula)和白桦(Betula pubescens)地上生物量(AGB)和地下生物量(BGB)、根冠比(R/S)和茎材密度的分数分布。采用以胸径(D1.3,根颈以上)、树高、树龄和立地指数为自变量的生物量模型。分别基于117棵和30棵模型树的数据,构建了AGB和BGB模型。D1.3与总AGB(含叶)、茎质量和BGB之间存在较强的异速生长关系。对于D1.3 < 15 cm的树木,个体模型预测两种物种的生物量模式相似,对于较大的树木,建议采用物种特异性模型。在所有立地指数和年龄等级中,AGB中茎质量的相对份额为80 ~ 90%,其中以白桦林高得多。毛桦的枝、枝、叶和R/S的平均相对占比显著高于毛桦。白桦和白桦平均干质量茎密度为0.573 g cm−3,种属间差异无统计学意义。白桦和白桦的平均R/S分别为0.29和0.43。关键词:白桦,毛桦,生物量模型,地下生物量,根/芽比率,茎密度感谢Ester Jaigma女士对论文英文文本的修改。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。补充资料经费这项研究得到了PRG681项目通过爱沙尼亚研究理事会和爱沙尼亚环境委员会项目4-3/17/50“拟订爱沙尼亚森林国别生物量模型”的支助;Eesti Teadusagentuur。
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引用次数: 0
Economic losses caused by butt rot in Norway spruce trees in Norway 挪威云杉树梢腐病造成的经济损失
3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-10-26 DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2273252
Lennart Noordermeer, Heikki Korpunen, Simon Berg, Terje Gobakken, Rasmus Astrup
Butt rot is a main defect in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees and causes large economic losses for forest owners. However, little empirical research has been done on the effects of butt rot on harvested roundwood and the magnitude of the resulting economic losses. The main objective of this study was to characterize the direct economic losses caused by butt rot in Norway spruce trees for Norwegian forest owners. We used data obtained from seven cut-to-length harvesters, comprising ∼400,000 trees (∼140,000 m3) with corresponding stem profiles and wood grade information. We quantified the economic losses due to butt rot using bucking simulations, for which in a first case, defects caused by butt rot were included, and in a second case, all trees were assumed to be free of butt rot. 16% of trees were affected by butt rot, whereby butt rot tended to occur in larger trees. When butt rot was present in a tree, the saw log volume was reduced by 48%. Proportions of roundwood volume affected by butt rot varied considerably across harvested stands. Our results suggest that butt rot causes economic losses upwards of 7% of wood revenues, corresponding to € 18.5 million annually in Norway.
根茎腐病是挪威云杉(Picea abies, L.)的主要病害。喀斯特)树木,给森林所有者造成巨大的经济损失。然而,很少有实证研究已经做了屁股腐烂对采伐圆材的影响和由此造成的经济损失的大小。本研究的主要目的是描述挪威云杉树梢腐病给挪威森林所有者造成的直接经济损失。我们使用了从7台切割长度收割机获得的数据,包括约40万棵树(约14万立方米),具有相应的茎剖面和木材等级信息。我们使用屈曲模拟量化了由于臀部腐烂造成的经济损失,在第一种情况下,包括臀部腐烂引起的缺陷,在第二种情况下,假设所有树木都没有臀部腐烂。16%的树木受到臀部腐烂的影响,因此臀部腐烂倾向于发生在较大的树木中。当树木存在腐根时,锯材体积减少了48%。不同采伐林分受腐病影响的圆木体积比例差异很大。我们的研究结果表明,屁股腐烂造成的经济损失超过木材收入的7%,相当于挪威每年1850万欧元。
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引用次数: 0
Modelling branch surface area of Picea abies [L.] Karst 云杉树枝表面积建模[j]。)岩溶
3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2270410
Mathias Neumann, Thomas Ledermann
ABSTRACTAllometric models based on limited sub-samples are widely used for predicting forest-scale information. Here, we develop allometric models for the branch surface area of the widespread conifer species Picea abies [L.] Karst. Branch surface area is a proxy for the capacity of tree branches to intercept and store water and air pollutants. Based on “probability proportional to size” sampling, we measured the surface area for 285 branches and then calculated the branch surface area of 30 trees (and their 3298 branches). We developed allometric models to estimate the total surface area of branches, as well as their number and diameters, for trees across a range of diameters (DBH), heights, and crown ratios (CR). We show that DBH and CR play significant roles in branch characteristics. The branch surface area was linearly related to the stand basal area. Reducing stand density will proportionally reduce interception capacity. The approach outlined here may help stimulate further studies (more species, regions, and management practices) required to optimize stand density for ecosystem services related to crown characteristics, such as hydrology, forage quality, and quantity or capacity for air pollutants.KEYWORDS: Precipitation interceptionwater capacitybarkNorway sprucehydrology-oriented silviculturePPS sampling AcknowledgementsBranch and tree data were sampled on long-term research plots (LTRP) of the Department of Forest Growth, Silviculture and Genetics of the Austrian Research Centre for Forests (BFW). The maintenance of such LTRP is one of the core tasks of BFW and is financed through the base funding of BFW provided by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Regions, and Water Management. The authors are grateful for this support. Moreover, the authors want to thank Gerald Schnabel for the preparation of Figure 2. The analysis was partly funded by the European Union Horizon Europe programme as part of the project ‘OPTimising FORest management decisions for a low-carbon, climate resilient future in Europe’ (OptFor-EU), under Grant agreement n°101060554. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or REA. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Data availability statementThe data used in this study will be made available upon request.
摘要基于有限子样本的异速生长模型被广泛用于森林尺度信息的预测。在此,我们建立了广泛分布的针叶树种云杉(Picea abies)树枝表面积的异速生长模型[L]。岩溶。树枝表面积是树枝拦截和储存水和空气污染物的能力的代表。基于“概率与大小成正比”抽样,我们测量了285个树枝的表面积,然后计算了30棵树(及其3298个树枝)的树枝表面积。我们开发了异速生长模型来估算不同直径(DBH)、高度和冠度比(CR)范围内树木的树枝总表面积、数量和直径。研究表明,胸径和胸径对树枝特征有重要影响。枝条表面积与林分基面积呈线性相关。减少林分密度将成比例地降低拦截能力。本文概述的方法可能有助于促进进一步的研究(更多的物种、区域和管理实践),以优化林分密度,以实现与林冠特征(如水文、饲料质量和空气污染物的数量或容量)相关的生态系统服务。关键词:降水截留,水容量,森林,挪威云杉,水文导向的林业,pps采样确认,在奥地利森林研究中心(BFW)森林生长,林业和遗传部的长期研究地块(LTRP)上采样了树枝和树木数据。维持这样的ltp是奥地利联邦农业、林业、地区和水管理部的核心任务之一,由奥地利联邦农业、林业、地区和水管理部提供的基础资金资助。作者非常感谢这种支持。此外,作者要感谢Gerald Schnabel为图2所做的准备。该分析部分由欧盟地平线欧洲计划资助,作为“优化森林管理决策,实现欧洲低碳、气候适应型未来”(opt - for - eu)项目的一部分,根据第101060554号赠款协议。然而,所表达的观点和意见仅代表作者的观点和意见,并不一定反映欧盟或REA的观点和意见。欧盟和授权机构都不能对此负责。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。数据可用性声明本研究中使用的数据将根据要求提供。
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引用次数: 0
Neutral effect of nitrogen addition and negative effect of precipitation reduction on the soil faunal community in a temperate forest 氮素添加对温带森林土壤动物群落的中性效应和降水减少的负效应
3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2263367
Yajuan Xing, Honglin Wang, Guoyong Yan, Guancheng Liu, Binbin Huang, Yulei Fu, Qinggui Wang
ABSTRACTNitrogen deposition can promote belowground soil carbon pools, and precipitation reduction can eliminate this positive effect. Soil fauna play crucial roles in regulating the dynamics of organic matter and maintaining biodiversity in ecosystems. However, it is not clear whether belowground soil fauna have similar responses to changes after long-term nitrogen deposition and drought. We simulated nitrogen deposition by applying fertilizer, and simulated drought by excluding 30% of the ambient precipitation in a temperate forest from 2009. Our results showed that experimental precipitation reduction alone significantly changed the composition and decreased the abundance of the soil faunal community. Precipitation reduction could also promote the soil food web in a fungal-dominated pathway by decreasing trophic groups of Isotomidae abundance. In contrast, although nitrogen addition treatment increased soil available nitrogen content, it had a neutral effect on the soil faunal community. Soil faunal community showed strong temporal variations in response to both nitrogen deposition and precipitation reduction treatments. Notably, interactions between precipitation reduction, nitrogen addition, and sampling time were significant for specific trophic groups, including saprozoites and omnivores. Shannon-Weiner diversity was not sensitive to these global change factors. Our results suggest that soil water content and plant richness may, directly and indirectly, regulate the soil faunal community.KEYWORDS: Nitrogen additionprecipitation reductionbiodiversitysoil food webtemperate forest AcknowledgementsWe gratefully acknowledge Professor Guanhua Dai from the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, for his advice about field experiment design and suggestions on an earlier draft of this manuscript.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Data availability statementData are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.Additional informationFundingThis research was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42230703, 41575137, 41773075).
摘要氮沉降可以促进地下土壤碳库,而降水减少可以消除这一积极作用。土壤动物在调节生态系统有机质动态和维持生物多样性方面起着至关重要的作用。然而,地下土壤动物是否对长期氮沉降和干旱的变化有类似的反应尚不清楚。我们通过施肥模拟氮沉降,并通过排除温带森林2009年30%的环境降水模拟干旱。结果表明,单纯的实验降水显著改变了土壤动物群落的组成,降低了土壤动物群落的丰度。降水减少还可以通过减少等tomidae的营养类群丰度来促进真菌主导的土壤食物网。加氮处理虽然增加了土壤速效氮含量,但对土壤动物群落的影响是中性的。土壤动物群落对氮沉降和减降水处理的响应均表现出较强的时间变化。特别值得注意的是,对于腐殖动物和杂食动物等特定营养类群,降水减少、氮添加和采样时间之间的相互作用是显著的。Shannon-Weiner多样性对这些全球变化因子不敏感。结果表明,土壤含水量和植物丰富度可能直接或间接地调节土壤动物群落。关键词:氮添加降水还原生物多样性土壤食物网络温带森林致谢感谢中国科学院应用生态研究所戴冠华教授对野外试验设计的指导和对本文初稿的建议。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。数据可用性声明如有合理要求,可从通讯作者处获得数据。本研究得到国家自然科学基金项目(42230703,41575137,41773075)的资助。
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引用次数: 0
Nepal's community forestry: critical reflection from the governance perspective 尼泊尔社区林业:治理视角下的批判性反思
3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2262927
Narayan Prasad Gautam, Prabin Bhusal, Nirmal Kumar Raut, Bir Bahadur Khanal Chhetri, Nirjala Raut, Muhammad Haroon U. Rashid, Pengfei Wu
ABSTRACTIn recent decades, the role of community forestry (CF) has been to address the livelihoods of local people beyond its original objective of forest protection. Yet, there have been governance-related concerns, particularly the distribution of benefits among group members. We used a case study approach to better understand the CF model from the perspective of household satisfaction and benefit distribution at the local level. For data collection, we used multiple methods, including key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and household surveys. The study utilised the Henry-Garret ranking for analysing key elements of forest governance and a probit regression model for identifying the major contributing factors of satisfaction towards CF governance. Results suggested greater equity in CF governance and the empowerment of marginalised forest communities. Though CF has created new opportunities to consolidate forest users’ efforts toward provisioning broader environmental services, the system continues to favour elites and other influential groups in CF decision-making. The study suggests improving equity and introducing incentives to primary forest dependents. The additional incentives will not only help communities to adapt to the changing context but also increase their interest in decision-making, particularly for equitable distribution of benefits and local collective action.KEYWORDS: Accountabilitypeople's participationequitable benefit sharingmarginalised groups AcknowledgementWe deeply acknowledge Professor Andrew Egan (Dean, Arts & Sciences and Professional Studies, University of Maine at Fort Kent) and Professor Kyran Kunkel (Professor, University of Montana; Research Associate, Smithsonian Institution) for English proofing. We express our deep gratitude to all our respondents from three community forests of Nepal who took time from their busy work to participate in the survey and provided us with the precious and required information for the study. We thank our study enumerators, Melina, Samjhana, Anjila, Madhuri, Praba, Ashok, Shambu, and Nirajan, for collecting data for the research. They all did much more than we could have expected.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 In fact, this proportion is very conservative given that majority of households possess the relevant characteristics that is atypical of a representative CFUG household.2 Oppressed, marginalised and scheduled caste in Nepal, e.g. blacksmith.3 Higher caste of Nepal, mostly Hindus.4 Provision to allocate 25% of fund in forest protection and development, 35% in pro-poor income generating activities, 40% in administration and others heading.5 It is a provision of 50% female should be on the committee. At least one female should be in either secretary or chair post.6 1-very good, 2-good, 3-somewhat good, 4 worse, 5-worst.Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by the Project of Fujian Provincia
近几十年来,社区林业(CF)的作用已经超越了其最初的森林保护目标,解决了当地人民的生计问题。然而,也存在与治理有关的问题,特别是在集团成员之间的利益分配问题上。为了更好地从家庭满意度和地方层面的利益分配的角度理解CF模型,我们采用了案例研究的方法。在数据收集方面,我们使用了多种方法,包括关键信息提供者访谈、焦点小组讨论和家庭调查。该研究利用亨利-加勒特排名来分析森林治理的关键要素,并利用probit回归模型来确定对森林治理满意度的主要影响因素。结果表明,森林资源治理更加公平,边缘化森林社区获得了赋权。虽然CF创造了新的机会来巩固森林使用者提供更广泛的环境服务的努力,但该制度在CF决策中仍然有利于精英和其他有影响力的群体。该研究建议提高公平性,并对依赖原始森林的人采取激励措施。额外的奖励不仅将帮助社区适应不断变化的情况,而且还将增加它们对决策的兴趣,特别是对公平分配利益和地方集体行动的兴趣。关键词:问责制、人民参与、公平利益分享、边缘化群体致谢致谢我们对Andrew Egan教授(肯特堡缅因大学艺术与科学与专业研究系主任)和Kyran Kunkel教授(蒙大拿大学教授;研究助理,史密森学会)的英文校对。我们对所有来自尼泊尔三个社区森林的受访者表示深深的感谢,他们在繁忙的工作中抽出时间参与调查,为我们的研究提供了宝贵和必要的信息。我们感谢我们的研究人员Melina、Samjhana、Anjila、Madhuri、Praba、Ashok、Shambu和Nirajan为研究收集数据。他们都做得比我们预期的要多得多。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。注1事实上,这一比例是非常保守的,因为大多数家庭都具有典型CFUG家庭的非典型特征2 .尼泊尔受压迫、被边缘化和被排期的种姓,例如铁匠4规定将25%的资金用于森林保护和发展,35%用于扶贫创收活动,40%用于行政和其他方面根据规定,委员会中女性的比例应该达到50%。至少应该有一名女性担任秘书或主席职位。6 1-很好,2-好,3-一般好,4较差,5最差。项目资助:福建省高校人工林可持续管理工程研究中心项目(项目编号:PTJH18009);福建农林大学林学高峰学科建设项目(72202200205)。
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引用次数: 0
Current state of mixed forests available for wood supply in Finland and Sweden 芬兰和瑞典可供木材供应的混交林的现状
3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2259797
Daesung Lee, Emma Holmström, Jari Hynynen, Urban Nilsson, Kari T. Korhonen, Bertil Westerlund, Simone Bianchi, Jorge Aldea, Saija Huuskonen
This study’s objectives were to suggest harmonised criteria for the definition of mixed forests for two Nordic countries, describe their principal mixture types, and provide an overview of their current extent. We used national forest inventory data compiled in Finland and Sweden, considering the forest available for wood supply (FAWS), excluding seedling and sapling plots before canopy closure. The definition of the mixed forest was based on the threshold criteria, which indicate the basal area proportion of the dominant tree species of the total in a stand. The proportion of mixed forests increased with higher threshold criteria: 21% to 42% in Finland and 24% to 49% in Sweden, as the threshold criterion was changed from 65% to 85%. With a threshold criterion of 75%, the area of mixed FAWS was 5.6 million ha (31% of FAWS) in Finland and 6.5 million ha (36%) in Sweden. The dominant mixture type was the pine-spruce-birches mixture (31%) in Finland and the pine-spruce mixture (29%) in Sweden. The proportion of peatland forest of mixed forests was similar in the countries: 9–10%. The mixed forests proportion increased from north boreal to hemiboreal, increasing with more mature development classes.
这项研究的目的是提出两个北欧国家混交林定义的统一标准,描述其主要混合类型,并概述其目前的范围。我们使用了芬兰和瑞典编制的国家森林清查数据,考虑了可用于木材供应的森林(FAWS),不包括冠层关闭前的幼苗和幼树样地。混交林的定义是基于阈值标准,该阈值标准表示一个林分中优势树种的基底面积占总面积的比例。随着阈值标准的提高,混交林的比例增加:芬兰从21%增加到42%,瑞典从24%增加到49%,阈值标准从65%增加到85%。在75%的阈值标准下,芬兰的混合FAWS面积为560万公顷(占FAWS的31%),瑞典为650万公顷(36%)。芬兰的优势混合类型为松-云杉-桦木混合(31%),瑞典的优势混合类型为松-云杉混合(29%)。各国泥炭地混交林的比例相似,均为9-10%。混交林比例由北针叶林向半针叶林增加,随着发育等级的增加而增加。
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Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research
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