Pub Date : 2023-10-18DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2270410
Mathias Neumann, Thomas Ledermann
ABSTRACTAllometric models based on limited sub-samples are widely used for predicting forest-scale information. Here, we develop allometric models for the branch surface area of the widespread conifer species Picea abies [L.] Karst. Branch surface area is a proxy for the capacity of tree branches to intercept and store water and air pollutants. Based on “probability proportional to size” sampling, we measured the surface area for 285 branches and then calculated the branch surface area of 30 trees (and their 3298 branches). We developed allometric models to estimate the total surface area of branches, as well as their number and diameters, for trees across a range of diameters (DBH), heights, and crown ratios (CR). We show that DBH and CR play significant roles in branch characteristics. The branch surface area was linearly related to the stand basal area. Reducing stand density will proportionally reduce interception capacity. The approach outlined here may help stimulate further studies (more species, regions, and management practices) required to optimize stand density for ecosystem services related to crown characteristics, such as hydrology, forage quality, and quantity or capacity for air pollutants.KEYWORDS: Precipitation interceptionwater capacitybarkNorway sprucehydrology-oriented silviculturePPS sampling AcknowledgementsBranch and tree data were sampled on long-term research plots (LTRP) of the Department of Forest Growth, Silviculture and Genetics of the Austrian Research Centre for Forests (BFW). The maintenance of such LTRP is one of the core tasks of BFW and is financed through the base funding of BFW provided by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Regions, and Water Management. The authors are grateful for this support. Moreover, the authors want to thank Gerald Schnabel for the preparation of Figure 2. The analysis was partly funded by the European Union Horizon Europe programme as part of the project ‘OPTimising FORest management decisions for a low-carbon, climate resilient future in Europe’ (OptFor-EU), under Grant agreement n°101060554. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or REA. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Data availability statementThe data used in this study will be made available upon request.
摘要基于有限子样本的异速生长模型被广泛用于森林尺度信息的预测。在此，我们建立了广泛分布的针叶树种云杉(Picea abies)树枝表面积的异速生长模型[L]。岩溶。树枝表面积是树枝拦截和储存水和空气污染物的能力的代表。基于“概率与大小成正比”抽样，我们测量了285个树枝的表面积，然后计算了30棵树(及其3298个树枝)的树枝表面积。我们开发了异速生长模型来估算不同直径(DBH)、高度和冠度比(CR)范围内树木的树枝总表面积、数量和直径。研究表明，胸径和胸径对树枝特征有重要影响。枝条表面积与林分基面积呈线性相关。减少林分密度将成比例地降低拦截能力。本文概述的方法可能有助于促进进一步的研究(更多的物种、区域和管理实践)，以优化林分密度，以实现与林冠特征(如水文、饲料质量和空气污染物的数量或容量)相关的生态系统服务。关键词:降水截留，水容量，森林，挪威云杉，水文导向的林业，pps采样确认，在奥地利森林研究中心(BFW)森林生长，林业和遗传部的长期研究地块(LTRP)上采样了树枝和树木数据。维持这样的ltp是奥地利联邦农业、林业、地区和水管理部的核心任务之一，由奥地利联邦农业、林业、地区和水管理部提供的基础资金资助。作者非常感谢这种支持。此外，作者要感谢Gerald Schnabel为图2所做的准备。该分析部分由欧盟地平线欧洲计划资助，作为“优化森林管理决策，实现欧洲低碳、气候适应型未来”(opt - for - eu)项目的一部分，根据第101060554号赠款协议。然而，所表达的观点和意见仅代表作者的观点和意见，并不一定反映欧盟或REA的观点和意见。欧盟和授权机构都不能对此负责。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。数据可用性声明本研究中使用的数据将根据要求提供。
{"title":"Modelling branch surface area of <i>Picea abies</i> [L.] Karst","authors":"Mathias Neumann, Thomas Ledermann","doi":"10.1080/02827581.2023.2270410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2023.2270410","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTAllometric models based on limited sub-samples are widely used for predicting forest-scale information. Here, we develop allometric models for the branch surface area of the widespread conifer species Picea abies [L.] Karst. Branch surface area is a proxy for the capacity of tree branches to intercept and store water and air pollutants. Based on “probability proportional to size” sampling, we measured the surface area for 285 branches and then calculated the branch surface area of 30 trees (and their 3298 branches). We developed allometric models to estimate the total surface area of branches, as well as their number and diameters, for trees across a range of diameters (DBH), heights, and crown ratios (CR). We show that DBH and CR play significant roles in branch characteristics. The branch surface area was linearly related to the stand basal area. Reducing stand density will proportionally reduce interception capacity. The approach outlined here may help stimulate further studies (more species, regions, and management practices) required to optimize stand density for ecosystem services related to crown characteristics, such as hydrology, forage quality, and quantity or capacity for air pollutants.KEYWORDS: Precipitation interceptionwater capacitybarkNorway sprucehydrology-oriented silviculturePPS sampling AcknowledgementsBranch and tree data were sampled on long-term research plots (LTRP) of the Department of Forest Growth, Silviculture and Genetics of the Austrian Research Centre for Forests (BFW). The maintenance of such LTRP is one of the core tasks of BFW and is financed through the base funding of BFW provided by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Regions, and Water Management. The authors are grateful for this support. Moreover, the authors want to thank Gerald Schnabel for the preparation of Figure 2. The analysis was partly funded by the European Union Horizon Europe programme as part of the project ‘OPTimising FORest management decisions for a low-carbon, climate resilient future in Europe’ (OptFor-EU), under Grant agreement n°101060554. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or REA. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Data availability statementThe data used in this study will be made available upon request.","PeriodicalId":21352,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135883668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACTNitrogen deposition can promote belowground soil carbon pools, and precipitation reduction can eliminate this positive effect. Soil fauna play crucial roles in regulating the dynamics of organic matter and maintaining biodiversity in ecosystems. However, it is not clear whether belowground soil fauna have similar responses to changes after long-term nitrogen deposition and drought. We simulated nitrogen deposition by applying fertilizer, and simulated drought by excluding 30% of the ambient precipitation in a temperate forest from 2009. Our results showed that experimental precipitation reduction alone significantly changed the composition and decreased the abundance of the soil faunal community. Precipitation reduction could also promote the soil food web in a fungal-dominated pathway by decreasing trophic groups of Isotomidae abundance. In contrast, although nitrogen addition treatment increased soil available nitrogen content, it had a neutral effect on the soil faunal community. Soil faunal community showed strong temporal variations in response to both nitrogen deposition and precipitation reduction treatments. Notably, interactions between precipitation reduction, nitrogen addition, and sampling time were significant for specific trophic groups, including saprozoites and omnivores. Shannon-Weiner diversity was not sensitive to these global change factors. Our results suggest that soil water content and plant richness may, directly and indirectly, regulate the soil faunal community.KEYWORDS: Nitrogen additionprecipitation reductionbiodiversitysoil food webtemperate forest AcknowledgementsWe gratefully acknowledge Professor Guanhua Dai from the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, for his advice about field experiment design and suggestions on an earlier draft of this manuscript.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Data availability statementData are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.Additional informationFundingThis research was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42230703, 41575137, 41773075).
{"title":"Neutral effect of nitrogen addition and negative effect of precipitation reduction on the soil faunal community in a temperate forest","authors":"Yajuan Xing, Honglin Wang, Guoyong Yan, Guancheng Liu, Binbin Huang, Yulei Fu, Qinggui Wang","doi":"10.1080/02827581.2023.2263367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2023.2263367","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTNitrogen deposition can promote belowground soil carbon pools, and precipitation reduction can eliminate this positive effect. Soil fauna play crucial roles in regulating the dynamics of organic matter and maintaining biodiversity in ecosystems. However, it is not clear whether belowground soil fauna have similar responses to changes after long-term nitrogen deposition and drought. We simulated nitrogen deposition by applying fertilizer, and simulated drought by excluding 30% of the ambient precipitation in a temperate forest from 2009. Our results showed that experimental precipitation reduction alone significantly changed the composition and decreased the abundance of the soil faunal community. Precipitation reduction could also promote the soil food web in a fungal-dominated pathway by decreasing trophic groups of Isotomidae abundance. In contrast, although nitrogen addition treatment increased soil available nitrogen content, it had a neutral effect on the soil faunal community. Soil faunal community showed strong temporal variations in response to both nitrogen deposition and precipitation reduction treatments. Notably, interactions between precipitation reduction, nitrogen addition, and sampling time were significant for specific trophic groups, including saprozoites and omnivores. Shannon-Weiner diversity was not sensitive to these global change factors. Our results suggest that soil water content and plant richness may, directly and indirectly, regulate the soil faunal community.KEYWORDS: Nitrogen additionprecipitation reductionbiodiversitysoil food webtemperate forest AcknowledgementsWe gratefully acknowledge Professor Guanhua Dai from the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, for his advice about field experiment design and suggestions on an earlier draft of this manuscript.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Data availability statementData are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.Additional informationFundingThis research was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42230703, 41575137, 41773075).","PeriodicalId":21352,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135482688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-05DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2262927
Narayan Prasad Gautam, Prabin Bhusal, Nirmal Kumar Raut, Bir Bahadur Khanal Chhetri, Nirjala Raut, Muhammad Haroon U. Rashid, Pengfei Wu
ABSTRACTIn recent decades, the role of community forestry (CF) has been to address the livelihoods of local people beyond its original objective of forest protection. Yet, there have been governance-related concerns, particularly the distribution of benefits among group members. We used a case study approach to better understand the CF model from the perspective of household satisfaction and benefit distribution at the local level. For data collection, we used multiple methods, including key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and household surveys. The study utilised the Henry-Garret ranking for analysing key elements of forest governance and a probit regression model for identifying the major contributing factors of satisfaction towards CF governance. Results suggested greater equity in CF governance and the empowerment of marginalised forest communities. Though CF has created new opportunities to consolidate forest users’ efforts toward provisioning broader environmental services, the system continues to favour elites and other influential groups in CF decision-making. The study suggests improving equity and introducing incentives to primary forest dependents. The additional incentives will not only help communities to adapt to the changing context but also increase their interest in decision-making, particularly for equitable distribution of benefits and local collective action.KEYWORDS: Accountabilitypeople's participationequitable benefit sharingmarginalised groups AcknowledgementWe deeply acknowledge Professor Andrew Egan (Dean, Arts & Sciences and Professional Studies, University of Maine at Fort Kent) and Professor Kyran Kunkel (Professor, University of Montana; Research Associate, Smithsonian Institution) for English proofing. We express our deep gratitude to all our respondents from three community forests of Nepal who took time from their busy work to participate in the survey and provided us with the precious and required information for the study. We thank our study enumerators, Melina, Samjhana, Anjila, Madhuri, Praba, Ashok, Shambu, and Nirajan, for collecting data for the research. They all did much more than we could have expected.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 In fact, this proportion is very conservative given that majority of households possess the relevant characteristics that is atypical of a representative CFUG household.2 Oppressed, marginalised and scheduled caste in Nepal, e.g. blacksmith.3 Higher caste of Nepal, mostly Hindus.4 Provision to allocate 25% of fund in forest protection and development, 35% in pro-poor income generating activities, 40% in administration and others heading.5 It is a provision of 50% female should be on the committee. At least one female should be in either secretary or chair post.6 1-very good, 2-good, 3-somewhat good, 4 worse, 5-worst.Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by the Project of Fujian Provincia
{"title":"Nepal's community forestry: critical reflection from the governance perspective","authors":"Narayan Prasad Gautam, Prabin Bhusal, Nirmal Kumar Raut, Bir Bahadur Khanal Chhetri, Nirjala Raut, Muhammad Haroon U. Rashid, Pengfei Wu","doi":"10.1080/02827581.2023.2262927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2023.2262927","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTIn recent decades, the role of community forestry (CF) has been to address the livelihoods of local people beyond its original objective of forest protection. Yet, there have been governance-related concerns, particularly the distribution of benefits among group members. We used a case study approach to better understand the CF model from the perspective of household satisfaction and benefit distribution at the local level. For data collection, we used multiple methods, including key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and household surveys. The study utilised the Henry-Garret ranking for analysing key elements of forest governance and a probit regression model for identifying the major contributing factors of satisfaction towards CF governance. Results suggested greater equity in CF governance and the empowerment of marginalised forest communities. Though CF has created new opportunities to consolidate forest users’ efforts toward provisioning broader environmental services, the system continues to favour elites and other influential groups in CF decision-making. The study suggests improving equity and introducing incentives to primary forest dependents. The additional incentives will not only help communities to adapt to the changing context but also increase their interest in decision-making, particularly for equitable distribution of benefits and local collective action.KEYWORDS: Accountabilitypeople's participationequitable benefit sharingmarginalised groups AcknowledgementWe deeply acknowledge Professor Andrew Egan (Dean, Arts & Sciences and Professional Studies, University of Maine at Fort Kent) and Professor Kyran Kunkel (Professor, University of Montana; Research Associate, Smithsonian Institution) for English proofing. We express our deep gratitude to all our respondents from three community forests of Nepal who took time from their busy work to participate in the survey and provided us with the precious and required information for the study. We thank our study enumerators, Melina, Samjhana, Anjila, Madhuri, Praba, Ashok, Shambu, and Nirajan, for collecting data for the research. They all did much more than we could have expected.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 In fact, this proportion is very conservative given that majority of households possess the relevant characteristics that is atypical of a representative CFUG household.2 Oppressed, marginalised and scheduled caste in Nepal, e.g. blacksmith.3 Higher caste of Nepal, mostly Hindus.4 Provision to allocate 25% of fund in forest protection and development, 35% in pro-poor income generating activities, 40% in administration and others heading.5 It is a provision of 50% female should be on the committee. At least one female should be in either secretary or chair post.6 1-very good, 2-good, 3-somewhat good, 4 worse, 5-worst.Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by the Project of Fujian Provincia","PeriodicalId":21352,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135482567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-19DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2259797
Daesung Lee, Emma Holmström, Jari Hynynen, Urban Nilsson, Kari T. Korhonen, Bertil Westerlund, Simone Bianchi, Jorge Aldea, Saija Huuskonen
This study’s objectives were to suggest harmonised criteria for the definition of mixed forests for two Nordic countries, describe their principal mixture types, and provide an overview of their current extent. We used national forest inventory data compiled in Finland and Sweden, considering the forest available for wood supply (FAWS), excluding seedling and sapling plots before canopy closure. The definition of the mixed forest was based on the threshold criteria, which indicate the basal area proportion of the dominant tree species of the total in a stand. The proportion of mixed forests increased with higher threshold criteria: 21% to 42% in Finland and 24% to 49% in Sweden, as the threshold criterion was changed from 65% to 85%. With a threshold criterion of 75%, the area of mixed FAWS was 5.6 million ha (31% of FAWS) in Finland and 6.5 million ha (36%) in Sweden. The dominant mixture type was the pine-spruce-birches mixture (31%) in Finland and the pine-spruce mixture (29%) in Sweden. The proportion of peatland forest of mixed forests was similar in the countries: 9–10%. The mixed forests proportion increased from north boreal to hemiboreal, increasing with more mature development classes.
{"title":"Current state of mixed forests available for wood supply in Finland and Sweden","authors":"Daesung Lee, Emma Holmström, Jari Hynynen, Urban Nilsson, Kari T. Korhonen, Bertil Westerlund, Simone Bianchi, Jorge Aldea, Saija Huuskonen","doi":"10.1080/02827581.2023.2259797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2023.2259797","url":null,"abstract":"This study’s objectives were to suggest harmonised criteria for the definition of mixed forests for two Nordic countries, describe their principal mixture types, and provide an overview of their current extent. We used national forest inventory data compiled in Finland and Sweden, considering the forest available for wood supply (FAWS), excluding seedling and sapling plots before canopy closure. The definition of the mixed forest was based on the threshold criteria, which indicate the basal area proportion of the dominant tree species of the total in a stand. The proportion of mixed forests increased with higher threshold criteria: 21% to 42% in Finland and 24% to 49% in Sweden, as the threshold criterion was changed from 65% to 85%. With a threshold criterion of 75%, the area of mixed FAWS was 5.6 million ha (31% of FAWS) in Finland and 6.5 million ha (36%) in Sweden. The dominant mixture type was the pine-spruce-birches mixture (31%) in Finland and the pine-spruce mixture (29%) in Sweden. The proportion of peatland forest of mixed forests was similar in the countries: 9–10%. The mixed forests proportion increased from north boreal to hemiboreal, increasing with more mature development classes.","PeriodicalId":21352,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135064140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-02DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2252740
Petter Heder Brandt, Anders Olsson, Karl Dahlquist, Tuba Inal
ABSTRACT This article investigates how the Swedish forest industry, as represented by the three largest Swedish private forest companies (Svenska Cellulosa AB, Stora Enso, and Holmen), through their main public relations (PR) channels frame the current dominant Swedish forestry model and alternative models that are promoted by the European Union (EU). The content analysis of the three companies’ trade magazines published between 2019 and 2022 explores the patterns in the PR framing of the forest management models with respect to economic, environmental, and social aspects. The time interval is centered by the July 2021 announcement of the EU's new Forest Strategy for 2030. The magazines’ target audience is private forest owners, from whom Svenska Cellulosa AB, Stora Enso, and Holmen buy 40–50% of the timber used in production. The main finding of the study is that these corporations did not present alternative methods as viable options to replace the Swedish forestry model. The magazines, with some individual variations, respond to the alternative methods promoted by the EU and environmental associations by an increased emphasis on the benefits, mainly environmental, of the Swedish forestry model – framing the model as not only the most profitable but also the most ecologically sustainable.
{"title":"“Profitability is sustainability:” framing of forest management practices by the Swedish forest industry","authors":"Petter Heder Brandt, Anders Olsson, Karl Dahlquist, Tuba Inal","doi":"10.1080/02827581.2023.2252740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2023.2252740","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article investigates how the Swedish forest industry, as represented by the three largest Swedish private forest companies (Svenska Cellulosa AB, Stora Enso, and Holmen), through their main public relations (PR) channels frame the current dominant Swedish forestry model and alternative models that are promoted by the European Union (EU). The content analysis of the three companies’ trade magazines published between 2019 and 2022 explores the patterns in the PR framing of the forest management models with respect to economic, environmental, and social aspects. The time interval is centered by the July 2021 announcement of the EU's new Forest Strategy for 2030. The magazines’ target audience is private forest owners, from whom Svenska Cellulosa AB, Stora Enso, and Holmen buy 40–50% of the timber used in production. The main finding of the study is that these corporations did not present alternative methods as viable options to replace the Swedish forestry model. The magazines, with some individual variations, respond to the alternative methods promoted by the EU and environmental associations by an increased emphasis on the benefits, mainly environmental, of the Swedish forestry model – framing the model as not only the most profitable but also the most ecologically sustainable.","PeriodicalId":21352,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43405212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-18DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2239161
Stanisław Zawadzki, B. Jędrzejewska
ABSTRACT The former royal forests of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania present a unique example of centuries-old protection. Based on archival documents and published literature, we analyzed the evolution of the management and protection system of Białowieża Forest in the fourteenth-eighteenth century. The timeframe of our analysis (1386-1795) covers the period of the union of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Białowieża Forest (BF, now on the borderland of Poland and Belarus) has been the most prominent example of successful long-term protection efforts. The results present: (1) the evolution of the legal status of BF in 1386-1795, (2) the role this woodland played for the monarchs, (3) the goals of protecting BF's resources, (4) types of threats to the forest environment and methods of counteracting risks and enforcing protection, and (5) the development of the hunting and forest personnel of BF and their duties. The egalitarian character and horizontal structure of that personnel, which existed since the fourteenth century (beaters), by the years 1765-1795 developed into a five-level, hierarchical structure (beaters, rangers, guards, subordinate foresters, and a forester), with differentiated tasks and a high complexity of responsibilities and duties.
{"title":"How Białowieża Forest preserved its primevalness? The development of management and protection in the fourteenth−eighteenth centuries","authors":"Stanisław Zawadzki, B. Jędrzejewska","doi":"10.1080/02827581.2023.2239161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2023.2239161","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The former royal forests of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania present a unique example of centuries-old protection. Based on archival documents and published literature, we analyzed the evolution of the management and protection system of Białowieża Forest in the fourteenth-eighteenth century. The timeframe of our analysis (1386-1795) covers the period of the union of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Białowieża Forest (BF, now on the borderland of Poland and Belarus) has been the most prominent example of successful long-term protection efforts. The results present: (1) the evolution of the legal status of BF in 1386-1795, (2) the role this woodland played for the monarchs, (3) the goals of protecting BF's resources, (4) types of threats to the forest environment and methods of counteracting risks and enforcing protection, and (5) the development of the hunting and forest personnel of BF and their duties. The egalitarian character and horizontal structure of that personnel, which existed since the fourteenth century (beaters), by the years 1765-1795 developed into a five-level, hierarchical structure (beaters, rangers, guards, subordinate foresters, and a forester), with differentiated tasks and a high complexity of responsibilities and duties.","PeriodicalId":21352,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41645881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-08DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2243821
E. Hansen, Johannes Rahlf, R. Astrup, T. Gobakken
ABSTRACT Taper models, which describe the shape of tree stems, are central to estimating stem volume. Literature provides both taper- and volume models for the three main species in Norway, Norway spruce, Scots pine, and birch. These models, however, were mainly developed using approaches established over 50 years ago, and without consistency between taper and volume. We tested eleven equations for taper and six equations for bark thickness. The models were fitted and evaluated using a large dataset covering all forested regions in Norway. The selected models were converted into volume functions using numerical integration, providing both with- and without-bark volumes and compared to the volume functions in operational use. Taper models resulted in root mean squared error (RMSE) of 7.2, 7.9, and 9.0 mm for spruce, pine, and birch respectively. Bark thickness models resulted in RMSE of 2.5, 6.1, and 4.1 mm, for spruce, pine, and birch respectively. Validation of volume models with bark resulted in RMSE of 12.7%, 13.0%, and 19.7% for spruce, pine, and birch respectively. Additional variables, tree age, site index, elevation, and live crown proportion, were tested without resulting in any strong increase in predictive power.
{"title":"Taper, volume, and bark thickness models for spruce, pine, and birch in Norway","authors":"E. Hansen, Johannes Rahlf, R. Astrup, T. Gobakken","doi":"10.1080/02827581.2023.2243821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2023.2243821","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Taper models, which describe the shape of tree stems, are central to estimating stem volume. Literature provides both taper- and volume models for the three main species in Norway, Norway spruce, Scots pine, and birch. These models, however, were mainly developed using approaches established over 50 years ago, and without consistency between taper and volume. We tested eleven equations for taper and six equations for bark thickness. The models were fitted and evaluated using a large dataset covering all forested regions in Norway. The selected models were converted into volume functions using numerical integration, providing both with- and without-bark volumes and compared to the volume functions in operational use. Taper models resulted in root mean squared error (RMSE) of 7.2, 7.9, and 9.0 mm for spruce, pine, and birch respectively. Bark thickness models resulted in RMSE of 2.5, 6.1, and 4.1 mm, for spruce, pine, and birch respectively. Validation of volume models with bark resulted in RMSE of 12.7%, 13.0%, and 19.7% for spruce, pine, and birch respectively. Additional variables, tree age, site index, elevation, and live crown proportion, were tested without resulting in any strong increase in predictive power.","PeriodicalId":21352,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44271734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-08DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2245334
L. Hájková, M. Mozny, Veronika Oušková, Z. Žalud
ABSTRACT Common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) is one of the most important spring pollen allergens widespread in the Czech Republic. This study evaluates the changes in Carpinus betulus flowering and the length of the blooming period in the Czech Republic during 1991–2020. Temporal and spatial evaluations in the timing of the flowering and the length of the blooming period were investigated at different altitudinal levels. Moreover, the changes in mean air temperature and precipitation total in spring months (March–April–May) were assessed, including the correlation with phenological data. Geographic Information System methods, the Mann–Kendall test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used for processing. The flowering of Carpinus betulus changed significantly over time during the 1991–2020 period. The linear models predicted early flowering in Carpinus betulus at different altitudes (27 days at > 701 m; 18 days at 501–700 m; and 13 days at 301–500 m) significantly (p<0.001) over the last three decades. Furthermore, the length of the blooming period of Carpinus betulus has been shortened (4 days) at the 301–500 m a.s.l. altitudinal level significantly (p<0.05). The strongest correlation was predominantly observed between flowering and the mean air temperature (March–April–May).
{"title":"Change in Carpinus betulus flowering in the Czech Republic","authors":"L. Hájková, M. Mozny, Veronika Oušková, Z. Žalud","doi":"10.1080/02827581.2023.2245334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2023.2245334","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) is one of the most important spring pollen allergens widespread in the Czech Republic. This study evaluates the changes in Carpinus betulus flowering and the length of the blooming period in the Czech Republic during 1991–2020. Temporal and spatial evaluations in the timing of the flowering and the length of the blooming period were investigated at different altitudinal levels. Moreover, the changes in mean air temperature and precipitation total in spring months (March–April–May) were assessed, including the correlation with phenological data. Geographic Information System methods, the Mann–Kendall test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used for processing. The flowering of Carpinus betulus changed significantly over time during the 1991–2020 period. The linear models predicted early flowering in Carpinus betulus at different altitudes (27 days at > 701 m; 18 days at 501–700 m; and 13 days at 301–500 m) significantly (p<0.001) over the last three decades. Furthermore, the length of the blooming period of Carpinus betulus has been shortened (4 days) at the 301–500 m a.s.l. altitudinal level significantly (p<0.05). The strongest correlation was predominantly observed between flowering and the mean air temperature (March–April–May).","PeriodicalId":21352,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42333935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-18DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2235276
Juulia Kuhlman, S. Berghäll, Annukka Vainio
ABSTRACT Research suggests that gender is an important factor explaining the differences of forest owners. Nonetheless, little research has focused on gender. Results from a questionnaire (n = 6558) conducted in Finland are utilised to study the gender, forest owner objectives and their connection with forest owner activity. This paper aims to validate a five-dimensional forest ownership objective structure utilising confirmatory factor analysis. Furthermore, gender differences between objectives and forest owner activity are studied. Based on the confirmatory analysis, results support the five-dimensional objective structure with women and men forest owners. Further analysis indicates that income is the only objective connected with activity and the relationships between the objectives and activity differ between genders. This model is the first to connect forest ownership dimensions with activities related to forest ownership in a confirmatory factor analysis. Understanding that only income-related objectives correlate with activity may help in understanding forest owners with diversifying objectives.
{"title":"Forest ownership objectives and their connection with forestry activities: a confirmatory approach to studying gender differences","authors":"Juulia Kuhlman, S. Berghäll, Annukka Vainio","doi":"10.1080/02827581.2023.2235276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2023.2235276","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Research suggests that gender is an important factor explaining the differences of forest owners. Nonetheless, little research has focused on gender. Results from a questionnaire (n = 6558) conducted in Finland are utilised to study the gender, forest owner objectives and their connection with forest owner activity. This paper aims to validate a five-dimensional forest ownership objective structure utilising confirmatory factor analysis. Furthermore, gender differences between objectives and forest owner activity are studied. Based on the confirmatory analysis, results support the five-dimensional objective structure with women and men forest owners. Further analysis indicates that income is the only objective connected with activity and the relationships between the objectives and activity differ between genders. This model is the first to connect forest ownership dimensions with activities related to forest ownership in a confirmatory factor analysis. Understanding that only income-related objectives correlate with activity may help in understanding forest owners with diversifying objectives.","PeriodicalId":21352,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42913889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-13DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2235272
Jan Hanzelka, Daniele Baroni, T. Laaksonen
ABSTRACT Cavity nesting birds depend on the availability of tree cavities for breeding, but the structure of the surrounding environment may also impact cavity occupancy. Here we investigated the effects of forest structure on occupancy rates of excavated cavities and similar-size nest boxes by cavity nesters in managed southern boreal forests in Finland. We recorded the occupancy over five breeding seasons (2017–2021) and derived forest structure parameters from high-resolution thematic raster maps. We found a high occupancy rate in nest boxes (81%), but lower rates in natural cavities excavated in forest interior, forest edges and retention trees (42-46%). The analyzes focusing on Paridae only revealed that the occupancy rates in nest boxes were decreasing with increasing amounts of Norway spruce and deciduous tree foliage biomass, and tree height, but increasing with the proportion of Scots pine. In forest interior cavities, we found a negative effect of stand age but a positive effect of the proportion of spruce. We conclude that the benefits of nest boxes can be maximized by considering specific forest parameters when deploying them. In excavated cavities the occupancy rates are likely more dependent on the varying internal quality than on the forest structure.
{"title":"Occupancy rates of excavated cavities and nest boxes in managed boreal forest in relation to forest structure","authors":"Jan Hanzelka, Daniele Baroni, T. Laaksonen","doi":"10.1080/02827581.2023.2235272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2023.2235272","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Cavity nesting birds depend on the availability of tree cavities for breeding, but the structure of the surrounding environment may also impact cavity occupancy. Here we investigated the effects of forest structure on occupancy rates of excavated cavities and similar-size nest boxes by cavity nesters in managed southern boreal forests in Finland. We recorded the occupancy over five breeding seasons (2017–2021) and derived forest structure parameters from high-resolution thematic raster maps. We found a high occupancy rate in nest boxes (81%), but lower rates in natural cavities excavated in forest interior, forest edges and retention trees (42-46%). The analyzes focusing on Paridae only revealed that the occupancy rates in nest boxes were decreasing with increasing amounts of Norway spruce and deciduous tree foliage biomass, and tree height, but increasing with the proportion of Scots pine. In forest interior cavities, we found a negative effect of stand age but a positive effect of the proportion of spruce. We conclude that the benefits of nest boxes can be maximized by considering specific forest parameters when deploying them. In excavated cavities the occupancy rates are likely more dependent on the varying internal quality than on the forest structure.","PeriodicalId":21352,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46919223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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