Pub Date : 2023-09-02DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2252740
Petter Heder Brandt, Anders Olsson, Karl Dahlquist, Tuba Inal
ABSTRACT This article investigates how the Swedish forest industry, as represented by the three largest Swedish private forest companies (Svenska Cellulosa AB, Stora Enso, and Holmen), through their main public relations (PR) channels frame the current dominant Swedish forestry model and alternative models that are promoted by the European Union (EU). The content analysis of the three companies’ trade magazines published between 2019 and 2022 explores the patterns in the PR framing of the forest management models with respect to economic, environmental, and social aspects. The time interval is centered by the July 2021 announcement of the EU's new Forest Strategy for 2030. The magazines’ target audience is private forest owners, from whom Svenska Cellulosa AB, Stora Enso, and Holmen buy 40–50% of the timber used in production. The main finding of the study is that these corporations did not present alternative methods as viable options to replace the Swedish forestry model. The magazines, with some individual variations, respond to the alternative methods promoted by the EU and environmental associations by an increased emphasis on the benefits, mainly environmental, of the Swedish forestry model – framing the model as not only the most profitable but also the most ecologically sustainable.
{"title":"“Profitability is sustainability:” framing of forest management practices by the Swedish forest industry","authors":"Petter Heder Brandt, Anders Olsson, Karl Dahlquist, Tuba Inal","doi":"10.1080/02827581.2023.2252740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2023.2252740","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article investigates how the Swedish forest industry, as represented by the three largest Swedish private forest companies (Svenska Cellulosa AB, Stora Enso, and Holmen), through their main public relations (PR) channels frame the current dominant Swedish forestry model and alternative models that are promoted by the European Union (EU). The content analysis of the three companies’ trade magazines published between 2019 and 2022 explores the patterns in the PR framing of the forest management models with respect to economic, environmental, and social aspects. The time interval is centered by the July 2021 announcement of the EU's new Forest Strategy for 2030. The magazines’ target audience is private forest owners, from whom Svenska Cellulosa AB, Stora Enso, and Holmen buy 40–50% of the timber used in production. The main finding of the study is that these corporations did not present alternative methods as viable options to replace the Swedish forestry model. The magazines, with some individual variations, respond to the alternative methods promoted by the EU and environmental associations by an increased emphasis on the benefits, mainly environmental, of the Swedish forestry model – framing the model as not only the most profitable but also the most ecologically sustainable.","PeriodicalId":21352,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43405212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-18DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2239161
Stanisław Zawadzki, B. Jędrzejewska
ABSTRACT The former royal forests of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania present a unique example of centuries-old protection. Based on archival documents and published literature, we analyzed the evolution of the management and protection system of Białowieża Forest in the fourteenth-eighteenth century. The timeframe of our analysis (1386-1795) covers the period of the union of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Białowieża Forest (BF, now on the borderland of Poland and Belarus) has been the most prominent example of successful long-term protection efforts. The results present: (1) the evolution of the legal status of BF in 1386-1795, (2) the role this woodland played for the monarchs, (3) the goals of protecting BF's resources, (4) types of threats to the forest environment and methods of counteracting risks and enforcing protection, and (5) the development of the hunting and forest personnel of BF and their duties. The egalitarian character and horizontal structure of that personnel, which existed since the fourteenth century (beaters), by the years 1765-1795 developed into a five-level, hierarchical structure (beaters, rangers, guards, subordinate foresters, and a forester), with differentiated tasks and a high complexity of responsibilities and duties.
{"title":"How Białowieża Forest preserved its primevalness? The development of management and protection in the fourteenth−eighteenth centuries","authors":"Stanisław Zawadzki, B. Jędrzejewska","doi":"10.1080/02827581.2023.2239161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2023.2239161","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The former royal forests of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania present a unique example of centuries-old protection. Based on archival documents and published literature, we analyzed the evolution of the management and protection system of Białowieża Forest in the fourteenth-eighteenth century. The timeframe of our analysis (1386-1795) covers the period of the union of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Białowieża Forest (BF, now on the borderland of Poland and Belarus) has been the most prominent example of successful long-term protection efforts. The results present: (1) the evolution of the legal status of BF in 1386-1795, (2) the role this woodland played for the monarchs, (3) the goals of protecting BF's resources, (4) types of threats to the forest environment and methods of counteracting risks and enforcing protection, and (5) the development of the hunting and forest personnel of BF and their duties. The egalitarian character and horizontal structure of that personnel, which existed since the fourteenth century (beaters), by the years 1765-1795 developed into a five-level, hierarchical structure (beaters, rangers, guards, subordinate foresters, and a forester), with differentiated tasks and a high complexity of responsibilities and duties.","PeriodicalId":21352,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research","volume":"38 1","pages":"380 - 391"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41645881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-08DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2243821
E. Hansen, Johannes Rahlf, R. Astrup, T. Gobakken
ABSTRACT Taper models, which describe the shape of tree stems, are central to estimating stem volume. Literature provides both taper- and volume models for the three main species in Norway, Norway spruce, Scots pine, and birch. These models, however, were mainly developed using approaches established over 50 years ago, and without consistency between taper and volume. We tested eleven equations for taper and six equations for bark thickness. The models were fitted and evaluated using a large dataset covering all forested regions in Norway. The selected models were converted into volume functions using numerical integration, providing both with- and without-bark volumes and compared to the volume functions in operational use. Taper models resulted in root mean squared error (RMSE) of 7.2, 7.9, and 9.0 mm for spruce, pine, and birch respectively. Bark thickness models resulted in RMSE of 2.5, 6.1, and 4.1 mm, for spruce, pine, and birch respectively. Validation of volume models with bark resulted in RMSE of 12.7%, 13.0%, and 19.7% for spruce, pine, and birch respectively. Additional variables, tree age, site index, elevation, and live crown proportion, were tested without resulting in any strong increase in predictive power.
{"title":"Taper, volume, and bark thickness models for spruce, pine, and birch in Norway","authors":"E. Hansen, Johannes Rahlf, R. Astrup, T. Gobakken","doi":"10.1080/02827581.2023.2243821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2023.2243821","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Taper models, which describe the shape of tree stems, are central to estimating stem volume. Literature provides both taper- and volume models for the three main species in Norway, Norway spruce, Scots pine, and birch. These models, however, were mainly developed using approaches established over 50 years ago, and without consistency between taper and volume. We tested eleven equations for taper and six equations for bark thickness. The models were fitted and evaluated using a large dataset covering all forested regions in Norway. The selected models were converted into volume functions using numerical integration, providing both with- and without-bark volumes and compared to the volume functions in operational use. Taper models resulted in root mean squared error (RMSE) of 7.2, 7.9, and 9.0 mm for spruce, pine, and birch respectively. Bark thickness models resulted in RMSE of 2.5, 6.1, and 4.1 mm, for spruce, pine, and birch respectively. Validation of volume models with bark resulted in RMSE of 12.7%, 13.0%, and 19.7% for spruce, pine, and birch respectively. Additional variables, tree age, site index, elevation, and live crown proportion, were tested without resulting in any strong increase in predictive power.","PeriodicalId":21352,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research","volume":"38 1","pages":"413 - 428"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44271734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-08DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2245334
L. Hájková, M. Mozny, Veronika Oušková, Z. Žalud
ABSTRACT Common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) is one of the most important spring pollen allergens widespread in the Czech Republic. This study evaluates the changes in Carpinus betulus flowering and the length of the blooming period in the Czech Republic during 1991–2020. Temporal and spatial evaluations in the timing of the flowering and the length of the blooming period were investigated at different altitudinal levels. Moreover, the changes in mean air temperature and precipitation total in spring months (March–April–May) were assessed, including the correlation with phenological data. Geographic Information System methods, the Mann–Kendall test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used for processing. The flowering of Carpinus betulus changed significantly over time during the 1991–2020 period. The linear models predicted early flowering in Carpinus betulus at different altitudes (27 days at > 701 m; 18 days at 501–700 m; and 13 days at 301–500 m) significantly (p<0.001) over the last three decades. Furthermore, the length of the blooming period of Carpinus betulus has been shortened (4 days) at the 301–500 m a.s.l. altitudinal level significantly (p<0.05). The strongest correlation was predominantly observed between flowering and the mean air temperature (March–April–May).
{"title":"Change in Carpinus betulus flowering in the Czech Republic","authors":"L. Hájková, M. Mozny, Veronika Oušková, Z. Žalud","doi":"10.1080/02827581.2023.2245334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2023.2245334","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) is one of the most important spring pollen allergens widespread in the Czech Republic. This study evaluates the changes in Carpinus betulus flowering and the length of the blooming period in the Czech Republic during 1991–2020. Temporal and spatial evaluations in the timing of the flowering and the length of the blooming period were investigated at different altitudinal levels. Moreover, the changes in mean air temperature and precipitation total in spring months (March–April–May) were assessed, including the correlation with phenological data. Geographic Information System methods, the Mann–Kendall test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used for processing. The flowering of Carpinus betulus changed significantly over time during the 1991–2020 period. The linear models predicted early flowering in Carpinus betulus at different altitudes (27 days at > 701 m; 18 days at 501–700 m; and 13 days at 301–500 m) significantly (p<0.001) over the last three decades. Furthermore, the length of the blooming period of Carpinus betulus has been shortened (4 days) at the 301–500 m a.s.l. altitudinal level significantly (p<0.05). The strongest correlation was predominantly observed between flowering and the mean air temperature (March–April–May).","PeriodicalId":21352,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42333935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-18DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2235276
Juulia Kuhlman, S. Berghäll, Annukka Vainio
ABSTRACT Research suggests that gender is an important factor explaining the differences of forest owners. Nonetheless, little research has focused on gender. Results from a questionnaire (n = 6558) conducted in Finland are utilised to study the gender, forest owner objectives and their connection with forest owner activity. This paper aims to validate a five-dimensional forest ownership objective structure utilising confirmatory factor analysis. Furthermore, gender differences between objectives and forest owner activity are studied. Based on the confirmatory analysis, results support the five-dimensional objective structure with women and men forest owners. Further analysis indicates that income is the only objective connected with activity and the relationships between the objectives and activity differ between genders. This model is the first to connect forest ownership dimensions with activities related to forest ownership in a confirmatory factor analysis. Understanding that only income-related objectives correlate with activity may help in understanding forest owners with diversifying objectives.
{"title":"Forest ownership objectives and their connection with forestry activities: a confirmatory approach to studying gender differences","authors":"Juulia Kuhlman, S. Berghäll, Annukka Vainio","doi":"10.1080/02827581.2023.2235276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2023.2235276","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Research suggests that gender is an important factor explaining the differences of forest owners. Nonetheless, little research has focused on gender. Results from a questionnaire (n = 6558) conducted in Finland are utilised to study the gender, forest owner objectives and their connection with forest owner activity. This paper aims to validate a five-dimensional forest ownership objective structure utilising confirmatory factor analysis. Furthermore, gender differences between objectives and forest owner activity are studied. Based on the confirmatory analysis, results support the five-dimensional objective structure with women and men forest owners. Further analysis indicates that income is the only objective connected with activity and the relationships between the objectives and activity differ between genders. This model is the first to connect forest ownership dimensions with activities related to forest ownership in a confirmatory factor analysis. Understanding that only income-related objectives correlate with activity may help in understanding forest owners with diversifying objectives.","PeriodicalId":21352,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research","volume":"38 1","pages":"401 - 412"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42913889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-13DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2235272
Jan Hanzelka, Daniele Baroni, T. Laaksonen
ABSTRACT Cavity nesting birds depend on the availability of tree cavities for breeding, but the structure of the surrounding environment may also impact cavity occupancy. Here we investigated the effects of forest structure on occupancy rates of excavated cavities and similar-size nest boxes by cavity nesters in managed southern boreal forests in Finland. We recorded the occupancy over five breeding seasons (2017–2021) and derived forest structure parameters from high-resolution thematic raster maps. We found a high occupancy rate in nest boxes (81%), but lower rates in natural cavities excavated in forest interior, forest edges and retention trees (42-46%). The analyzes focusing on Paridae only revealed that the occupancy rates in nest boxes were decreasing with increasing amounts of Norway spruce and deciduous tree foliage biomass, and tree height, but increasing with the proportion of Scots pine. In forest interior cavities, we found a negative effect of stand age but a positive effect of the proportion of spruce. We conclude that the benefits of nest boxes can be maximized by considering specific forest parameters when deploying them. In excavated cavities the occupancy rates are likely more dependent on the varying internal quality than on the forest structure.
{"title":"Occupancy rates of excavated cavities and nest boxes in managed boreal forest in relation to forest structure","authors":"Jan Hanzelka, Daniele Baroni, T. Laaksonen","doi":"10.1080/02827581.2023.2235272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2023.2235272","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Cavity nesting birds depend on the availability of tree cavities for breeding, but the structure of the surrounding environment may also impact cavity occupancy. Here we investigated the effects of forest structure on occupancy rates of excavated cavities and similar-size nest boxes by cavity nesters in managed southern boreal forests in Finland. We recorded the occupancy over five breeding seasons (2017–2021) and derived forest structure parameters from high-resolution thematic raster maps. We found a high occupancy rate in nest boxes (81%), but lower rates in natural cavities excavated in forest interior, forest edges and retention trees (42-46%). The analyzes focusing on Paridae only revealed that the occupancy rates in nest boxes were decreasing with increasing amounts of Norway spruce and deciduous tree foliage biomass, and tree height, but increasing with the proportion of Scots pine. In forest interior cavities, we found a negative effect of stand age but a positive effect of the proportion of spruce. We conclude that the benefits of nest boxes can be maximized by considering specific forest parameters when deploying them. In excavated cavities the occupancy rates are likely more dependent on the varying internal quality than on the forest structure.","PeriodicalId":21352,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research","volume":"38 1","pages":"367 - 379"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46919223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-07DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2231349
M. Naseri, Shaban Shataee Jouibary, H. Habashi
ABSTRACT In recent years, increasing tree diebacks and mortality in some forests, particularly in forest parks, created a need amongst forest managers to find effective methods to gather information about the rate of dieback and mortality and their reasons. High-quality air and space-born remote sensing data has established as an alternative to field surveys for certain inventory tasks. This study used high-quality UltraCam-Xp and UAV drone images from 2016 and 2021 to map tree dieback and mortality in Daland Forest Park, Golestan Province, Iran. High-quality ortho mosaics and Digital Surface Models (DSMs) were generated from UltraCam (2016) and UAV (2021) images. The images were then classified through object-based classification by Nearest Neighbor (NN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Bayes algorithms using various input data sets including spectral bands, Canopy Height Model (CHM), vegetation indices, and texture analysis features. Our results indicate that the Bayes algorithm is more precise in mapping tree dieback for the two time steps compared to other algorithms. The best tree dieback map on UltraCam images was obtained using the spectral bands with CHM, texture analysis features, and vegetation indices. This combination resulted in an overall accuracy of 91.20% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.88. It was also found that combining the UAV main bands with CHM and texture features did produce a high-accuracy map with an overall accuracy of 88.46% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.84. Change detection analysis of tree dieback showed that between 2016 and 2021, the number of healthy trees decreased, and the number of gaps and open areas increased in the study area. We conclude that UltraCam and UAV photographs can serve to identify and map tree dieback and dead trees with good accuracies and can hence support forest health monitoring.
{"title":"Analysis of forest tree dieback using UltraCam and UAV imagery","authors":"M. Naseri, Shaban Shataee Jouibary, H. Habashi","doi":"10.1080/02827581.2023.2231349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2023.2231349","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In recent years, increasing tree diebacks and mortality in some forests, particularly in forest parks, created a need amongst forest managers to find effective methods to gather information about the rate of dieback and mortality and their reasons. High-quality air and space-born remote sensing data has established as an alternative to field surveys for certain inventory tasks. This study used high-quality UltraCam-Xp and UAV drone images from 2016 and 2021 to map tree dieback and mortality in Daland Forest Park, Golestan Province, Iran. High-quality ortho mosaics and Digital Surface Models (DSMs) were generated from UltraCam (2016) and UAV (2021) images. The images were then classified through object-based classification by Nearest Neighbor (NN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Bayes algorithms using various input data sets including spectral bands, Canopy Height Model (CHM), vegetation indices, and texture analysis features. Our results indicate that the Bayes algorithm is more precise in mapping tree dieback for the two time steps compared to other algorithms. The best tree dieback map on UltraCam images was obtained using the spectral bands with CHM, texture analysis features, and vegetation indices. This combination resulted in an overall accuracy of 91.20% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.88. It was also found that combining the UAV main bands with CHM and texture features did produce a high-accuracy map with an overall accuracy of 88.46% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.84. Change detection analysis of tree dieback showed that between 2016 and 2021, the number of healthy trees decreased, and the number of gaps and open areas increased in the study area. We conclude that UltraCam and UAV photographs can serve to identify and map tree dieback and dead trees with good accuracies and can hence support forest health monitoring.","PeriodicalId":21352,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research","volume":"38 1","pages":"392 - 400"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46147090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2227095
Nico Österberg, Vesa-Pekka Parkatti, O. Tahvonen
ABSTRACT We study the effect of forest stand growth models on the economically optimal management of boreal mixed-species forests. Our size-structured economic–ecological model includes the optimization of harvest timing, harvesting intensities, rotation periods, and the choice between rotation forestry and continuous cover forestry. We carry out a systemic comparison of economically optimal solutions obtained with three statistical–empirical stand growth models for both single- and mixed-species stands with up to four tree species. Given a 1% interest rate, the optimal choice between continuous cover and rotation forestry depends on the applied growth model. However, under a 3% interest rate, the optimal management regime is always continuous cover forestry. The optimal solution details are highly dependent on the growth models. With a 1% interest rate, it may become optimal to apply intensive close-to-clearcut harvesting that results in a dominant species change via natural regeneration. However, the level of natural regeneration varies strongly between the growth models. The economic superiority of a species mixture cannot be determined from overyielding differences. Mixed-species stands have higher maximum sustainable yields, bare land values, and average net revenues compared with monocultures.
{"title":"Comparing stand growth models in optimizing mixed-species forest management","authors":"Nico Österberg, Vesa-Pekka Parkatti, O. Tahvonen","doi":"10.1080/02827581.2023.2227095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2023.2227095","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We study the effect of forest stand growth models on the economically optimal management of boreal mixed-species forests. Our size-structured economic–ecological model includes the optimization of harvest timing, harvesting intensities, rotation periods, and the choice between rotation forestry and continuous cover forestry. We carry out a systemic comparison of economically optimal solutions obtained with three statistical–empirical stand growth models for both single- and mixed-species stands with up to four tree species. Given a 1% interest rate, the optimal choice between continuous cover and rotation forestry depends on the applied growth model. However, under a 3% interest rate, the optimal management regime is always continuous cover forestry. The optimal solution details are highly dependent on the growth models. With a 1% interest rate, it may become optimal to apply intensive close-to-clearcut harvesting that results in a dominant species change via natural regeneration. However, the level of natural regeneration varies strongly between the growth models. The economic superiority of a species mixture cannot be determined from overyielding differences. Mixed-species stands have higher maximum sustainable yields, bare land values, and average net revenues compared with monocultures.","PeriodicalId":21352,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research","volume":"38 1","pages":"353 - 366"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48493254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2229732
M. Räty, A. Juutinen, K. Korhonen, K. Syrjänen, L. Kärkkäinen
ABSTRACT According to protection targets of EU Biodiversity Strategy 2030, 30% of EU’s land and sea area should be legally protected by 2030. While the actual targets and even terms are still to be defined, the strategy’s possible impacts can be simulated for policy support purposes. The strategy aims to increase protection by setting aside forests and extending closer-to-nature forest management practices. We simulated Finland’s forest resources with the European Forestry Dynamics Model (EFDM) considering the protection targets. According to our simulations, the total growing stock and net present value will be lower with the additional protection than by carrying on the business-as-usual management. The additional protection resulted in intensified harvesting in the remaining forest area available for wood supply with the current harvest level. This may weaken the positive ecological impacts of protection. Reducing the harvest level from the current level is not a likely alternative either, because the demand for biomass is predicted to increase in the future, while the supply is insufficient, and EU policies aim to avoid shifting the negative impacts of resource extraction outside the EU. The feasibility of the additional protection depends on the actual implementation and definitions.
{"title":"EU wood production vs. biodiversity goals – possible reconciliation in Finland?","authors":"M. Räty, A. Juutinen, K. Korhonen, K. Syrjänen, L. Kärkkäinen","doi":"10.1080/02827581.2023.2229732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2023.2229732","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT According to protection targets of EU Biodiversity Strategy 2030, 30% of EU’s land and sea area should be legally protected by 2030. While the actual targets and even terms are still to be defined, the strategy’s possible impacts can be simulated for policy support purposes. The strategy aims to increase protection by setting aside forests and extending closer-to-nature forest management practices. We simulated Finland’s forest resources with the European Forestry Dynamics Model (EFDM) considering the protection targets. According to our simulations, the total growing stock and net present value will be lower with the additional protection than by carrying on the business-as-usual management. The additional protection resulted in intensified harvesting in the remaining forest area available for wood supply with the current harvest level. This may weaken the positive ecological impacts of protection. Reducing the harvest level from the current level is not a likely alternative either, because the demand for biomass is predicted to increase in the future, while the supply is insufficient, and EU policies aim to avoid shifting the negative impacts of resource extraction outside the EU. The feasibility of the additional protection depends on the actual implementation and definitions.","PeriodicalId":21352,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research","volume":"38 1","pages":"287 - 299"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45927273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-27DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2221038
J. P. Skovsgaard, U. Johansson, J. Englund, Stefan Juravle
ABSTRACT This study quantified the effects of different establishment practices on survival, dieback and early growth of Juglans × intermedia NG23 and NG38 planted in a statistically designed field experiment on glacial till in southern Sweden. Establishment practices included the use or absence of nurse trees (Populus maximowiczii × trichocarpa var. OP42 planted one year before J. × intermedia), weed control (2 m2·tree−1) and fertilization (+25 g N·tree−1·year−1). NG23 transplants were smaller than NG38 at the time of planting. The overall survival rate was 97%. NG23 suffered marginally more mortality than NG38. Leader shoot dieback occurred in all treatment combinations but was most severe in the presence of nurse trees. NG23 suffered less dieback than NG38. Annual height growth of trees unaffected by dieback increased with increasing levels of precipitation during the growing season (194–407 mm) and with increasing soil quality in terms of nitrogen (94·10−3–607·10−3 g·g−1), base saturation (14–99%) or available soil water capacity (8.6–30.6 l·m−3). It was negatively influenced by poplar nurse trees and positively by fertilization. Weed control had no impact on height growth, possibly due to inefficient implementation. With nurse trees, NG23 had stronger growth than NG38. The opposite was true without nurse trees. It was hypothesized that less growth and more dieback resulted from competition for water.
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