Russian Medical Inquiry最新文献

{"title":"Molecular genetic markers and metabolic disorders in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","authors":"A. B. Krivosheev, V. Maksimov, K.Yu. Boyko, E. E. Levykina, E. Mikhaylova, N. Varaksin, M. Kondratova, I. A. Krivosheeva, A. Autenshlyus","doi":"10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-5-206-212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-5-206-212","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: to assess the probability of unfavorable outcomes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) based on clinical, biochemical, and molecular genetic parameters. Patients and Methods: 440 individuals were examined. Among them, 115 patients (84 men and 31 women) aged 23–69 (mean 49.3±1.1 years) were diagnosed with NAFLD and 325 healthy volunteers (172 men and 153 women) aged 25–67 (mean age 47.9±0.6 years) were controls. Molecular genetic testing for TCF7L2 (ТС, СС, and ТТ genotypes) was performed in all participants. The rates of Glu342Lys (PIZ) and Glu264Val (PIS) mutations of α1-antitrypsin gene (SERPINA1) and 282Y and 63D alleles of hemochromatosis (HFE) gene were evaluated. Standard liver function tests (ASAT, ALAT, bilirubin), lipid metabolism (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL), excretory porphyrin metabolism (porphyrin precursors [δ-aminolaevulinic acid and porphobilinogen] and fractions [uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin]), and cytokine profile (interleukins 1β, 6, 8, 10, and 1Ra, tumor necrosis factor/TNF α) were assessed. Results: the rates of TCF7L2 genotype, 282Y and 63D HFE gene alleles were similar in NAFLD patients and healthy controls. Meanwhile, Glu342Lys (PIZ) and Glu264Val (PIS) SERPINA1 gene polymorphisms were significantly more common in NAFLD patients vs. general population. The odds ratio (OR) has demonstrated that Glu342Lys (PIZ) genotype occurrence is 3.9 times greater in the NAFLD group than in healthy controls (NZ + ZZ vs. NN: OR=3.90, 95% CI 1.5–10.5, p=0.007), while Glu264Vol (PIS) genotype occurrence is 6.6 times greater in the NAFLD group than in healthy controls (NS vs. NN: OR=6.6, 95 CI 2.4–18.3, p<0.001). Abnormalities of porphyrin metabolism and cytokine profile were detected in most participants (71.3% and 82.6%, respectively). Unfavorable NAFLD outcomes were reported in 30 patients (26.1%). Conclusions: molecular genetic testing and specific blood biochemistry allows for predicting NAFLD outcome. Describing metabolic disorders allows for assessing the risk of unfavorable outcome. KEYWORDS: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, molecular genetic testing, TCF7L2 gene, α1-antitrypsin gene (SERPINA1), hemochromatosis gene (HFE), lipid metabolism, porphyrin metabolism, cytokine profile, unfavorable outcome. FOR CITATION: Krivosheev A.B., Maksimov V.N., Boyko K.Yu. et al. Molecular genetic markers and metabolic disorders in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2022;6(5):206–212 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-5-206-212.","PeriodicalId":21378,"journal":{"name":"Russian Medical Inquiry","volume":"38-40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78291128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Febuxostat efficacy in patients with gout depending on kidney function","authors":"M. Eliseev, O. Zhelyabina, M. Chikina, M.M. Thakokov","doi":"10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-3-140-147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-3-140-147","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: to determine the probability of achieving the target serum uric acid (UA) level during therapy with febuxostat (in the tablet form) in patients with gout stratified depending on kidney function, including patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Patients and Methods: the study included patients over 18 years of age with gout who had not previously taken febuxostat or other urate- lowering drugs for at least 2 weeks before inclusion, with a serum UA level >360 μmoL/L. All were prescribed with febuxostat in the tablet form 80 mg/day. If the target serum UA level was not reached (<360 μmoL/L), the dosage level was increased up to 120 mg/day. Laboratory tests included the determination of blood glucose, creatinine, UA. Initially, patients were divided into groups according to chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages by the level of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by CKD-EPI: C1 — high or optimal renal function (>90 mL/min/1.73 m2), C2 — slightly reduced renal function (60–89 mL/min/1.73 m2), C3 — moderately/considerably reduced renal function (30–59 mL/ min/1.73 m2), C4 — significantly reduced renal function (15–29 mL/min/1.73 m2). Patients with DM2 were analyzed separately. The follow-up period covered at least 26 weeks: the primary endpoint was to achieve the target serum UA level, and the eGFR tendency was also evaluated.Results: 136 patients with gout were examined. DM2 was in 38 (27.9%) patients. CKD C0–1 was detected in 30 (22.1%) patients, C2 — in 28 (20.6%), C3 — in 62 (45.6%), C4 — in 16 (11.8%). Febuxostat (in the tablet form) was received at a dose of 80 mg/day in 98 (72.1%) patients, 120 mg/day in 38 (27.9%) patients. There was the following preventive administration of anti-inflammatory therapy: colchicine — 59 (43.4%) patients, NSAIDs — 51 (37.5%) patients, glucocorticosteroids — 12 (8.8%) patients, no drug therapy — 14 (10.3%) patients. UA level significantly decreased in all groups, the average value of Δ MK and the frequency of achieving the target serum UA level were comparable. Achievement of the target serum UA level in general was in 84% of patients; in C0–1, C2, C3, C4 — in 83, 89, 82 and 81% of patients, respectively. The mean eGFR values relative to the baseline increased by the end of the study in all groups, but significant differences were only in patients with C0–1: 101.3±18.1 mL/min/1.73 m2 vs 102.8±28.6 mL/min/1.73 m2 (p=0.002). Of the 38 patients with DM2, 33 (87%) achieved the target serum UA level. In 2 patients with CKD C3, ALT and AST increased up to two norms (when taking febuxostat 120 mg/day). Conclusion: the possibility of achieving the target serum UA level when taking febuxostat (in the tablet form) in patients with gout does not depend on kidney function, including in patients with DM2. KEYWORDS: gout, febuxostat, glomerular filtration rate, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus. FOR CITATION: Eliseev M.S., Zhelyabina O.V., Chikina M.N., Thakokov M.M. Febuxostat efficacy in patients with ","PeriodicalId":21378,"journal":{"name":"Russian Medical Inquiry","volume":"201 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77001119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of the results of mass screening for the BRCA1/2 gene mutations in patients with different types of malignant neoplasms","authors":"A. Stroganova, N. I. Pospekhova, D. A. Golovina, I. Cherepanova, S. Dranko, M. Filippova","doi":"10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-6-297-308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-6-297-308","url":null,"abstract":"Background: germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are associated with a high risk of developing cancer of various localizations. Currently, the determination of BRCA status in such patients is important for choosing surgical tactics and determining indications for the administration of multiple chemotherapy drugs. Aim: to evaluate the results of mass genetic screening for mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in patients with various types of malignant neoplasms (MN). Patients and Methods: the results of genetic screening of 5043 patients who are reviewed in the study. The patients had the following diagnoses: breast cancer (BC, n=4216), ovarian cancer (OC, n=481), multiple primary malignant neoplasms (n=174), pancreatic cancer (n=96) and prostate cancer (n=75). Real-time PCR-based genetic testing for eight recurrent BRCA1/2 gene mutations specific for the Russian population was performed for all patients. The study of the entire coding sequence of the BRCA1/2 genes was carried out in 655 patients with negative screening results for mutations using high-resolution melting curve analysis, Sanger sequencing, and massively parallel sequencing. Results and Discussion: among 5043 cancer patients, the total frequency of BRCA mutations was 8%. In patients with BC the recurrent variants accounted for 6.7%, bilateral BC — 13.5%, OC — 17%, multiple primary malignant neoplasms (MPMN) — 13.1%, pancreatic cancer — 3.1%, while in patients with prostate cancer no mutations were found. The frequency of the c.5266dup mutation in the BRCA1 gene was 5.63%. Forty nine patients (0.97%) were carriers of another mutation — p.C61G, which is specific for the Slavic populations. Other variants were found much less frequently (0.1–0.38%). Thus, screening for common mutations helped to determine the prevalence of each of the variants and proved a high frequency of c.5266dup and p.C61G mutations. The analysis of the coding sequence of the BRCA1/2 genes in 655 patients revealed pathogenic mutations (class 5) in 13% of cases. The prevalence of rare variants in patients with BC was 11.1%, bilateral BC — 26.5%, OC — 14.9%, МPМN — 31%, pancreatic cancer — 2.3%, and prostate cancer — 2.5%. In the BRCA1 gene, 41 unique clinically significant mutations were found, and four of them were repeated in unrelated patients. In the BRCA2 gene, 29 unique clinically significant mutations were found, five of which were repeated. Moreover, 19 missense mutations were detected which, according to the databases, were categorized as variants with unknown clinical significance (class 3). They were analyzed using seven pathogenicity prediction algorithms. As a result, five mutations were interpreted by the most algorithms as likely pathogenic or pathogenic (class 4/5), five mutations were re-assessed as variants with unknown significance, and nine variants were identified as clinically insignificant. Conclusion: thus, the Russian population is characterized by the presence of multiple recu","PeriodicalId":21378,"journal":{"name":"Russian Medical Inquiry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82797361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chondroitin sulfate in the treatment of osteoarthritis","authors":"S. Yakupova, E. A. Fedorova","doi":"10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-3-148-152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-3-148-152","url":null,"abstract":"Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common disease in the practice of doctors of various specialties. Leading international organizations regularly update recommendations for the treatment of patients with this disease. The viewpoints of experts differ concerning various interventions. The article issues the use of a drug group — Symptomatic Slow-Acting Drug in Osteoarthritis (SYSADOA), such as glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate (CS). To date, data on the efficacy and good tolerability of these drugs have been accumulating, which is important due to the significant comorbidity in patients with OA. The results of numerous studies reviewed by the authors have suggested a possible mechanism of analgesic and anti-inflammatory action of chondroitin sulfate (CS). In the leading international and national recommendations, CS is included in the treatment regimens of patients with OA, with the clarification that the prescription form has an advantage. The recommendations of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases, (ESCEO) in 2019 strongly recommended the use of high-quality CS as a long-term background treatment. KEYWORDS: osteoarthritis, recommendations, symptomatic slow-acting drug, chondroitin sulfate. FOR CITATION: Yakupova S.P., Fedorova E.A. Chondroitin sulfate in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2022;6(3):148– 152 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-3-148-152.","PeriodicalId":21378,"journal":{"name":"Russian Medical Inquiry","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91503281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphology of regional lymph nodes in experimental prostate carcinogenesis","authors":"V. Astashov, A. Lomshakov, T. Tsekhmistrenko, O. Vykhristyuk, M. Uloga, Inna Borodina, A. Tolkachev","doi":"10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-4-171-176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-4-171-176","url":null,"abstract":"Background: the migration of tumor cells into blood and lymphatic vessels is a key stage of the metastatic process in malignant neoplasms. Moreover, the presence of tumor cells in the lymph nodes is an indicator of cancer aggressiveness, and the histopathological characteristics of the lymph nodes are one of the important parameters for the treatment prognosis and patient survival Aim: to evaluate changes in the lymph nodes of mice during experimental carcinogenesis in the prostate gland. Material and Methods: the study was conducted on CBA inbred 3-month-old male mice (n=30). To create a model of malignant tumor growth in the prostate gland, a diluted cell strain of transplantable Ehrlich ascites carcinoma was inoculated into the prostate parenchyma. A model of prostate carcinogenesis was created in 18 days by transplanting Ehrlich ascites carcinoma into prostate tissue in mice (n=15; main group). The remaining 15 mice were in the control group. All manipulations with animals were carried out in compliance with the basic ethical principles. After the animals were removed from the experiment, a morphological analysis of the prostate and regional (pelvic) lymph nodes was performed. The area and cellular composition concerning the main structural and functional zones of the pelvic lymph nodes in both groups of animals were evaluated Results: this study showed that the cellular composition changed in the setting of prostate carcinogenesis in the pelvic lymph nodes. In the main group of animals, the number of immunoblasts significantly prevailed in the germinal center of secondary lymphoid nodules versus the control group (p<0,05). An increase in immunoblasts by almost 2 times in mice (experimental group) indicated the inhibition of humoral immunity in prostate carcinogenesis. Also, in the main group, the area of the cortical substance decreased by 14.5% and the area of the paracortex increased by 28.4% versus the control group (p<0,05). Conclusion: the first metastases of prostate cancer appear in regional lymph nodes. On the 18th day of prostate carcinogenesis, the structure of regional lymph nodes undergoes changes: paracortical hyperplasia, a decrease in the area of medullary cords and medullary substance, a decrease in cerebral sinuses KEYWORDS: prostate cancer, carcinogenesis, experiment, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, lymphangiogenesis, lymph node, regional metastases. FOR CITATION: Astashov V.V., Lomshakov A.A., Tsekhmistrenko T.A. et al. Morphology of regional lymph nodes in experimental prostate carcinogenesis. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2022;6(4):171–176 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-4-171-176.","PeriodicalId":21378,"journal":{"name":"Russian Medical Inquiry","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85485269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selecting anticoagulant therapy in patients with cirrhosis","authors":"N. Arykan, A. Shestopalov, E.E. Khvorostinina, A.O. Alekseeva, K. Asaturyan","doi":"10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-5-286-292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-5-286-292","url":null,"abstract":"Patients with liver diseases have a higher risk of hemostatic disorders. Meanwhile, despite a well-established opinion on a low risk of thromboses in cirrhosis, thromboembolic events cannot be totally ruled out in these patients. Increased risks of thrombotic events and venous thromboembolism in cirrhosis are accounted for by external (immobilization, surgeries, infections, comorbidities) and internal factors (reduced synthesis of anticoagulants, increased levels of estrogens). Practically, the selection of anticoagulant therapy in cirrhosis is difficult because of divergent hemostatic disorders and requires continuous and careful monitoring of hemostasis. In 2019, the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) released guidelines on anticoagulant therapy in patients with cirrhosis and pulmonary embolism. We describe a patient with cirrhosis and pulmonary embolism. A management strategy was tailored to the AGA guidelines, the Russian Society on Liver Research guidelines, and the Russian Gastroenterological Association on Fibrosis and Cirrhosis and Complication Diagnosis and Treatment guidelines. This example of successful selection of anticoagulant therapy, multidisciplinary approach, and dynamic evaluation of all available methods of hemostasis control will be useful for practitioners. KEYWORDS: cirrhosis, hemostasis, thrombosis, hemorrhage, venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism, thromboelastometry, anticoagulant, low-molecular-weight heparin. FOR CITATION: Arykan N.G., Shestopalov A.E., Khvorostinina E.E. et al. Selecting anticoagulant therapy in patients with cirrhosis. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2022;6(5):286–292 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-5-286-292.","PeriodicalId":21378,"journal":{"name":"Russian Medical Inquiry","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89983579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound guided transrectal polyfocal biopsy in prostate cancer diagnosis","authors":"A. Berezhnoy, S. Dunaevskaya, S.I. Auzina","doi":"10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-6-309-313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-6-309-313","url":null,"abstract":"Background: prostate cancer (PCa) is a topic of special interest in the modern urologic oncology. PCa is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality among the male population in Russia and worldwide. The current diagnostic algorithm for PCa detection includes a digital rectal examination to check the prostate, and a PSA test to measure levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in the blood, and a prostate biopsy followed by morphological verification. Aim: to analyze the results of transrectal ultrasound guided polyfocal biopsies of the prostate, performed from 2021 to 2022 in patients who underwent diagnosis and treatment at the Clinical Hospital \"RZD-Meditsina\" of the city of Krasnoyarsk. Patients and Methods: in all cases the evaluation of patients included the measurement of a total PSA (PSAtotal) concentration, standard examination, and the preparation for biopsy. The ultrasound guided prostate biopsy was performed in the hospital setting. After the procedure, all patients were followed up to control and prevent possible complications. Histological examination of the biomaterial included the verification of malignant neoplasms or benign lesions in the prostate tissue, Gleason score, and other morphological characteristics. Results: findings of 220 transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsies were analyzed. The median age of patients was 64 (44–89) years. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was diagnosed in 112 (51%) patients, prostate cancer — in 108 (49%) patients. PSA level varied from 0.48 to 37.9 ng/ml in the BPH patients, and from 4.48 to 100.0 ng/ml in the PCa group. The median prostate volume was 74.61 (10.26–134.80) cm3 in the PCa group, and 153.45 (116.22–185.50) cm3 in the patients with BPH. Most of PCa patients had Gleason score ≤7 representing moderately differentiated tumors. Post-biopsy complications were observed in 141 (64.09%) patients and included hematuria, short-term rectal bleeding, chronic prostatitis exacerbation. All complications were cured successfully treated using conservative therapy. Conclusion: PCa can be diagnosed even in patients with low PSATotal levels or the normal prostate volume . Moderately differentiated tumors (Gleason score ≤7) predominated in the population of patients. These data are consistent with the effective early detection of PCa. Patients should be closely monitored in the early post-operative period after a diagnostic prostate biopsy to prevent potential complications. KEYWORDS: prostate cancer, biopsy, prostate, transrectal puncture biopsy, ultrasound navigation. FOR CITATION: Berezhnoy A.G., Dunaevskaya S.S., Auzina S.I. Ultrasound guided transrectal polyfocal biopsy in prostate cancer diagnosis. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2022;6(6):309–313 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-6-309-313.","PeriodicalId":21378,"journal":{"name":"Russian Medical Inquiry","volume":"102 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75735595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early gastric cancer: clinical case","authors":"O. Malikhova, V. E. Ryabova, V. Lozovaya, A. Tumanyan, M. A. Krylovetskaya, Z.V. Halaev","doi":"10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-6-334-340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-6-334-340","url":null,"abstract":"Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common types of malignant neoplasms in Russia and worldwide. In recent decades, GC incidence and mortality have been declining. However, gastric cancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, facilitating further improvements of GC diagnostics and treatment. As known, early gastric cancer is a tumor limited to the gastric mucosa or the submucosal layer of the stomach wall. The detection of early-stage GC is the goal of screening programs. The rapid development of endoscopic technologies and the introduction of the ZOOM endoscopy and narrow-band imaging for precise diagnostics have dramatically improved the quality and effectiveness of patient examinations. These advances have underpinned the increased detection of early gastric cancer. Early gastric cancer can be completely cured. Until recently, the gold standard treatment for GC, including its early stages, was radical resection and gastrectomy. This treatment approach is fully justified and ideal from the perspective of oncology. At the same time, it is associated with postoperative complications and deaths, as well as with a substantial decrease in the quality of life in long term GC survivors. Latest endoscopic technologies enable to perform organ-preserving operations in patients with early GC. As a result, it is possible to reduce dramatically the probability of postoperative complications and to improve the quality of life of patients. As of today, the optimization of endoscopic techniques for the treatment of early GC, as well as the search and implementation of new techniques are considered as the most important issues. The article presents a review of key endoscopic methods used for diagnosis and treatment of GC and a clinical case of a patient with early subcardial stomach cancer. KEYWORDS: oncology, gastric cancer, early gastric cancer, dysplastic changes in the stomach mucosa, endoscopy, endoscopic diagnostics, endoscopic resection, OVESCO. FOR CITATION: Malikhova O.A., Ryabova V.E., Lozovaya V.V. et al. Early gastric cancer: clinical case. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2022;6(6):334– 340 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-6-334-340.","PeriodicalId":21378,"journal":{"name":"Russian Medical Inquiry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73197345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prospects of using interferon inducers of the double stranded RNA type for the treatment of viral and bacterial infections","authors":"O. Radaeva, A. V. Taganov, E. A. Rogozhina","doi":"10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-11-643-649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-11-643-649","url":null,"abstract":"The article highlights the role of the interferon system in the host defense against infections, primarily those caused by viral agents. The authors explain the effect of double stranded RNA (dsRNA)-based products used as interferon inducers (II) from a pathogenesis standpoint. The key advantage of interferon inducers is a broad spectrum of antiviral activity based on immunomodulating and secondary etiotropic effects. The addition of the so-called early-type II (the production of interferon occurs 2 — 6 hours after administration) to the treatment schemes promotes a timely and adequate immune response and helps to achieve a therapeutic effect. Despite a long-standing interest in the natural dsRNA, the imperfection of the described methods of its synthesis provided the impetus for finding and developing techniques aimed at creating an efficient and safe product. A novel technology of sodium ribonucleinate production enabled to receive an active bacterial endotoxin-free pharmaceutical substance and to minimize the concentration of related impurities which considerably increased the product safety. The innovative solutions underpinning the production of an advanced interferon inducer of the double stranded RNA type will significantly expand the potential applications of interferon therapy. KEYWORDS: antivirals, interferons, interferon inducers, Radamin Viro, sodium ribonucleinate. FOR CITATION: Radaeva O.A., Taganov A.V., Rogozhina E.A. Prospects of using interferon inducers of the double stranded RNA type for the treatment of viral and bacterial infections. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2022;6(11):643–649 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821- 2022-6-11-643-649.","PeriodicalId":21378,"journal":{"name":"Russian Medical Inquiry","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87205497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient management with maxillary sinus cysts","authors":"S. Karpishchenko, A.Y. Zernitsky, O. Vereshchagina, E. Bolozneva, E. A. Zueva, A.I. Kuprik","doi":"10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-7-411-415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-7-411-415","url":null,"abstract":"Cystic lesions of the maxillary sinuses include cysts, polyps and neoplasms. Maxillary sinus cysts are benign lesions that are commonly an incidental finding during X–ray, since any symptoms do not accompany their presence. An urgent problem is the development of differential diagnostics, the determination of indications for surgical treatment and the optimal treatment tactics for patients with cystic lesions of the maxillary sinuses. The authors describe their experience in patient management with maxillary sinus cysts. 175 patients (mean age — 44.93 years) with lesions in the maxillary sinus were examined and surgically operated. All patients underwent a comprehensive clinical examination aimed at a differential diagnosis of maxillary sinus pathology: cysts, polyps and neoplasms. All patients underwent endoscopic endonasal surgery: in 135 cases it was conducted via the inferior nasal meatus, in 40 patients — via the middle nasal meatus due to the large size of the cyst. Histology confirmed the established diagnosis during the clinical and instrumental examination. The postoperative period proceeded with no abnormalities. After 6 months, the patients underwent a control computed tomography of paranasal sinuses. In all cases, there was a complete cyst removal and restoration of sinus pneumatization. Thus, the differential diagnosis concerning cystic lesions of the maxillary sinus should be based on clinical manifestations and the results of X-ray techniques and follow-up of patients with scanty symptoms and signs. The optimal treatment method of maxillary sinus cysts is the endoscopic endonasal approach, followed by morphological examination. KEYWORDS: benign lesion, maxillary sinus cyst, cystic lesion, differential diagnosis, endoscopy, endoscopic endonasal approach. FOR CITATION: Karpishchenko S.A., Zernitsky A.Y., Vereshchagina O.E. et al. Patient management with maxillary sinus cysts. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2022;6(7):411–415 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-7-411-415.","PeriodicalId":21378,"journal":{"name":"Russian Medical Inquiry","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81393544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}