Pub Date : 1977-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1977.7461945
D. E. Crawford
Learning why a stator insulation system fails often depends on de-energizing the test as soon as possible after failure begins. Any burning or arcing which occurs beyond the failure initiation simply destroys evidence needed to determine the cause of failure. Over many years we have incorporated maximum current, ground protection and over temperature controls into our life test facilities in an effort to prevent major destruction of a hermetic stator when it fails. These devices are described and their strengths and weaknesses discussed. This analysis led to the development of a new failure detection device named the Radio Frequency Failure Detector. The failure of an insulation is always accompanied by more or less arcing which generates radio frequency energy. A system sensitive to this can be used to disconnect the power at the moment a failure starts. This system is discussed in detail. The detector is very effective and has resulted in new insights into how stators fail.
{"title":"Minimizing insulation failure damage: Progress in life test protection schemes","authors":"D. E. Crawford","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1977.7461945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1977.7461945","url":null,"abstract":"Learning why a stator insulation system fails often depends on de-energizing the test as soon as possible after failure begins. Any burning or arcing which occurs beyond the failure initiation simply destroys evidence needed to determine the cause of failure. Over many years we have incorporated maximum current, ground protection and over temperature controls into our life test facilities in an effort to prevent major destruction of a hermetic stator when it fails. These devices are described and their strengths and weaknesses discussed. This analysis led to the development of a new failure detection device named the Radio Frequency Failure Detector. The failure of an insulation is always accompanied by more or less arcing which generates radio frequency energy. A system sensitive to this can be used to disconnect the power at the moment a failure starts. This system is discussed in detail. The detector is very effective and has resulted in new insights into how stators fail.","PeriodicalId":214025,"journal":{"name":"1977 EIC 13th Electrical/Electronics Insulation Conference","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115533772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1977.7461966
J. M. Townsend
In summary, the use of a multiple, equal lengths registered tapes package has proved successful in the achievement of high speed spiral wound taping applications. Conventional high speed (2,000–3,000 head RPM) concentric head taping machines, both single and dual head, were used in the development of data on which this paper is based. Copper and aluminum square and rectangular magnet wires of the preferred numbers series sizes individually taped with Nomex∗, thermally upgraded cellulosic papers, creped thermally up-graded papers, and film tapes were the end products of the production processes studied. As of February 19 77, development studies, using pressure sensitive tapes and the same conventional concentric head taping equipment, showed positive results, but no production data was available. Also, studies involving the use of eccentric head taping machines had begun, but insufficient process and product data was available for inclusion in this paper. No development or laboratory data, except that preliminary to proven production processes, was used in preparation of this report.
{"title":"High speed multiple insulation tapes application","authors":"J. M. Townsend","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1977.7461966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1977.7461966","url":null,"abstract":"In summary, the use of a multiple, equal lengths registered tapes package has proved successful in the achievement of high speed spiral wound taping applications. Conventional high speed (2,000–3,000 head RPM) concentric head taping machines, both single and dual head, were used in the development of data on which this paper is based. Copper and aluminum square and rectangular magnet wires of the preferred numbers series sizes individually taped with Nomex∗, thermally upgraded cellulosic papers, creped thermally up-graded papers, and film tapes were the end products of the production processes studied. As of February 19 77, development studies, using pressure sensitive tapes and the same conventional concentric head taping equipment, showed positive results, but no production data was available. Also, studies involving the use of eccentric head taping machines had begun, but insufficient process and product data was available for inclusion in this paper. No development or laboratory data, except that preliminary to proven production processes, was used in preparation of this report.","PeriodicalId":214025,"journal":{"name":"1977 EIC 13th Electrical/Electronics Insulation Conference","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129890618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1977.7461985
E. Goodman
Aluminum alloys have been used increasingly as electrical conductor material in insulated magnet wire? the insulation may be a film coating or a separate tape, suitably applied. The type of insulation determines the wire manufacturing process including the temperature to which the magnet wire is subjected during its complete manufacturing process. This paper provides guidance on the behavior of various electrical conductor aluminum alloys at various temperatures to which such a magnet wire may be exposed during its manufacture, the product manufacturing process and the product life. That thermal behavior should be one of the factors influencing the choice of aluminum conductor alloy. This paper also describes the effect of aluminum conductor alloy on end product cost and performance; it provides data on coil winding effectiveness, material usage, and final coil dimensions, all as functions of aluminum magnet wire metallurgy.
{"title":"Magnet wire aluminum alloy conductors and coil winding","authors":"E. Goodman","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1977.7461985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1977.7461985","url":null,"abstract":"Aluminum alloys have been used increasingly as electrical conductor material in insulated magnet wire? the insulation may be a film coating or a separate tape, suitably applied. The type of insulation determines the wire manufacturing process including the temperature to which the magnet wire is subjected during its complete manufacturing process. This paper provides guidance on the behavior of various electrical conductor aluminum alloys at various temperatures to which such a magnet wire may be exposed during its manufacture, the product manufacturing process and the product life. That thermal behavior should be one of the factors influencing the choice of aluminum conductor alloy. This paper also describes the effect of aluminum conductor alloy on end product cost and performance; it provides data on coil winding effectiveness, material usage, and final coil dimensions, all as functions of aluminum magnet wire metallurgy.","PeriodicalId":214025,"journal":{"name":"1977 EIC 13th Electrical/Electronics Insulation Conference","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125858319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1977.7461973
Terrence E. Chenoweth, F. Yeoman, A. Cookson
A prototype, 1200 kV (nominal voltage) compressed gas insulated transmission line (CGIT) is being developed on a program for the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA). A critical component of this system is the insulator, which supports the aluminum conductor concentrically within the aluminum sheath. The line is filled with sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas at a pressure of 4.4 atmospheres absolute (50 psig) for the high voltage insulation and to help dissipate the heat from the conductor to the sheath. Two types of insulators are being considered for the prototype, to be made from either a cast epoxy, or a low-dielectric constant material. A comprehensive materials evaluation program has therefore been made, together with a detailed investigation of the required profile and construction of the insulator.
{"title":"Epoxy casting composition for UHV service in compressed SF6 insulated equipment","authors":"Terrence E. Chenoweth, F. Yeoman, A. Cookson","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1977.7461973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1977.7461973","url":null,"abstract":"A prototype, 1200 kV (nominal voltage) compressed gas insulated transmission line (CGIT) is being developed on a program for the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA). A critical component of this system is the insulator, which supports the aluminum conductor concentrically within the aluminum sheath. The line is filled with sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas at a pressure of 4.4 atmospheres absolute (50 psig) for the high voltage insulation and to help dissipate the heat from the conductor to the sheath. Two types of insulators are being considered for the prototype, to be made from either a cast epoxy, or a low-dielectric constant material. A comprehensive materials evaluation program has therefore been made, together with a detailed investigation of the required profile and construction of the insulator.","PeriodicalId":214025,"journal":{"name":"1977 EIC 13th Electrical/Electronics Insulation Conference","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127350161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1977.7461934
F. S. Stephens
The intent of this paper is to aid in improving the art of hand-winding electric motors under 600 volts. It is directed to improving the quality of short run manufacturing and rewinding of random wound (mush) stators and rotors. It will be more beneficial to small manufacturers and the electrical apparatus repair industry.
{"title":"The art of winding random wound motors","authors":"F. S. Stephens","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1977.7461934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1977.7461934","url":null,"abstract":"The intent of this paper is to aid in improving the art of hand-winding electric motors under 600 volts. It is directed to improving the quality of short run manufacturing and rewinding of random wound (mush) stators and rotors. It will be more beneficial to small manufacturers and the electrical apparatus repair industry.","PeriodicalId":214025,"journal":{"name":"1977 EIC 13th Electrical/Electronics Insulation Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130818994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1977.7461907
R. Babbitt, R. Stern
Arc plasma spray techniques have previously been developed for fabricating low microwave frequency non-reciprocal ferrite phase shifters, 3 GHz to 6 GHz. Currently, spraying techniques are being developed for the arc plasma fabrication of ferrite phasers for millimeter frequencies 35 GHz to 95 GHz. It is expected that the arc plasma process will have a significant impact on the cost of millimeter phasors, since they are difficult and expensive to fabricate by conventional techniques. Also, arc plasma millimeter phasors are expected to produce an improved device performance. However, for the arc plasma process to be suitable for fabricating millimeter phasors, new techniques and modifications of arc plasma spraying procedures were required. This paper presents the techniques developed and the device performance of arc plasma fabricated 35 GHz non-reciprocal ferrite phasors. Projected costs and future fabrication concepts are also presented.
{"title":"Millimeter ferrite phase shifters using arc plasma spray fabrication techniques","authors":"R. Babbitt, R. Stern","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1977.7461907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1977.7461907","url":null,"abstract":"Arc plasma spray techniques have previously been developed for fabricating low microwave frequency non-reciprocal ferrite phase shifters, 3 GHz to 6 GHz. Currently, spraying techniques are being developed for the arc plasma fabrication of ferrite phasers for millimeter frequencies 35 GHz to 95 GHz. It is expected that the arc plasma process will have a significant impact on the cost of millimeter phasors, since they are difficult and expensive to fabricate by conventional techniques. Also, arc plasma millimeter phasors are expected to produce an improved device performance. However, for the arc plasma process to be suitable for fabricating millimeter phasors, new techniques and modifications of arc plasma spraying procedures were required. This paper presents the techniques developed and the device performance of arc plasma fabricated 35 GHz non-reciprocal ferrite phasors. Projected costs and future fabrication concepts are also presented.","PeriodicalId":214025,"journal":{"name":"1977 EIC 13th Electrical/Electronics Insulation Conference","volume":" 81","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113952603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-09-01DOI: 10.1109/TCHMT.1978.1135287
D. Seraphim
The complexity of the interfaces between packaging levels continues to increase as integration proceeds at the semiconductor chip. The increased terminal count at the chip (as a result of the increasing number of circuits and chip size) requires increasing printed circuit wiring capability in the module. As more and larger chips are packaged on the module, additional pins must be interfaced to the board. Thus, the demand for printed circuit wiring is dramatically increasing at the board level. This paper describes a design example which is carried through from chip-to-module-to-board in simple terms to illustrate the interaction between the various levels of packaging. The interfacial considerations are considered briefly with reference to new packaging developments. Most of the technology is centered on the printed circuit board.
{"title":"Chip — Module — Package interfaces","authors":"D. Seraphim","doi":"10.1109/TCHMT.1978.1135287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCHMT.1978.1135287","url":null,"abstract":"The complexity of the interfaces between packaging levels continues to increase as integration proceeds at the semiconductor chip. The increased terminal count at the chip (as a result of the increasing number of circuits and chip size) requires increasing printed circuit wiring capability in the module. As more and larger chips are packaged on the module, additional pins must be interfaced to the board. Thus, the demand for printed circuit wiring is dramatically increasing at the board level. This paper describes a design example which is carried through from chip-to-module-to-board in simple terms to illustrate the interaction between the various levels of packaging. The interfacial considerations are considered briefly with reference to new packaging developments. Most of the technology is centered on the printed circuit board.","PeriodicalId":214025,"journal":{"name":"1977 EIC 13th Electrical/Electronics Insulation Conference","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114574031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1977.7461920
J. W. Hawkins
This paper discuss five new silicone liquid rubber products for electrical use and relates their application to energy, environmental, and safety concerns. The products described are a potting material, and an adhesive sealant which have UL yellow card listing as 94 V-0 flame resistant materials by UL-94 test methods. A potting gel for automotive electronics use is discussed as well as a heat-curing, one-component, adhesive-sealant. The last material described is a room temperature curing modest cost silicone potting material.
{"title":"New liquid silicone rubber products for electronics applications","authors":"J. W. Hawkins","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1977.7461920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1977.7461920","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discuss five new silicone liquid rubber products for electrical use and relates their application to energy, environmental, and safety concerns. The products described are a potting material, and an adhesive sealant which have UL yellow card listing as 94 V-0 flame resistant materials by UL-94 test methods. A potting gel for automotive electronics use is discussed as well as a heat-curing, one-component, adhesive-sealant. The last material described is a room temperature curing modest cost silicone potting material.","PeriodicalId":214025,"journal":{"name":"1977 EIC 13th Electrical/Electronics Insulation Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129450812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1977.7461944
E. Brancato, L. Johnson, F. Campbell
Meaningful thermal classification of insulating systems or magnet wires is based on the expected useful life at a given temperature. The Navy had established and used for more than a decade 40,000 and 20,000 hours as the minimum extrapolated test life at the rating temperature for varnish impregnated and non-varnish impregnated insulation systems and magnet wires respectively. Following the setting of these standards, the Navy has continued to obtain and analyze aging data from new systems and wires with emphasis on the polyester types. The results of the continued research have led to a major modification in the Navy's classification criterion.
{"title":"A new navy classification criterion for insulation life","authors":"E. Brancato, L. Johnson, F. Campbell","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1977.7461944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1977.7461944","url":null,"abstract":"Meaningful thermal classification of insulating systems or magnet wires is based on the expected useful life at a given temperature. The Navy had established and used for more than a decade 40,000 and 20,000 hours as the minimum extrapolated test life at the rating temperature for varnish impregnated and non-varnish impregnated insulation systems and magnet wires respectively. Following the setting of these standards, the Navy has continued to obtain and analyze aging data from new systems and wires with emphasis on the polyester types. The results of the continued research have led to a major modification in the Navy's classification criterion.","PeriodicalId":214025,"journal":{"name":"1977 EIC 13th Electrical/Electronics Insulation Conference","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133798210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1977.7461914
S. Khadpe
This paper describes the effects of an 85°C/ 85% RH environment on the bond strength of passivated and unpassivated aluminum wire bonds in contact with thick film platinum-silver metallization in a non-hermetic package. An RTV silicone junction coating material and a ceramic cover coated with a single component epoxy resin powder were used singly and in combination to protect the wire bonds. Test samples were exposed to the 85°C/85%RH environment for a total period of 168 hours. Bonds were destructively pull tested at the end of 24, 96 and 168 hours. Selected samples were also examined with an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was observed that the unencapsulated wire bonds suffered extensive galvanic corrosion at the Al-to-PtAg interface after 24 hours of exposure. The encapsulated bonds had no visible corrosion at the bond sites and retained more than 80% of the initial bond strength even after 168 hours of exposure.
{"title":"Corrosion characteristics of passivated and unpassivated Al-to-PtAg wire bonds under accelerated temperature — Humidity conditions","authors":"S. Khadpe","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1977.7461914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1977.7461914","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the effects of an 85°C/ 85% RH environment on the bond strength of passivated and unpassivated aluminum wire bonds in contact with thick film platinum-silver metallization in a non-hermetic package. An RTV silicone junction coating material and a ceramic cover coated with a single component epoxy resin powder were used singly and in combination to protect the wire bonds. Test samples were exposed to the 85°C/85%RH environment for a total period of 168 hours. Bonds were destructively pull tested at the end of 24, 96 and 168 hours. Selected samples were also examined with an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was observed that the unencapsulated wire bonds suffered extensive galvanic corrosion at the Al-to-PtAg interface after 24 hours of exposure. The encapsulated bonds had no visible corrosion at the bond sites and retained more than 80% of the initial bond strength even after 168 hours of exposure.","PeriodicalId":214025,"journal":{"name":"1977 EIC 13th Electrical/Electronics Insulation Conference","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121952036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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