Pub Date : 1977-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1977.7461943
H. A. Wroblewski, W. J. Day, M. Donnell
Environmental and health considerations have necessitated the evaluation of substitute materials for those that have been used successfully for years. This paper discusses the replacement of asbestos-phenolic materials with glass-synthetic resin bonded materials which were compared at operating temperatures using a functional testing procedure. "Resin break" and "push out" ranking are established for twenty different materials.
{"title":"Evaluation of slot wedge material","authors":"H. A. Wroblewski, W. J. Day, M. Donnell","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1977.7461943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1977.7461943","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental and health considerations have necessitated the evaluation of substitute materials for those that have been used successfully for years. This paper discusses the replacement of asbestos-phenolic materials with glass-synthetic resin bonded materials which were compared at operating temperatures using a functional testing procedure. \"Resin break\" and \"push out\" ranking are established for twenty different materials.","PeriodicalId":214025,"journal":{"name":"1977 EIC 13th Electrical/Electronics Insulation Conference","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115806816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1977.7461914
S. Khadpe
This paper describes the effects of an 85°C/ 85% RH environment on the bond strength of passivated and unpassivated aluminum wire bonds in contact with thick film platinum-silver metallization in a non-hermetic package. An RTV silicone junction coating material and a ceramic cover coated with a single component epoxy resin powder were used singly and in combination to protect the wire bonds. Test samples were exposed to the 85°C/85%RH environment for a total period of 168 hours. Bonds were destructively pull tested at the end of 24, 96 and 168 hours. Selected samples were also examined with an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was observed that the unencapsulated wire bonds suffered extensive galvanic corrosion at the Al-to-PtAg interface after 24 hours of exposure. The encapsulated bonds had no visible corrosion at the bond sites and retained more than 80% of the initial bond strength even after 168 hours of exposure.
{"title":"Corrosion characteristics of passivated and unpassivated Al-to-PtAg wire bonds under accelerated temperature — Humidity conditions","authors":"S. Khadpe","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1977.7461914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1977.7461914","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the effects of an 85°C/ 85% RH environment on the bond strength of passivated and unpassivated aluminum wire bonds in contact with thick film platinum-silver metallization in a non-hermetic package. An RTV silicone junction coating material and a ceramic cover coated with a single component epoxy resin powder were used singly and in combination to protect the wire bonds. Test samples were exposed to the 85°C/85%RH environment for a total period of 168 hours. Bonds were destructively pull tested at the end of 24, 96 and 168 hours. Selected samples were also examined with an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was observed that the unencapsulated wire bonds suffered extensive galvanic corrosion at the Al-to-PtAg interface after 24 hours of exposure. The encapsulated bonds had no visible corrosion at the bond sites and retained more than 80% of the initial bond strength even after 168 hours of exposure.","PeriodicalId":214025,"journal":{"name":"1977 EIC 13th Electrical/Electronics Insulation Conference","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121952036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1977.7461906
M. Davis
Microwave integrated circuits require design techniques to minimize circuit characteristic deviations due to normal device parameter variation. This work describes the method of MIC design selection for a five-bit L-band PIN diode phase shifter used in the ESUS phased array radar. Simulated Monte Carlo variations and measured performance are given.
{"title":"Producible design of MIC phase shifters for phased array applications","authors":"M. Davis","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1977.7461906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1977.7461906","url":null,"abstract":"Microwave integrated circuits require design techniques to minimize circuit characteristic deviations due to normal device parameter variation. This work describes the method of MIC design selection for a five-bit L-band PIN diode phase shifter used in the ESUS phased array radar. Simulated Monte Carlo variations and measured performance are given.","PeriodicalId":214025,"journal":{"name":"1977 EIC 13th Electrical/Electronics Insulation Conference","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131355105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1977.7461938
T. O'Neil, J. J. Kelly
The purpose of this paper is to describe the actual method used in the field retrofilling of askarel filled transformers with silicone liquid and to enumerate the related issues involved, including liability, safety, and environmental problems. The discussion will cover such items as proper draining, flushing, regasketing and filling. The necessary pre-retrofill information such as that furnished by the owner and the information needed from the transformer manufacture will also be presented. The final section of the paper will consider the testing of the transformer both before and after retrofilling to determine if the unit is dielectricly acceptable.
{"title":"Silicone retrofill of askarel transformers","authors":"T. O'Neil, J. J. Kelly","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1977.7461938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1977.7461938","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to describe the actual method used in the field retrofilling of askarel filled transformers with silicone liquid and to enumerate the related issues involved, including liability, safety, and environmental problems. The discussion will cover such items as proper draining, flushing, regasketing and filling. The necessary pre-retrofill information such as that furnished by the owner and the information needed from the transformer manufacture will also be presented. The final section of the paper will consider the testing of the transformer both before and after retrofilling to determine if the unit is dielectricly acceptable.","PeriodicalId":214025,"journal":{"name":"1977 EIC 13th Electrical/Electronics Insulation Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131167771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1977.7461919
J. Hickman, R. Regester, L. R. Wallig
"Riston" dry-film solder mask system includes standard and high flame retardancy films. With the new vacuum laminator and UV curing unit, the dry-film solder mask can be applied easily and will withstand most stringent flux cleaning operations. The dry-film solder mask system produces a reliable, reproducible product which offers high resolution capabilities, total and uniform coverage over circuit lines and superior moisture, chemical and thermal resistance.
{"title":"High reliability with the dry-film solder mask system","authors":"J. Hickman, R. Regester, L. R. Wallig","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1977.7461919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1977.7461919","url":null,"abstract":"\"Riston\" dry-film solder mask system includes standard and high flame retardancy films. With the new vacuum laminator and UV curing unit, the dry-film solder mask can be applied easily and will withstand most stringent flux cleaning operations. The dry-film solder mask system produces a reliable, reproducible product which offers high resolution capabilities, total and uniform coverage over circuit lines and superior moisture, chemical and thermal resistance.","PeriodicalId":214025,"journal":{"name":"1977 EIC 13th Electrical/Electronics Insulation Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133493860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1977.7461982
H. Moore, L. Arnold, L. McCormick
The heart of every transformer is the individual winding turn which can be composed of numerous parallel conductors. For various reasons, these conductors must be insulated from each other. Within the same turn, the insulation on individual conductors reduces circulating currents and keeps losses to a reasonable value. Between turns, the insulation allows the transformer action to take place and the windings to function as planned.
{"title":"Conductor insulation requirements for large high voltage power transformers","authors":"H. Moore, L. Arnold, L. McCormick","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1977.7461982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1977.7461982","url":null,"abstract":"The heart of every transformer is the individual winding turn which can be composed of numerous parallel conductors. For various reasons, these conductors must be insulated from each other. Within the same turn, the insulation on individual conductors reduces circulating currents and keeps losses to a reasonable value. Between turns, the insulation allows the transformer action to take place and the windings to function as planned.","PeriodicalId":214025,"journal":{"name":"1977 EIC 13th Electrical/Electronics Insulation Conference","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130321896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1977.7461979
R. Wootton, F. Emery, A. Cookson
A test method for evaluation of solid insulating material for insulators in Compressed Gas Insulated Transmission (CGIT) systems has been developed. The test measures the ability of an insulating surface to withstand voltage after being subjected to a high energy power arc across its surface. The test has been used to evaluate several different solid insulators in SF6 at 45 psig. The test circuit is designed to effect an efficient transfer of energy from a capacitor bank to an arc on the insulator surface. Voltage reversals in the capacitor bank are minimized. Flash-over of the insulator is initiated using an impulse generator. After exposing the insulator to the arc, the power frequency flash-over voltage is used as a relative measure of the ability of the material to withstand power arcs. The test circuit, sample geometry and representative measurements are described. Epoxy systems with the best performance in these tests showed little or no decrease in power-frequency flash-over voltage after arcing, while large reductions were observed in other epoxies after only a few power arc-overs. This arc damage test was developed as part of an ERDA Contract to develop a prototype 1200 kV CGIT system.
{"title":"A test for the effect of high energy arcs on the flash-over strength of insulators in compressed SF6","authors":"R. Wootton, F. Emery, A. Cookson","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1977.7461979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1977.7461979","url":null,"abstract":"A test method for evaluation of solid insulating material for insulators in Compressed Gas Insulated Transmission (CGIT) systems has been developed. The test measures the ability of an insulating surface to withstand voltage after being subjected to a high energy power arc across its surface. The test has been used to evaluate several different solid insulators in SF6 at 45 psig. The test circuit is designed to effect an efficient transfer of energy from a capacitor bank to an arc on the insulator surface. Voltage reversals in the capacitor bank are minimized. Flash-over of the insulator is initiated using an impulse generator. After exposing the insulator to the arc, the power frequency flash-over voltage is used as a relative measure of the ability of the material to withstand power arcs. The test circuit, sample geometry and representative measurements are described. Epoxy systems with the best performance in these tests showed little or no decrease in power-frequency flash-over voltage after arcing, while large reductions were observed in other epoxies after only a few power arc-overs. This arc damage test was developed as part of an ERDA Contract to develop a prototype 1200 kV CGIT system.","PeriodicalId":214025,"journal":{"name":"1977 EIC 13th Electrical/Electronics Insulation Conference","volume":"23 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134428644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1977.7461940
R. Kurz
During recent years, studies and investigations have attributed increased significance to the gases generated in a transformer relative to incipient faults. Early detection of incipient faults has prevented equipment failures and thus potential power outages. The generated gases can result from arcing, corona, electrolysis of water or general overheating of the insulation. Unless a failure occurs, these incipient faults will go undetected electrically. However, the faults do cause deterioration of solid and/or liquid insulation and this deterioration results in a greater likelihood of equipment failure as gases are generated. The composition of the gases formed varies with the type and magnitude of fault but nearly always includes hydrogen and/or carbon dioxide and quite often the lower molecular weight hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, ethylene, etc. Improvements have been made in the gas detection and evaluation techniques for transformers and a very reliable procedure consists of carefully drawing a gas or oil sample into a special container with the analysis being performed later. However, this method is impractical on a daily basis even though it is desirable to have continuous monitoring of the conditions inside a power transformer. This paper describes a method developed under a contract with the Electric Power Research Institute which permits continuous monitoring of a transformer for the presence of certain gases whose presence motivates a search for the source of the gas. The oil from the transformer is continually moved past a polymeric membrane, the gases present are defused through the membrane and collected. Once a day, a measured portion of the collected gases are transferred to the detection system for analysis. While all the gases present in the oil are collected by the permeation cell, the analytical system is specifically sensitive to hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The device will sound an alarm when a predetermined level of these gases are present. The following sections discuss the various components of the extraction-analytical system and the development program by which the operating parameters were determined.
{"title":"On-line incipient fault detector","authors":"R. Kurz","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1977.7461940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1977.7461940","url":null,"abstract":"During recent years, studies and investigations have attributed increased significance to the gases generated in a transformer relative to incipient faults. Early detection of incipient faults has prevented equipment failures and thus potential power outages. The generated gases can result from arcing, corona, electrolysis of water or general overheating of the insulation. Unless a failure occurs, these incipient faults will go undetected electrically. However, the faults do cause deterioration of solid and/or liquid insulation and this deterioration results in a greater likelihood of equipment failure as gases are generated. The composition of the gases formed varies with the type and magnitude of fault but nearly always includes hydrogen and/or carbon dioxide and quite often the lower molecular weight hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, ethylene, etc. Improvements have been made in the gas detection and evaluation techniques for transformers and a very reliable procedure consists of carefully drawing a gas or oil sample into a special container with the analysis being performed later. However, this method is impractical on a daily basis even though it is desirable to have continuous monitoring of the conditions inside a power transformer. This paper describes a method developed under a contract with the Electric Power Research Institute which permits continuous monitoring of a transformer for the presence of certain gases whose presence motivates a search for the source of the gas. The oil from the transformer is continually moved past a polymeric membrane, the gases present are defused through the membrane and collected. Once a day, a measured portion of the collected gases are transferred to the detection system for analysis. While all the gases present in the oil are collected by the permeation cell, the analytical system is specifically sensitive to hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The device will sound an alarm when a predetermined level of these gases are present. The following sections discuss the various components of the extraction-analytical system and the development program by which the operating parameters were determined.","PeriodicalId":214025,"journal":{"name":"1977 EIC 13th Electrical/Electronics Insulation Conference","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134010291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1977.7461912
Patricia A. Fritzen, P. Planting
The development of a composite epoxy glass-microsphere dielectric for hermetic SMA type R.F. connectors is described. The emphasis is on the selection of a moisture resistant combination of epoxy resin, curing agent, glass microspheres, and silane coupling agent that meets the electrical and physical requirements for an SMA connector up to 26.5 GHz. The material selected for evaluation in prototype connectors has a dielectric constant of 2.06, insertion loss of 1.06 dB/inch @ 26.5 GHz, and a coefficient of thermal expansion of 25 ± 2 × 10−6cm/cm/°C. Prototype connectors were fabricated by injecting the uncured dielectric into the connector barrel, then curing the material to form a hermetic seal. The connectors maintained a leak rate ≤1 ×10−7 cc He/sec. before and after exposure to MIL-STD 883, Class B environmental tests. The physical strength of the epoxy dielectric compares favorably with glass-to-metal seals.
{"title":"Composite epoxy glass-microsphere dielectric for hermetic SMA type RF connectors","authors":"Patricia A. Fritzen, P. Planting","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1977.7461912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1977.7461912","url":null,"abstract":"The development of a composite epoxy glass-microsphere dielectric for hermetic SMA type R.F. connectors is described. The emphasis is on the selection of a moisture resistant combination of epoxy resin, curing agent, glass microspheres, and silane coupling agent that meets the electrical and physical requirements for an SMA connector up to 26.5 GHz. The material selected for evaluation in prototype connectors has a dielectric constant of 2.06, insertion loss of 1.06 dB/inch @ 26.5 GHz, and a coefficient of thermal expansion of 25 ± 2 × 10−6cm/cm/°C. Prototype connectors were fabricated by injecting the uncured dielectric into the connector barrel, then curing the material to form a hermetic seal. The connectors maintained a leak rate ≤1 ×10−7 cc He/sec. before and after exposure to MIL-STD 883, Class B environmental tests. The physical strength of the epoxy dielectric compares favorably with glass-to-metal seals.","PeriodicalId":214025,"journal":{"name":"1977 EIC 13th Electrical/Electronics Insulation Conference","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121432715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-09-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1977.7461939
K. Stutz, J. J. Kelly
Power factor measurements are one of a series of tests performed during periodic Preventative Main tenance shutdowns to determine the serviceability of transformers. Measurements have been made on units insulated with mineral oil and askarel (PCBfs) and on dry-type units. Wide variations in power factor values have been recorded for service-aged askarel liquid and askarel-filled transformers. Various organizations have suggested power factor limits — sane high, sane low.3'4,5,6 what power factor limits should be used to determine if a unit is still serviceable? The power factor guidelines suggested by Monsanto Company, the manufacturer of the liquid, are quite broad while electrical insulation consultants such as Doble Engineering Company have published very low limits but have also suggested higher values. Transformer manufacturers have a different set of values. Our experience indicates that power factor limits should be at more reasonable values, more in line with actual data being recorded for today's transformers. What are the determining factors that may help establish practical upper limits for safe operation? Present and proposed standards for acceptable power factor values are reviewed and suggested tolerances are presented for consideration. As a basis for carparison, power factors for oil and askarel liquid and for oil and askarel immersed transformers are presented.
{"title":"Power factors of askarel and askarel-filled transformers","authors":"K. Stutz, J. J. Kelly","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1977.7461939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1977.7461939","url":null,"abstract":"Power factor measurements are one of a series of tests performed during periodic Preventative Main tenance shutdowns to determine the serviceability of transformers. Measurements have been made on units insulated with mineral oil and askarel (PCBfs) and on dry-type units. Wide variations in power factor values have been recorded for service-aged askarel liquid and askarel-filled transformers. Various organizations have suggested power factor limits — sane high, sane low.3'4,5,6 what power factor limits should be used to determine if a unit is still serviceable? The power factor guidelines suggested by Monsanto Company, the manufacturer of the liquid, are quite broad while electrical insulation consultants such as Doble Engineering Company have published very low limits but have also suggested higher values. Transformer manufacturers have a different set of values. Our experience indicates that power factor limits should be at more reasonable values, more in line with actual data being recorded for today's transformers. What are the determining factors that may help establish practical upper limits for safe operation? Present and proposed standards for acceptable power factor values are reviewed and suggested tolerances are presented for consideration. As a basis for carparison, power factors for oil and askarel liquid and for oil and askarel immersed transformers are presented.","PeriodicalId":214025,"journal":{"name":"1977 EIC 13th Electrical/Electronics Insulation Conference","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124355871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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