Scandinavian journal of psychology最新文献

Stressful life events (SLEs) are known to be associated with an increased prevalence of common mental disorders (CMDs), but the potential moderating role of psychological well-being has not been comprehensively studied. In total, 6194 adults aged 18-75 years were interviewed for the third Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS-3). Assessments included the adapted Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI v3.0) to determine DSM-5 mood, anxiety and substance use disorders, Brugha's List of Threatening Experiences for SLEs, and Brief INSPIRE-O for psychological well-being. Logistic regressions tested associations between having experienced at least two SLEs and the different CMDs and additive interactions with psychological well-being. Having experienced ≥ 2 SLEs in the last year was associated with a higher prevalence of all CMDs in the last year, with adjusted odds ratios ranging from 1.71 (95% CI: 1.39; 2.10) for substance use disorders to 3.43 (95% CI: 2.73; 4.30) for mood disorders. The interaction effect of ≥ 2 SLEs and low psychological well-being was statistically significant for any CMD (RERI = 5.64, 95% CI: 3.18; 8.10), mood disorder (RERI = 23.09, 95% CI: 10.10; 36.10) and anxiety disorder (RERI = 3.45, 95% CI: 1.27; 5.63), but not for substance use disorder (RERI = 0.21, 95% CI: -1.38; 1.80). The joint presence of ≥ 2 SLEs and poor psychological well-being was associated with a higher prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders than would be expected from the sum of their individual associations. Promoting psychological well-being may be a fruitful public mental health strategy to increase resilience against SLEs.

By simultaneously examining minority-related stressors and general stressors experienced by the whole population, the study's aim was to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the health and well-being of LGBTQ+ young adults in Sweden during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study explored differences in mental health and quality of life between subgroups of young LGBTQ+ adults. Further, it explored how distal and proximal minority stressors, as well as stress related to the Covid-19 pandemic, and family support were associated with mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety, and quality of life) using linear regression analyses in a sample of 245 young LGBTQ+ Swedish individuals. The results showed increased mental distress in transgender and nonbinary (TNB) young adults and that minority stress influences health in LGBTQ+ young adults above and beyond the general stress of living through a pandemic. Nevertheless, different predictors were significant for different outcomes. For all outcomes, family support was highlighted as an important protective factor for LGBTQ+ young adults. Findings support the minority stress model and highlight the need for interventions aimed at reducing minority stress as well as tailored support and resources for TNB individuals during times of general high stressor load. This may include support aimed at their close families.

With the development of globalization, the relationships among people worldwide are becoming closer. To elucidate what causal effect such a tendency of globalization generates on pro-environmental behaviors, the present research first manipulated global human identification, the highest level of social identity, and investigated its influence on people's pro-environmental behavior with three experimental studies. Study 1 applied an interview video to prime global human identification and recruited a small sample in the lab setting. Study 2 then promoted global human identification by reading materials with a larger sample. In order to examine to what extent the effect of manipulation on PEB could be attributed to global human identification rather than lower-level identification, Study 3 utilized a similar design as that in Study 2 and simultaneously measured national identification, a specific lower-level identification, after manipulating global human identification. Study 1 preliminarily observed the effect of global human identification on immediate pro-environmental behavior in the laboratory. Study 2 further confirmed this effect on future pro-environmental intentions. Study 3 replicated these findings and showed that the effect of the manipulation on pro-environmental behavior should be primarily attributed to increased global human identification rather than lower-level identification. Our three studies demonstrated that global human identification could positively influence individuals' pro-environmental behavior. This research provides empirical evidence for the social identity model of pro-environmental action and suggests that global human identification may be utilized to improve individuals' pro-environmental behaviors.

Sexual aggression among young people is a public health concern. Although many episodes take place in a couple's relationship, few studies have explored the importance of relational variables in this interpersonal context. Of special interest may be the variables in a couple's functioning related to connectedness, power/influence, and conflict management. This dyadic longitudinal study aimed to examine the relationship between relational variables and sexual aggression in emerging adult romantic relationships. The sample consisted of 133 young heterosexual Spanish couples (mean age = 19.44; SD = 1.41) who completed an online questionnaire. At time 1 (T1), romantic attachment, partner's attempt to influence, perception of actual partner influence, conflict management strategies, and sexual aggression (perpetration and victimization) were assessed; 9 months later (T2), sexual aggression was assessed again. The data were analyzed following the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM). Males reported higher levels of perpetration than females, and females reported more victimization. Attachment-related anxiety predicted perpetration and victimization in both males and females (T1). In addition, males reported more perpetration when they perceived their partners as attempting to gain power in the relationship (T1) or having more actual influence in the romantic relationship (T2); whereas in females, victimization was more likely when they perceived more partner influence (T1 and T2), and their partners reported more female attempts at influence (T2). Negative conflict management strategies also explained male perpetration (T1 and T2) and female victimization (T1 and T2). These findings suggest the need to develop interventions aimed at promoting equity and relationship skills for emerging adults.

This study examines the interplay between gender, height, and life satisfaction in the Swedish population. While height consistently shows a positive correlation with life satisfaction, gender effects on life satisfaction are typically null or inconsistent across studies, suggesting complex underlying mechanisms. Using data drawn from a representative cross-sectional sample (n = 990), we applied structural equation modeling (SEM) and multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. We investigated how five psychosocial factors assessed via multi-item scales (perceived safety, social trust, social support, social status, and financial satisfaction) mediate the effects of height and gender on life satisfaction. SEM results indicated that height and gender indirectly influence life satisfaction via the psychosocial factors, with no significant direct effects observed. Height demonstrated significant positive indirect effects on life satisfaction through perceived safety and financial satisfaction. Being female was associated with positive indirect effects on life satisfaction via social trust and social support (independent of height) but also showed negative indirect effects through height-mediated pathways involving safety and financial satisfaction. The findings suggest that height's positive association with life satisfaction operates indirectly via psychosocial factors, particularly perceived safety and financial satisfaction. Simultaneously, the lack of a direct gender-life satisfaction relationship may stem from counterbalancing indirect pathways, with some male advantages potentially operating through height. This study highlights the complex interplay of physical characteristics and psychosocial experiences in shaping well-being.

Previous studies have shown that attributions of controllability influence the decision to help a person in need through elicited emotions. However, it has been suggested that various factors may moderate the relationships within the attribution-emotion-action model. The aim of the present study was to examine the moderating effects of the collaborative aspect of the helping situation on the relationships within the attribution-emotion model of helping behavior. Data were collected from 757 (51% male) undergraduate students. A 2 (controllable vs. uncontrollable cause of help needed) × 2 (collaborative assignment vs. noncollaborative situation) study design was used. Participants read a description of one of four situations in which a student attempted to borrow class notes and rated the controllability of the cause for needing help, the personal benefit of providing help, emotions toward the student seeking help, and willingness to help in the described situation. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results support previous findings and the attribution-emotion-action model. However, the helping situation moderated the relationships within the model. The effects of controllability on emotions toward the help-seeking peer were stronger, but the effects of emotions on helping judgments were weaker in the collaborative assignment situation than in the noncollaborative situation. The collaborative situation was also directly related to a greater willingness to help. The results suggest that in situations where the helper's outcome also depends on the person seeking help, the decision to help is guided more by a cost-benefit analysis than by an attributional analysis.

This research aimed to develop and validate a measure to assess school well-being in children and adolescents, addressing limitations of previous tools and drawing on the PERMA model. Two studies were conducted: Study 1 included 487 children (ages 9-12) and 258 adolescents (ages 13-15) from UK schools, whereas Study 2 involved 219 UK children (ages 7-11) and 209 Spanish children (ages 9-12). Factor analyses revealed a two-factor structure: positive affect (PA) and school climate and support (SCS), which reflect hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, respectively. Path and network analyses showed PA correlates with general happiness, whereas SCS is linked to psychological need satisfaction at school. Despite positive correlations between PA and SCS, differences were noted, emphasizing the multidimensionality of well-being. Full measurement invariance was observed in UK children and adolescents, but not for cross-national comparisons, underscoring potential cultural differences in how school well-being is experienced. The findings highlight the reliability of the new measure, offering a valuable tool for assessing school well-being and guiding interventions to enhance student support. The measure's capacity to distinguish between affective and support-based dimensions of well-being has important implications for targeted educational strategies, enabling schools to better address both hedonic and eudaimonic dimensions of well-being.

Gender differences in educational future orientation have gained increasing attention, yet existing findings on this relationship remain inconsistent, and the underlying moderating factors are not well understood. This study aims to synthesize gender differences in educational future orientation and examine potential moderators using meta-analytic techniques. A systematic literature search identified 31 eligible studies, yielding 48 effect sizes from 33 independent samples. Meta-analytic methods were employed to assess gender differences and explore moderating variables, including developmental stage, measurement tools, geographic regions, and publication year. The analysis revealed significant gender differences, with girls demonstrating higher levels of educational future orientation than boys. Additionally, study characteristics such as developmental stage, measurement instruments, regional variations, and publication year contributed to heterogeneity across studies. This meta-analysis provides a robust estimate of gender differences in educational future orientation and identifies key moderators influencing these differences. The findings enhance theoretical and empirical understanding of the topic and suggest directions for future research.

Memory is a crucial cognitive process involving several subsystems: sensory memory (SM), short-term memory (STM), working memory (WM), and long-term memory (LTM). While each has been extensively studied, the interaction between subsystems, particularly in relation to predicting temporal sequences, remains largely unexplored. This study investigates the association between WM and LTM, and how these relate to aging and musical training. Using three datasets with a total of 243 healthy volunteers across various age groups, we examined the impact of WM, age, and musical training on LTM recognition of novel and previously memorized musical sequences. Our results show that WM abilities are positively associated with the identification of novel sequences, but not with the recognition of memorized sequences. Additionally, musical training has a similar positive impact on the identification of novel sequences, while increasing age is associated with reduced memory performance. Different cognitive processes are involved in handling prediction errors compared to confirmatory predictions, and WM contributes to these processes differently. Future research should extend our investigation to populations with memory impairments and explore the underlying neural substrates.

Emergency dispatchers are required to remain calm and focused, managing complex and intense situations when allocating resources and providing information to first responders on site. However, despite their importance in securing public safety, the working conditions of emergency dispatchers have received marginal attention. This study addresses this gap by exploring: (1) "How do police emergency dispatchers experience their working conditions?" and (2) "Which initiatives do the emergency dispatchers suggest for reducing stress, improving the working conditions, and promoting health maintenance?" We applied qualitative content analysis to responses from 78 police emergency dispatchers to open-ended questions from an online survey. The work's demanding and intense nature is regarded as both stressful and engaging. Cumulative stress is perceived as more challenging than dramatic incidents. Noise and suboptimal technical solutions add to the burden. Lack of follow-up, understaffing and turnover may be depicted as a vicious circle that could be counterbalanced by more staff, outsourcing of redundant tasks, better technical equipment, and leadership-initiated debriefing. Although limitations apply, the results from this study are important for practitioners and researchers within the field of operative psychology and emergency dispatchers. The results can contribute to an improved work environment, work culture, training, well-being, and performance of police emergency dispatchers, which can increase job performance as well as effectiveness and, consequently, secure public safety.