Scandinavian journal of psychology最新文献

Illegitimate tasks are tasks that are perceived as unnecessary or unreasonable. They act as stressors and are expected to induce various strains on employees, including motivational strains. In previous studies, only the association between illegitimate tasks and intrinsic motivation was examined. In the present three-wave longitudinal study, the examination was expanded to include the full motivational continuum described in self-determination theory. Structural equation modeling was used to examine both cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between illegitimate tasks and behavioral regulations among Finnish working adults. In addition to intrinsic motivation, illegitimate tasks were observed to also be strongly associated with amotivation and more moderately associated with external regulation, introjected regulation, and identified regulation in the expected directions. In longitudinal analyses, illegitimate tasks were observed to predict an increase in amotivation and a decrease in autonomous motivation; introjected regulation was observed to predict an increase in illegitimate tasks; and autonomous motivation was observed to predict a decrease in illegitimate tasks. Illegitimate tasks and motivation described in self-determination theory may have reciprocal associations over time. Examining other behavioral regulatory styles in addition to intrinsic motivation is recommended.

Previous research on adolescents with minority ethnic backgrounds has often centered on risks and vulnerabilities due to the effects of racism in society. This however leaves a gap in the literature when it comes to positive aspects of ethnic identity, and the gap is even more pronounced when it comes to European contexts since the few previous studies have largely been performed in the United States. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore positive ethnic identity content among adolescents with minority ethnic backgrounds living in Sweden. Fifteen late adolescents, self-identifying with a minority ethnic background, who reported that their ethnicity was central to their sense of self and who had explored what their ethnic identity meant to them, were interviewed. The interviews were inductively coded and were analyzed using thematic analysis. Three main themes with subthemes were identified. The first main theme was A Minority Ethnic Identity - a Sense of Belonging, in which the adolescents' positive content related to their minority ethnic background was characterized as being close to their hearts and connected to family and home. The second, A Swedish Identity - Being an Active Part of Swedish Society, contained positive content about values in Swedish society, such as tolerance and gender equality as well as their agency in utilizing opportunities in society. In the last theme, A Pluricultural Identity - Cultural Richness, positive content centered around an appreciation of having several ethnicities and cultural backgrounds as part of one's ethnic identity, rendering a whole that is more than the sum of its parts. The present study illuminates differences in what constitutes positive ethnic identity content among minority adolescents in Sweden depending on which aspect of their ethnic identity is in focus. This has implications for research on ethnic identity as it underlines the need to be deliberate and specific when formulating questions about someone's ethnic identity, lest valuable information and complexity go undiscovered.

Previous research has identified the link between conformity to masculine norms and negative mental health outcomes. The present study thus examined how conformity to eight distinct masculine norms is associated with social anxiety and body appreciation among a sample of 271 college men living in the United States. College men living in the United States filled out an online questionnaire that assessed the variables of interest. Our main study variables-Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory, Social Phobia Inventory, and Body Appreciation Scale-2-were analyzed cross-sectionally using linear hierarchical regression models via SPSS. Regression analyses showed that self-reliance was positively associated with social anxiety, whereas violence and risk-taking were negatively associated with social anxiety. Furthermore, heterosexual self-presentation and risk-taking were positively associated with body appreciation, whereas self-reliance was negatively associated with body appreciation. Winning, playboy, emotional control, and power over women were neither significantly associated with social anxiety nor body appreciation. The results of our study highlight the importance of examining how different masculine norms are differentially associated with college men's health outcomes, highlighting how conformity to masculine norms is multidimensional and not unilaterally positive or negative. Implications pertaining to addressing college men's conformity to masculine norms in relation to their social anxiety and body appreciation are discussed.

The sense of emptiness is still a poorly defined construct in the literature, yet it is frequently reported in individuals with borderline personality disorder, depressive symptoms, and narcissistic personality disorder. This paper aims to replicate those research studies showing that there are significant correlations between emptiness, insecure attachment styles, maladaptive childhood experiences, shame, impulsivity, depression, and borderline and narcissistic personality features. Additionally, it was hypothesized that a significant correlation would exist between the sense of emptiness and burdening guilt and self-hate, and that self-hate would mediate the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and preoccupied attachment and sense of emptiness. The sample consisted of 128 Italian participants recruited online, who completed a battery of self-report questionnaires designed to measure the psychopathological features described above. The sense of emptiness was strongly correlated with depression (rho 0.81, p < 0.001), borderline personality traits (rho 0.59, p < 0.01), and narcissistic vulnerability (rho 0.39 p < 0.01). Additionally, it was correlated with adverse childhood experiences (rho 0.39, p < 0.01), interpersonal problems (rho 0.41, p < 0.01), shame (rho 0.54, p < 0.01), and interpersonal guilt. Burdening guilt and self-hate mediated the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and preoccupied attachment on one side and the sense of emptiness on the other. The study confirms the correlation between the sense of emptiness and psychopathology, particularly with personality disorders and depression. Additionally, the study identifies interpersonal guilt, particularly self-hate and burdening guilt, as factors correlated with the sense of emptiness and mediating the relationships between adverse childhood experiences and preoccupied attachment with the sense of emptiness.

Promoting intergenerational altruism among the current youth generation is crucial, and belief in a just world (BJW) may be a protective factor for intergenerational altruism. Inspired by the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotion, our research aims to investigate the relationship between BJW and intergenerational altruism among youths as well as to explore the mediating role of subjective well-being and the moderating role of authenticity in the focal relationship. Three empirical sub-studies with cross-sectional, experimental, and longitudinal designs were performed. Study 1 (N = 3398) employed a set of scales to preliminarily explore the relationships among BJW, subjective well-being, intergenerational altruism, and authenticity. Study 2 (N = 82) used a between-subjects experimental design to further test hypotheses by manipulating BJW. In Study 3 (N = 1365), a three-wave longitudinal survey was conducted to validate the moderated mediation model obtained in Studies 1 and 2. These studies converged to confirm that youths with a high BJW are more inclined to exhibit greater intergenerational altruism due to their enhanced subjective well-being. Notably, this mediation effect-along with the direct effect of subjective well-being on intergenerational altruism-was much stronger among youths with higher levels of authenticity. This work not only corroborates the significance of BJW in facilitating youth intergenerational altruism but also introduces a novel lens through which to enhance such altruistic behaviors by focusing on interventions targeting subjective well-being and authenticity.

Virtual communities play an important role in the digital economy and individuals' daily lives; therefore, both researchers and managers have endeavored to improve users' psychological ownership of virtual communities. This research aimed to examine the proposal that users' self-disclosure in virtual communities is an important influencing factor in their psychological ownership and that users' self-uncertainty plays a moderating role. Two studies were conducted to examine the proposals. To establish the causal relationship, Study 1 conducted a 2 (self-disclosure: high vs. low) × 2 (self-uncertainty: high vs. low) experimental design in which participants' self-uncertainty and self-disclosure in virtual communities were manipulated. To enhance ecological validity, Study 2 used a daily diary method that surveyed 102 college students for a week. The participants reported their daily experiences with actual virtual platforms, including self-uncertainty, self-disclosure, and psychological ownership. Studies 1 and 2 revealed that the positive relationship between self-disclosure and the psychological ownership of virtual communities was moderated by self-uncertainty. For participants with higher levels of self-uncertainty, their self-disclosure in virtual communities is more likely to increase their psychological ownership. This study revealed the moderating role of self-uncertainty in the relationship between self-disclosure and psychological ownership, which contributes to the literature on virtual communities and psychological ownership and has substantial implications for users and managers of virtual communities.

How can we learn from critical incidents? We argue that emotions have a hidden potential to construct complete experiences and learning. This study aims to develop knowledge about emotions' role when military aircrews debrief to learn from experience. Holistic debriefing was developed to foster learning (individual and unit) and improve performance (efficiency) in future missions. It holistically addresses behavior, cognition, and emotions. However, based on recent theoretical developments and holistic debriefing's application in operations, we developed the following research question: How are emotions included as a source of learning in debriefing? To explore how military aircrews use debriefing to learn from their actions, we adopted a case study approach. Empirical data was collected from a Royal Norwegian Air Force helicopter unit. Seven crewmembers participated. The cross-case analysis resulted in three cases: (1) Troops in Contact, (2) High-voltage power line, and (3) Close call within a four-ship. Data analysis was followed by within-case data analysis of the interview transcriptions, which developed three categories: (1) emotions in action, (2) emotions in debriefing, and (3) emotional gaps and potentials. Based on these findings, we discuss emotions considering a culture of tough men, learning from experience, and losing versus gaining control. The study has two main implications: emotions should be included in debriefing as they provide valuable information for learning, and performance-focused crew members may more easily incorporate emotions by looking at the learning practices of the Royal Norwegian Air Force Academy.

Controversy about seasonal affective disorder lies in the poor match between its definition and the available screening methods, as well as little knowledge about the predictive value of specific seasonal symptoms assessed by those methods. We examined whether the overall score as well as sub-domains of the seasonal pattern assessment questionnaire can predict seasonal changes in mood, sleep, appetite, weight, and physical activity in a one-year prospective study. In a sample of 336 Icelandic residents, we administered an online questionnaire once in each season, including the seasonal pattern assessment questionnaire, the depression, anxiety, and stress scale, the Questionnaire on Cravings for Sweet or Rich Foods, the Bergen Insomnia scale, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and surveyed body height and weight. We compared participants with at least moderate seasonal changes to a control group of participants without seasonal changes. Only food cravings and physical activity showed seasonal fluctuations. In none of the domains were the seasonal fluctuations predictable by summer-time self-reported seasonal symptoms, neither in terms of general seasonal changes nor in the specific domain. While the overall low rate of seasonal changes limits conclusions, this study adds to the literature that raises doubts about the concept of the predictability of seasonal changes by self-reports.

Meaning in life, particularly among emerging adults, is considered a crucial factor in navigating mental health difficulties, coping with life's challenges, and fostering inner peace, life satisfaction, and overall well-being. This cross-sectional study aimed to explain the mediating roles of free will and agency in the relationship between learned helplessness and meaning in life among Turkish emerging adults. The sample consisted of 349 participants (72.80% female, n = 254; 27.20% male, n = 95), aged between 18 and 26 years (M = 21.92, SD = 2.19). The findings revealed that learned helplessness significantly predicted levels of meaning in life, free will, and agency. Moreover, free will was found to mediate the association between learned helplessness and agency. While free will contributes to the development of agency, it also helps explain the link between learned helplessness and meaning in life. Agency also acted as a mediator in the association between learned helplessness and meaning in life, underscoring its potential significance in understanding how individuals maintain a sense of meaning. Overall, the study offers an explanatory framework for the central roles of free will and agency in the context of meaning-making during emerging adulthood and how these constructs may buffer against the psychological consequences of learned helplessness.

Sexting is the exchange of sexually explicit content via smartphone or the Internet. These growing forms of technology-mediated sexual behaviors are common in youth. Recent studies investigated the association between personality traits and different kinds of sexting, from normal to risky and aggressive behavior. Few studies to date have explored the role of pathological personality domains in aggravated and risky sexting in emerging adulthood, particularly within the Italian context. The main aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate in a sample of emerging adults the association between the five personality domains (i.e., negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism) measured with the Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Brief Form (PID-5-BF) and aggravated and risky sexting behaviors, controlling for age and sex. The sample included 876 emerging adults (69.1% females) aged 18-29 (M_age = 23.8; SD_age = 2.56) recruited through snowball sampling who had completed an online survey. Participants completed the PID-5-BF and the subscales on aggravated and risky sexting from the Sexting Behaviors Questionnaire. The four negative binomial regression analyses showed that the two forms of aggravated sexting (i.e., sharing sexts without permission and sexting under pressure) were positively associated with detachment, antagonism, and disinhibition. Risky sexting during substance use and with strangers was negatively associated with negative affectivity and positively associated with antagonism and disinhibition. Finally, risky sexting for emotion regulation was positively associated with antagonism and disinhibition. These findings provide a broader understanding of the association between personality domains and sexting. Results have implications for further research and for implementing preventive interventions targeting emerging adults.