Pub Date : 2023-05-15DOI: 10.16984/saufenbilder.1281720
A. A. Berber, Şefika Nur Demi̇r, Nihan AKINCI KENANOĞLU
The extensive use of herbicidal products in agriculture and forestry has raised concerns over potential adverse effects on human health and the environment. Chloroacetanilide herbicides are a group of synthetic chemicals used to control weeds in agriculture and forestry. However, so[me of their members have been characterized as possible carcinogens. The genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of two chloroacetanilide herbicides, delachlor and xylachlor, are discussed. This article proposes to use tools to predict their potential toxicities based on their chemical structure. Four software tools, Vega Hub, Toxtree, Lazar, and TEST, are used to predict the potential genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of the herbicides. Vega Hub uses QSAR models, Toxtree uses a decision tree approach, Lazar uses data mining algorithms, and TEST uses QSAR methods to estimate toxicity. The canonical Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry Specification (SMILES) systems of delachlor and xylachlor are entered into each software tool to create a prediction. The study found that delachlor and xylachlor is a class 3 highly toxic compounds with potential mutagenic and carcinogenic effects based on Toxtree and Vega Hub. Meanwhile, Lazar and TEST predicted that delachlor and xylachlor are unlikely to be mutagenic. This study to determine the toxicity of the herbicides delachlor and xylachlor has shown that the possible effects of these herbicides on health and the environment need to be further investigated. The results provide valuable insights into chloroacetanilide herbicide toxicity and help develop safer, more environmentally friendly alternatives.
{"title":"Potential Health Risks of Chloroacetanilide Herbicides: An In Silico Analysis","authors":"A. A. Berber, Şefika Nur Demi̇r, Nihan AKINCI KENANOĞLU","doi":"10.16984/saufenbilder.1281720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1281720","url":null,"abstract":"The extensive use of herbicidal products in agriculture and forestry has raised concerns over potential adverse effects on human health and the environment. Chloroacetanilide herbicides are a group of synthetic chemicals used to control weeds in agriculture and forestry. However, so[me of their members have been characterized as possible carcinogens. The genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of two chloroacetanilide herbicides, delachlor and xylachlor, are discussed. This article proposes to use tools to predict their potential toxicities based on their chemical structure. Four software tools, Vega Hub, Toxtree, Lazar, and TEST, are used to predict the potential genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of the herbicides. Vega Hub uses QSAR models, Toxtree uses a decision tree approach, Lazar uses data mining algorithms, and TEST uses QSAR methods to estimate toxicity. The canonical Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry Specification (SMILES) systems of delachlor and xylachlor are entered into each software tool to create a prediction. The study found that delachlor and xylachlor is a class 3 highly toxic compounds with potential mutagenic and carcinogenic effects based on Toxtree and Vega Hub. Meanwhile, Lazar and TEST predicted that delachlor and xylachlor are unlikely to be mutagenic. This study to determine the toxicity of the herbicides delachlor and xylachlor has shown that the possible effects of these herbicides on health and the environment need to be further investigated. The results provide valuable insights into chloroacetanilide herbicide toxicity and help develop safer, more environmentally friendly alternatives.","PeriodicalId":21468,"journal":{"name":"Sakarya University Journal of Science","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86187422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-12DOI: 10.16984/saufenbilder.1266590
Safa Başdemi̇r, Caner Yalcin
Radon gas originating from building materials is generally thought to cause low concentration. Investigation and estimation of radon levels originating from building materials are important in terms of public health due to the use of dense concrete in tunnel form type houses, which is a building type widely used in Turkey, even though a significant part of Turkey is an earthquake zone. In this article, the effects of different parameters such as 238U concentration in building materials, diffusion constant of building elements, emanation rate, and ventilation rate on radon gas concentration are investigated. As a result, it is concluded that in some cases (such as high diffusion coefficient and insufficient ventilation rate) in houses built with tunnel form concrete structures, the radon level arising from building materials can reach a level that cannot be neglected.
{"title":"Radon Gas Estimation from Building Materials","authors":"Safa Başdemi̇r, Caner Yalcin","doi":"10.16984/saufenbilder.1266590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1266590","url":null,"abstract":"Radon gas originating from building materials is generally thought to cause low concentration. Investigation and estimation of radon levels originating from building materials are important in terms of public health due to the use of dense concrete in tunnel form type houses, which is a building type widely used in Turkey, even though a significant part of Turkey is an earthquake zone. In this article, the effects of different parameters such as 238U concentration in building materials, diffusion constant of building elements, emanation rate, and ventilation rate on radon gas concentration are investigated. As a result, it is concluded that in some cases (such as high diffusion coefficient and insufficient ventilation rate) in houses built with tunnel form concrete structures, the radon level arising from building materials can reach a level that cannot be neglected.","PeriodicalId":21468,"journal":{"name":"Sakarya University Journal of Science","volume":"166 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90650175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-03DOI: 10.16984/saufenbilder.1260673
Murat Ispalarli, Zuhal Karaağaç
During the firing process of porcelain tableware; Biscuit firing takes place at low temperatures (980-1000°C), while glazed firing takes place at high temperatures (1250-1280°C for soft porcelain, 1350-1380°C for hard porcelain). Biscuit firing in bone porcelain products, which is in the soft porcelain class, is done at higher temperatures than glazed firings. Due to the presence of bone ash in the Bone China recipe formulation, it causes the bodies to undergo vitrification in a narrow range and thus the final product to deform during sintering. Bone porcelain products are fired on carrier refractories called sagar so that they do not deform during sintering. Sagars are designed to support that model for each product model and do not shrink or deform during firing thanks to its low thermal expansion coefficient. In this study, a refractory body with a porous structure with the code of "PS1-Std" was developed by performing the characterization analyzes of refractory products with different technical properties supplied from different companies. In order to improve the mechanical properties by changing the ratios of talc, alumina, quartz and zircon in the recipe composition; A refractory product containing 8.47% zircon in its recipe composition and containing indialite, corundum, mullite, quartz and zircon phases after sintering has been developed. The microstructure images of the developed refractory product were examined with the support of SEM analysis. It has been observed that refractory products obtained as a result of recipe development studies offer a 10% longer service life than equivalent refractory products.
{"title":"Development of Cordierite Based Carrier Refractory Sagar Bodies for Bone Porcelain Firing Process","authors":"Murat Ispalarli, Zuhal Karaağaç","doi":"10.16984/saufenbilder.1260673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1260673","url":null,"abstract":"During the firing process of porcelain tableware; Biscuit firing takes place at low temperatures (980-1000°C), while glazed firing takes place at high temperatures (1250-1280°C for soft porcelain, 1350-1380°C for hard porcelain). Biscuit firing in bone porcelain products, which is in the soft porcelain class, is done at higher temperatures than glazed firings. Due to the presence of bone ash in the Bone China recipe formulation, it causes the bodies to undergo vitrification in a narrow range and thus the final product to deform during sintering. Bone porcelain products are fired on carrier refractories called sagar so that they do not deform during sintering. Sagars are designed to support that model for each product model and do not shrink or deform during firing thanks to its low thermal expansion coefficient. In this study, a refractory body with a porous structure with the code of \"PS1-Std\" was developed by performing the characterization analyzes of refractory products with different technical properties supplied from different companies. In order to improve the mechanical properties by changing the ratios of talc, alumina, quartz and zircon in the recipe composition; A refractory product containing 8.47% zircon in its recipe composition and containing indialite, corundum, mullite, quartz and zircon phases after sintering has been developed. The microstructure images of the developed refractory product were examined with the support of SEM analysis. It has been observed that refractory products obtained as a result of recipe development studies offer a 10% longer service life than equivalent refractory products.","PeriodicalId":21468,"journal":{"name":"Sakarya University Journal of Science","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88451084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-02DOI: 10.16984/saufenbilder.1241517
S. Karakaya, Zehra Kimişoğlu, Ü. Incekara, Ö. Aksakal, Yusuf Ziya Sümbüllü, Ahmet Polat
This work was supported by “The Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks.” It was carried out to document the plants used by people living in and around Ardahan, Iğdır and Kars provinces between 2020-2021 for gynecological diseases. For this purpose, medicinal plants used by the public for therapeutic purposes were collected and determined, their use, and parts used were reported, and herbarium samples were prepared. Regular visits were arranged to the regions where the research was carried out, and surveys were conducted by interviewing and speaking with the area's people. It was determined that 34 medicinal plant taxa belonging to 18 plant families were used in gynecological diseases among the people of Ardahan, Iğdır and Kars provinces and their surroundings. These plants include 26 wild species and 7 cultivated species. It has been observed that the most commonly used medicina plant families in gynecological diseases are Asteraceae (6), Malvaceae (5) and Lamiaceae (3). Although traditional medicine is widely practiced in the regions where it is studied, it is rapidly being replaced by modern medicine and pharmacy.
{"title":"An Ethnobotanical Study on Plants Used in the Treatment of Gynecological Diseases in Some Provinces of the Eastern Anatolia Region","authors":"S. Karakaya, Zehra Kimişoğlu, Ü. Incekara, Ö. Aksakal, Yusuf Ziya Sümbüllü, Ahmet Polat","doi":"10.16984/saufenbilder.1241517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1241517","url":null,"abstract":"This work was supported by “The Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks.” It was carried out to document the plants used by people living in and around Ardahan, Iğdır and Kars provinces between 2020-2021 for gynecological diseases. For this purpose, medicinal plants used by the public for therapeutic purposes were collected and determined, their use, and parts used were reported, and herbarium samples were prepared. Regular visits were arranged to the regions where the research was carried out, and surveys were conducted by interviewing and speaking with the area's people. It was determined that 34 medicinal plant taxa belonging to 18 plant families were used in gynecological diseases among the people of Ardahan, Iğdır and Kars provinces and their surroundings. These plants include 26 wild species and 7 cultivated species. It has been observed that the most commonly used medicina plant families in gynecological diseases are Asteraceae (6), Malvaceae (5) and Lamiaceae (3). Although traditional medicine is widely practiced in the regions where it is studied, it is rapidly being replaced by modern medicine and pharmacy.","PeriodicalId":21468,"journal":{"name":"Sakarya University Journal of Science","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89138582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-02DOI: 10.16984/saufenbilder.1259595
Ali Durdu, Muhammed Faik Kaya
Route optimization, which is a result of the advancement of technology today, makes companies profitable within months. The aim of this study is to explain the relation between route optimization software and the customer satisfaction. Route optimization softwares become widely used by the companies and this study touches briefly on the subject of the relation between route optimization software and customer satisfaction level. While explain this relation, the study described route optimization software, how it works and its execution areas. Hereafter, the article start to explain customer satisfaction and route optimization software’s effects on customer satisfaction and conclude the study. In the drafting and writing process of this article, the topic is detaily searched and analyzed.
{"title":"The Effects of Route Optimization Software to the Customer Satisfaction","authors":"Ali Durdu, Muhammed Faik Kaya","doi":"10.16984/saufenbilder.1259595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1259595","url":null,"abstract":"Route optimization, which is a result of the advancement of technology today, makes companies profitable within months. The aim of this study is to explain the relation between route optimization software and the customer satisfaction. Route optimization softwares become widely used by the companies and this study touches briefly on the subject of the relation between route optimization software and customer satisfaction level. While explain this relation, the study described route optimization software, how it works and its execution areas. Hereafter, the article start to explain customer satisfaction and route optimization software’s effects on customer satisfaction and conclude the study. In the drafting and writing process of this article, the topic is detaily searched and analyzed.","PeriodicalId":21468,"journal":{"name":"Sakarya University Journal of Science","volume":"115 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78992124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-26DOI: 10.16984/saufenbilder.1248060
Ramazan Duran
Considering error-correcting codes over Hurwitz integers, prime Hurwitz integers are considered. On the other hand, considering transmission over Gaussian channel, Hurwitz integers, whose the norm is either a prime integer or not a prime integer, are considered. In this study, we consider Hurwitz integers, the greatest common divisor of components of which is one, i.e., primitive Hurwitz integers. We show, with the help of a proposition, that some primitive Hurwitz integers accompanied by a related modulo function are not suitable for constructing Hurwitz signal constellations. To solve this problem, we show, with the help of a proposition, the existence of primitive Hurwitz integers that have the "division with small remainder" property used to construct the Hurwitz constellations. We also call the set of these integers named as "Encoder Hurwitz Integers" set. Moreover, we examine some properties of the mentioned set. In addition, we investigate the performances of Hurwitz signal constellations, which are constructed accompanied by a related modulo function using Hurwitz integers, each component of which is in half-integers, for transmission over the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel by means of the constellation figure of merit (CFM), average energy, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
{"title":"Kodlayıcı Hurwitz Tamsayıları: Küçük Kalanlı Bölme Özelliğine Sahip Hurwitz Tamsayıları","authors":"Ramazan Duran","doi":"10.16984/saufenbilder.1248060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1248060","url":null,"abstract":"Considering error-correcting codes over Hurwitz integers, prime Hurwitz integers are considered. On the other hand, considering transmission over Gaussian channel, Hurwitz integers, whose the norm is either a prime integer or not a prime integer, are considered. In this study, we consider Hurwitz integers, the greatest common divisor of components of which is one, i.e., primitive Hurwitz integers. We show, with the help of a proposition, that some primitive Hurwitz integers accompanied by a related modulo function are not suitable for constructing Hurwitz signal constellations. To solve this problem, we show, with the help of a proposition, the existence of primitive Hurwitz integers that have the \"division with small remainder\" property used to construct the Hurwitz constellations. We also call the set of these integers named as \"Encoder Hurwitz Integers\" set. Moreover, we examine some properties of the mentioned set. In addition, we investigate the performances of Hurwitz signal constellations, which are constructed accompanied by a related modulo function using Hurwitz integers, each component of which is in half-integers, for transmission over the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel by means of the constellation figure of merit (CFM), average energy, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).","PeriodicalId":21468,"journal":{"name":"Sakarya University Journal of Science","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85724038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-26DOI: 10.16984/saufenbilder.1209779
Sibel Ulcay
In this study, endemic Onosma mollis DC. it is aimed to examine the anatomical and ecological features of (Boraginaceae) plant in detail and to be compared with the other studies. According to the cross-sections, the root is secondary. Primary pith rays that 2-3 layered are observed. Epidermis is single-layered in stem transverse section. Eglandular hairs in the epidermis are simple, with one and two cells. Glandular hairs are capitate, digitate and with two cells. Just under the epidermis, 2-3 rows of collenchyma cells are formed. Both the upper and the lower surface of leaf is covered with numerous eglandular hairs. Eglandular hairs are 2-3 branched. Glandular hairs are of capitate, digitate and peltate type. The habitat of the O. mollis plant is mountain slopes, meadows, and prairies. The soil in which the species grows is clay and loamy. It is also classified as slightly alkaline, salty, calcareous, low phosphorus and high in potassium. According to its organic matter content, it is in the group of good humus soils.
{"title":"A Research on the Anatomical and Ecological Characteristic of Onosma mollis DC. (Boraginaceae)","authors":"Sibel Ulcay","doi":"10.16984/saufenbilder.1209779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1209779","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, endemic Onosma mollis DC. it is aimed to examine the anatomical and ecological features of (Boraginaceae) plant in detail and to be compared with the other studies. According to the cross-sections, the root is secondary. Primary pith rays that 2-3 layered are observed. Epidermis is single-layered in stem transverse section. Eglandular hairs in the epidermis are simple, with one and two cells. Glandular hairs are capitate, digitate and with two cells. Just under the epidermis, 2-3 rows of collenchyma cells are formed. Both the upper and the lower surface of leaf is covered with numerous eglandular hairs. Eglandular hairs are 2-3 branched. Glandular hairs are of capitate, digitate and peltate type. The habitat of the O. mollis plant is mountain slopes, meadows, and prairies. The soil in which the species grows is clay and loamy. It is also classified as slightly alkaline, salty, calcareous, low phosphorus and high in potassium. According to its organic matter content, it is in the group of good humus soils.","PeriodicalId":21468,"journal":{"name":"Sakarya University Journal of Science","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80527645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-24DOI: 10.16984/saufenbilder.1172543
H. L. Hoşgün, Özlem Topçu, E. Z. Hoşgün, B. Bozan
In this study, which incorporates many principles of green chemistry (use of renewable feedstocks, catalysis, improvement of energy efficiency, and harmless solvents and auxiliaries), the single-phase catalytic conversion of cellulose to 5-HMF in over silica-alumina catalysts was investigated. A series of dual-template silica-alumina catalysts with CTAB as the main template and F127 or triethylamine (TEA) as the co-template were synthesized at a low temperature of 60 °C and characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption technique, FT-IR and pyridine adsorption FT-IR. The surface area is increased by using the second template in silica-alumina catalyst. In addition, the acidity of the surface was changed by using the second template. The cellulose conversion and yield of 5-HMF increased from 36% to 52% and from 3.13% to 4.24%, respectively, due to the properties gained by using the second template. 52% cellulose conversion and 8.13% selectivity of 5-HMF were obtained in aqueous medium, 220 °C and 6 h reaction time with the catalyst using TEA as co-template. Eco-friendly silica catalysts synthesized at low temperatures with a dual template can be considered as a potential alternative for the conversion of cellulose into value-added biobased products.
{"title":"Conversion of Cellulose to 5-HMF in the Presence of Silica-Alumina Catalysts Synthesized by Dual Template at Low Temperature","authors":"H. L. Hoşgün, Özlem Topçu, E. Z. Hoşgün, B. Bozan","doi":"10.16984/saufenbilder.1172543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1172543","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, which incorporates many principles of green chemistry (use of renewable feedstocks, catalysis, improvement of energy efficiency, and harmless solvents and auxiliaries), the single-phase catalytic conversion of cellulose to 5-HMF in over silica-alumina catalysts was investigated. A series of dual-template silica-alumina catalysts with CTAB as the main template and F127 or triethylamine (TEA) as the co-template were synthesized at a low temperature of 60 °C and characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption technique, FT-IR and pyridine adsorption FT-IR. The surface area is increased by using the second template in silica-alumina catalyst. In addition, the acidity of the surface was changed by using the second template. The cellulose conversion and yield of 5-HMF increased from 36% to 52% and from 3.13% to 4.24%, respectively, due to the properties gained by using the second template. 52% cellulose conversion and 8.13% selectivity of 5-HMF were obtained in aqueous medium, 220 °C and 6 h reaction time with the catalyst using TEA as co-template. Eco-friendly silica catalysts synthesized at low temperatures with a dual template can be considered as a potential alternative for the conversion of cellulose into value-added biobased products.","PeriodicalId":21468,"journal":{"name":"Sakarya University Journal of Science","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84332277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-20DOI: 10.16984/saufenbilder.1241020
Memnune Kardeş, Koray Öztürk
The effects of zinc ion concentration and hexamethylene tetramine (HMTA) content of the aqueous precursor solution on the aspect ratios of the one-dimensional (1D) ZnO nanorods during chemical bath deposition (CBD) were investigated. The ZnO nanorods were grown on these seeded substrates by the low-temperature CBD method at 95 °C for 5 h. In the first part of this investigation the zinc nitrate hexahydrate (ZNH) to HMTA molar ratio was kept constant at a ratio of 1:1 for each of the CBD solutions prepared with different Zn^(+2) ion concentrations of 0.025, 0.035, 0.050, and 0.075 M. The number densities of the nanorods (i.e., number of nanorods per unit area) were increased with the increasing concentration. In the second part, the ZNH to HMTA molar ratio was varied to differ from the 1:1 value and, in turn, to obtain the precursor solutions relatively rich in Zn^(+2) or OH^-ions. Here, the concentration of the precursor solution was kept constant at 0.05 M. The lateral growth perpendicular to the c-axis of the ZnO nanorods was found to be suppressed with the increasing HMTA content (e.g., for the ZNH to HMTA molar ratio of 0.4: 1) due to its capping effect. However, the precursor solution containing an excessive amount of HMTA led to a decrease in the probability of crystal growth, which has been attributed to the OH^- ion enrichment.
{"title":"Two Significant Factors Affecting the Dimensions of the ZnO Nanorods During Chemical Bath Deposition: Precursor Solution Concentration and HMTA Content","authors":"Memnune Kardeş, Koray Öztürk","doi":"10.16984/saufenbilder.1241020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1241020","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of zinc ion concentration and hexamethylene tetramine (HMTA) content of the aqueous precursor solution on the aspect ratios of the one-dimensional (1D) ZnO nanorods during chemical bath deposition (CBD) were investigated. The ZnO nanorods were grown on these seeded substrates by the low-temperature CBD method at 95 °C for 5 h. In the first part of this investigation the zinc nitrate hexahydrate (ZNH) to HMTA molar ratio was kept constant at a ratio of 1:1 for each of the CBD solutions prepared with different Zn^(+2) ion concentrations of 0.025, 0.035, 0.050, and 0.075 M. The number densities of the nanorods (i.e., number of nanorods per unit area) were increased with the increasing concentration. In the second part, the ZNH to HMTA molar ratio was varied to differ from the 1:1 value and, in turn, to obtain the precursor solutions relatively rich in Zn^(+2) or OH^-ions. Here, the concentration of the precursor solution was kept constant at 0.05 M. The lateral growth perpendicular to the c-axis of the ZnO nanorods was found to be suppressed with the increasing HMTA content (e.g., for the ZNH to HMTA molar ratio of 0.4: 1) due to its capping effect. However, the precursor solution containing an excessive amount of HMTA led to a decrease in the probability of crystal growth, which has been attributed to the OH^- ion enrichment.","PeriodicalId":21468,"journal":{"name":"Sakarya University Journal of Science","volume":"256 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73154630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-17DOI: 10.16984/saufenbilder.1265332
S. Ilhan
Venoms are composed of about 100 to 500 pharmacologically active compounds. Less than 0.01% of these compounds have been identified and a significant majority of them act on unknown receptors. Here, the potential Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) activities of selected Crotalus atrox venom peptides (CVPs) including Atrolysin D (AD), vascular apoptosis-inducing protein-1 (VAIP-1), Catrocollastatin (CC), and Calcium-Free Phospholipase A2 (CFP) were investigated via molecular docking analysis. CVPs were docked against human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) and 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) viral spike protein. All CVPs had low binding energies to both 3CLpro and ACE2, suggesting that they interacted strongly with the active sites of enzymes, compared to the reference drugs lopinavir and ritonavir. The binding energy of 3CLpro was -139.517 kcal/mol, -96.239 kcal/mol, -121.590 kcal/mol, -259.424 kcal/mol with AD, VAIP-1, CC, and CFP, respectively. CFP showed a very strong binding activity with 3CLpro, suggesting that it could be a very effective compound in inhibiting the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The binding energy of ACE2 was -101.165 kcal/mol, -73.064 kcal/mol, -106.918 kcal/mol, -82.830 kcal/mol with AD, VAIP-1, CC, and CFP, respectively. AD made a much stronger bond with ACE2 than reference drugs, showing that it could be used as a virus-protective component in humans. The results suggest a potential drug candidate for the development of therapeutics against Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In vitro and in vivo experiments are needed to confirm these compounds' potential preventive and therapeutic effects.
{"title":"Venom Peptides of Crotalus atrox Against SARS-Cov-2 Spike Protein and Human ACE2 Receptor by Molecular Docking Analysis","authors":"S. Ilhan","doi":"10.16984/saufenbilder.1265332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1265332","url":null,"abstract":"Venoms are composed of about 100 to 500 pharmacologically active compounds. Less than 0.01% of these compounds have been identified and a significant majority of them act on unknown receptors. Here, the potential Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) activities of selected Crotalus atrox venom peptides (CVPs) including Atrolysin D (AD), vascular apoptosis-inducing protein-1 (VAIP-1), Catrocollastatin (CC), and Calcium-Free Phospholipase A2 (CFP) were investigated via molecular docking analysis. CVPs were docked against human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) and 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) viral spike protein. All CVPs had low binding energies to both 3CLpro and ACE2, suggesting that they interacted strongly with the active sites of enzymes, compared to the reference drugs lopinavir and ritonavir. The binding energy of 3CLpro was -139.517 kcal/mol, -96.239 kcal/mol, -121.590 kcal/mol, -259.424 kcal/mol with AD, VAIP-1, CC, and CFP, respectively. CFP showed a very strong binding activity with 3CLpro, suggesting that it could be a very effective compound in inhibiting the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The binding energy of ACE2 was -101.165 kcal/mol, -73.064 kcal/mol, -106.918 kcal/mol, -82.830 kcal/mol with AD, VAIP-1, CC, and CFP, respectively. AD made a much stronger bond with ACE2 than reference drugs, showing that it could be used as a virus-protective component in humans. The results suggest a potential drug candidate for the development of therapeutics against Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In vitro and in vivo experiments are needed to confirm these compounds' potential preventive and therapeutic effects.","PeriodicalId":21468,"journal":{"name":"Sakarya University Journal of Science","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73297211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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