Pub Date : 2023-02-18DOI: 10.16984/saufenbilder.1209954
Hikmet Taner Teker, Taha Ceylani
Intermittent fasting (IF) plays important role in health. The regeneration that starts at the cellular level is reflected in all tissues and organs. In this study, molecular changes in the aortic tissue of 12-month-old male Wistar rats that underwent intermittent fasting for 18 hours a day for 35 days were determined by spectrochemical analysis and machine learning algoritm. While IF did not significantly affect body weights or blood glucose levels, it led to increased food and water consumption. Spectrochemical analysis revealed significant differences in the forms of DNA, specifically an increase in the A-DNA form in aortic samples. This form of DNA plays an essential role in cellular defense systems and biological processes. There was also an increase in the Amid I band, providing information about hydration status and lipid molecule interactions. Notably, a significant decrease was observed in protein phosphorylation markers, which could impact a wide range of cellular activities. IF also led to reductions in protein carbonylation, a marker of oxidative damage, and changes in the acyl chain length of fatty acids, impacting membrane fluidity. These findings suggest that IF may offer several health benefits, including improved membrane dynamics, reduced oxidative stress, and potential cellular regeneration through autophagy. Further research is needed to confirm these observations and understand their implications for human health.
{"title":"Aortic Regeneration is Promoted by Intermittent Fasting in Aged Rats","authors":"Hikmet Taner Teker, Taha Ceylani","doi":"10.16984/saufenbilder.1209954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1209954","url":null,"abstract":"Intermittent fasting (IF) plays important role in health. The regeneration that starts at the cellular level is reflected in all tissues and organs. In this study, molecular changes in the aortic tissue of 12-month-old male Wistar rats that underwent intermittent fasting for 18 hours a day for 35 days were determined by spectrochemical analysis and machine learning algoritm. While IF did not significantly affect body weights or blood glucose levels, it led to increased food and water consumption. Spectrochemical analysis revealed significant differences in the forms of DNA, specifically an increase in the A-DNA form in aortic samples. This form of DNA plays an essential role in cellular defense systems and biological processes. There was also an increase in the Amid I band, providing information about hydration status and lipid molecule interactions. Notably, a significant decrease was observed in protein phosphorylation markers, which could impact a wide range of cellular activities. IF also led to reductions in protein carbonylation, a marker of oxidative damage, and changes in the acyl chain length of fatty acids, impacting membrane fluidity. These findings suggest that IF may offer several health benefits, including improved membrane dynamics, reduced oxidative stress, and potential cellular regeneration through autophagy. Further research is needed to confirm these observations and understand their implications for human health.","PeriodicalId":21468,"journal":{"name":"Sakarya University Journal of Science","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72693617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-12DOI: 10.16984/saufenbilder.1237742
Emine Cengi̇z, Murat Gök
In the modern age we live in, the internet has become an essential part of our daily life. A significant portion of our personal data is stored online and organizations run their business online. In addition, with the development of the internet, many devices such as autonomous systems, investment portfolio tools and entertainment tools in our homes and workplaces have become or are becoming intelligent. In parallel with this development, cyberattacks aimed at damaging smart systems are increasing day by day. As cyberattack methods become more sophisticated, the damage done by attackers is increasing exponentially. Traditional computer algorithms may be insufficient against these attacks in the virtual world. Therefore, artificial intelligence-based methods are needed. Reinforcement Learning (RL), a machine learning method, is used in the field of cyber security. Although RL for cyber security is a new topic in the literature, studies are carried out to predict, prevent and stop attacks. In this study; we reviewed the literature on RL's penetration testing, intrusion detection systems (IDS) and cyberattacks in cyber security.
{"title":"Reinforcement Learning Applications in Cyber Security: A Review","authors":"Emine Cengi̇z, Murat Gök","doi":"10.16984/saufenbilder.1237742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1237742","url":null,"abstract":"In the modern age we live in, the internet has become an essential part of our daily life. A significant portion of our personal data is stored online and organizations run their business online. In addition, with the development of the internet, many devices such as autonomous systems, investment portfolio tools and entertainment tools in our homes and workplaces have become or are becoming intelligent. In parallel with this development, cyberattacks aimed at damaging smart systems are increasing day by day. As cyberattack methods become more sophisticated, the damage done by attackers is increasing exponentially. Traditional computer algorithms may be insufficient against these attacks in the virtual world. Therefore, artificial intelligence-based methods are needed. Reinforcement Learning (RL), a machine learning method, is used in the field of cyber security. Although RL for cyber security is a new topic in the literature, studies are carried out to predict, prevent and stop attacks. In this study; we reviewed the literature on RL's penetration testing, intrusion detection systems (IDS) and cyberattacks in cyber security.","PeriodicalId":21468,"journal":{"name":"Sakarya University Journal of Science","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88562896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-08DOI: 10.16984/saufenbilder.1236083
Erol Özkan, Hasan Kasım
Air Springs have been used for years, especially in commercial vehicles and buses, to maintain the vehicle's height regardless of the load and increase vehicle comfort. It is complex to experimentally determine the changes (reaction force, extension, strain) caused by loading alone to fully interpret the damping ability of air springs under operating conditions. The air springs are exposed to tension and force in different directions as they are made of a rubber composite structure. Therefore, discussing the damping properties of air springs with only the experimental method is difficult. The study aims to obtain information about the damping behavior of the bellows produced from composite materials, such as bellows under static loads, using both experimental and finite element analysis models. The finite element model of the air springs was obtained by modeling the three parts that provide its integrity. The material definitions required for the composite structure were determined by experimental methods and entered into the FEA program. No material is defined for rigid body members. The results of unidirectional and multidirectional tensile tests performed in a laboratory environment were used for material properties. The characteristics of the air were also entered into the analysis software with the information taken from the literature. The analyzes were carried out in three steps inflating the bellows to the specified pressure values, vertical movement, and compression to the specified displacement value. In this study, it was seen that the cord fabrics in rubber composite structures were affected more by excessive tension than rubber material, and the deviation of the static stiffness value was approximately 5% between the experimental study and the analysis studies. Thanks to FEA studies, it has been determined that more results can be obtained regarding values such as regional stress, force, and displacement in the bellows.
{"title":"Investigation of Vertical Stiffness of the Front Axle Air Springs for Passenger Bus by Experimental and Finite Element Analysis","authors":"Erol Özkan, Hasan Kasım","doi":"10.16984/saufenbilder.1236083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1236083","url":null,"abstract":"Air Springs have been used for years, especially in commercial vehicles and buses, to maintain the vehicle's height regardless of the load and increase vehicle comfort. It is complex to experimentally determine the changes (reaction force, extension, strain) caused by loading alone to fully interpret the damping ability of air springs under operating conditions. The air springs are exposed to tension and force in different directions as they are made of a rubber composite structure. Therefore, discussing the damping properties of air springs with only the experimental method is difficult. The study aims to obtain information about the damping behavior of the bellows produced from composite materials, such as bellows under static loads, using both experimental and finite element analysis models. The finite element model of the air springs was obtained by modeling the three parts that provide its integrity. The material definitions required for the composite structure were determined by experimental methods and entered into the FEA program. No material is defined for rigid body members. The results of unidirectional and multidirectional tensile tests performed in a laboratory environment were used for material properties. The characteristics of the air were also entered into the analysis software with the information taken from the literature. The analyzes were carried out in three steps inflating the bellows to the specified pressure values, vertical movement, and compression to the specified displacement value. In this study, it was seen that the cord fabrics in rubber composite structures were affected more by excessive tension than rubber material, and the deviation of the static stiffness value was approximately 5% between the experimental study and the analysis studies. Thanks to FEA studies, it has been determined that more results can be obtained regarding values such as regional stress, force, and displacement in the bellows.","PeriodicalId":21468,"journal":{"name":"Sakarya University Journal of Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74246504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-07DOI: 10.16984/saufenbilder.1181968
E. KARAKAŞ SARIKAYA, Ö. Dereli, S. Bahçelī, F. P. Özturan
Organic compounds like 2,2’-Bithiophene (with a synonym. 2,2'-bithienyl, 2,2'-dithienyl)-containing bis(dioxaborin) have drawn significant concern in the area of materials science because of their electron affinity and luminescent properties. With this motivation, we have been concentrating on the properties and functions of 2,2'-Bithiophene. The vibrational frequencies of the molecule 2,2'-Bithiophene in the solid phase were recorded using the Fourier Transformed-Infrared (FT-IR) and FT-Raman spectrometers. Meanwhile, the molecular geometric parameters, the spectral wavenumbers, HOMO-LUMO analysis and the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) of the 2,2'-Bithiophene molecule were computed at the B3LYP/ 6-311++G (d,p) level of the theory. Furthermore, a comparison between experimental and calculated values for the vibrational frequencies of the 2,2'-Bithiophene molecule exhibits a good agreement.
{"title":"A Vibrational Spectroscopic Investigation of 2,2'-Bithiophene Using Experimental and DFT Methods","authors":"E. KARAKAŞ SARIKAYA, Ö. Dereli, S. Bahçelī, F. P. Özturan","doi":"10.16984/saufenbilder.1181968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1181968","url":null,"abstract":"Organic compounds like 2,2’-Bithiophene (with a synonym. 2,2'-bithienyl, 2,2'-dithienyl)-containing bis(dioxaborin) have drawn significant concern in the area of materials science because of their electron affinity and luminescent properties. With this motivation, we have been concentrating on the properties and functions of 2,2'-Bithiophene. The vibrational frequencies of the molecule 2,2'-Bithiophene in the solid phase were recorded using the Fourier Transformed-Infrared (FT-IR) and FT-Raman spectrometers. Meanwhile, the molecular geometric parameters, the spectral wavenumbers, HOMO-LUMO analysis and the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) of the 2,2'-Bithiophene molecule were computed at the B3LYP/ 6-311++G (d,p) level of the theory. Furthermore, a comparison between experimental and calculated values for the vibrational frequencies of the 2,2'-Bithiophene molecule exhibits a good agreement.","PeriodicalId":21468,"journal":{"name":"Sakarya University Journal of Science","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91402484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-06DOI: 10.16984/saufenbilder.1221346
İsmail Akgül
With the innovations in technology, the interest in the use of mobile devices is increasing day by day. Any defect that may occur during the production of smart mobile phones, which is among mobile devices, causes significant damage to both the manufacturer and the user. The careful detection of defects that may occur on the screen glass, which is one of the most striking defects among these defects, with the human eye significantly affects the workforce cost. Therefore, it is important to detect defects with the help of software. In recent years, many methods based on machine vision have been developed for the detection of any object or difference in the image. In this study, a new model structure called Yolo-MSD, based on machine vision and the Yolo-v3 deep learning model, which detects and classifies oil, scratch, and stain defect types on the glass on the touch screen surface used in the design of smart mobile phones, is proposed. The proposed model structure (Yolo-MSD) is obtained by reducing the number of blocks in the Darknet-53 network structure developed in Yolo-v3. As a result of the training, a success rate of 98.50% with the Yolo-v3 model and 98.72% with the Yolo-MSD model was achieved in detecting and classifying defect types. Therefore, it has been observed that the Yolo-MSD model structure is better than the Yolo-v3 model structure by making better feature extraction from the types of defects on the screen glass since it is both faster and has less complexity.
{"title":"A Novel Deep Learning Method for Detecting Defects in Mobile Phone Screen Surface Based on Machine Vision","authors":"İsmail Akgül","doi":"10.16984/saufenbilder.1221346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1221346","url":null,"abstract":"With the innovations in technology, the interest in the use of mobile devices is increasing day by day. Any defect that may occur during the production of smart mobile phones, which is among mobile devices, causes significant damage to both the manufacturer and the user. The careful detection of defects that may occur on the screen glass, which is one of the most striking defects among these defects, with the human eye significantly affects the workforce cost. Therefore, it is important to detect defects with the help of software. In recent years, many methods based on machine vision have been developed for the detection of any object or difference in the image. \u0000In this study, a new model structure called Yolo-MSD, based on machine vision and the Yolo-v3 deep learning model, which detects and classifies oil, scratch, and stain defect types on the glass on the touch screen surface used in the design of smart mobile phones, is proposed. The proposed model structure (Yolo-MSD) is obtained by reducing the number of blocks in the Darknet-53 network structure developed in Yolo-v3. As a result of the training, a success rate of 98.50% with the Yolo-v3 model and 98.72% with the Yolo-MSD model was achieved in detecting and classifying defect types. Therefore, it has been observed that the Yolo-MSD model structure is better than the Yolo-v3 model structure by making better feature extraction from the types of defects on the screen glass since it is both faster and has less complexity.","PeriodicalId":21468,"journal":{"name":"Sakarya University Journal of Science","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82457885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-06DOI: 10.16984/saufenbilder.1181070
C. Örgev, P. Tanatti, H. Demirel, I. Şengil
In this study, cancer risk analysis was investigated in untreated trihalomethanes (THMs) containing water using synthetic THM solution and after photocatalytic treatment with TiO2 and ZnO of this water. Trace amounts of disinfection by-products remain in the water. In this study, cancer risk assessment was investigated water containing trihalomethanes (THMs) constituted with synthetic THM solution and after the photocatalytic treatment of this water, the cancer risk was determined depending on the presence of THM in the water. With the photocatalytic treatment method using ZnO and nano TiO2 particles, THM removal was studied with synthetic water with an initial concentration of 300 µg/L. In the ZnO-catalyzed process chloroform 25 µg/L, BDCM 2.4 µg/L and DBCM 35 µg/L were found. However, in the TiO2-catalyzed process, chloroform 49 µg/L and DBCM 28 µg/L were obtained. The cancer risk analysis and the hazard index of THMs through oral, dermal and inhalation ingestion from these waters were evaluated. Comparing the three different pathways, humans have a higher risk of cancer through oral ingestion than dermal and inhalation pathways. It has been determined that the cancer risk for ZnO treated water was reduced by 62% and for TiO2 treated water by 69% when THMs by oral ingestion have examined compared to untreated water in cancer risk analysis. The cancer risks of oral ingestion are determined as acceptable low risk, but the cancer risk of THMs through dermal ingestion from dibromochloromethane plays an essential role in this study.
{"title":"Cancer Risk Analysis in Untreated and Photocatalytic Treated Water Containing THM","authors":"C. Örgev, P. Tanatti, H. Demirel, I. Şengil","doi":"10.16984/saufenbilder.1181070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1181070","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, cancer risk analysis was investigated in untreated trihalomethanes (THMs) containing water using synthetic THM solution and after photocatalytic treatment with TiO2 and ZnO of this water. Trace amounts of disinfection by-products remain in the water. In this study, cancer risk assessment was investigated water containing trihalomethanes (THMs) constituted with synthetic THM solution and after the photocatalytic treatment of this water, the cancer risk was determined depending on the presence of THM in the water. With the photocatalytic treatment method using ZnO and nano TiO2 particles, THM removal was studied with synthetic water with an initial concentration of 300 µg/L. In the ZnO-catalyzed process chloroform 25 µg/L, BDCM 2.4 µg/L and DBCM 35 µg/L were found. However, in the TiO2-catalyzed process, chloroform 49 µg/L and DBCM 28 µg/L were obtained. The cancer risk analysis and the hazard index of THMs through oral, dermal and inhalation ingestion from these waters were evaluated. Comparing the three different pathways, humans have a higher risk of cancer through oral ingestion than dermal and inhalation pathways. It has been determined that the cancer risk for ZnO treated water was reduced by 62% and for TiO2 treated water by 69% when THMs by oral ingestion have examined compared to untreated water in cancer risk analysis. The cancer risks of oral ingestion are determined as acceptable low risk, but the cancer risk of THMs through dermal ingestion from dibromochloromethane plays an essential role in this study.","PeriodicalId":21468,"journal":{"name":"Sakarya University Journal of Science","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83478350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-02DOI: 10.16984/saufenbilder.1163187
Dilek SELVİ GÖKKAYA, M. Saglam, M. Yüksel, L. Ballice
Lignocellulosic biomass is accepted to be one of the best sustainable alternatives for overcoming fossil fuel dependence and to reduce environmental pollution. Intensive research studies have been carried out on conversion of this big potential source via chemical and biochemical processes to miscellaneous chemicals. According to one of the present methods of chemical conversion, cellulose and hemicellulose parts of the plant biomass can be converted to platform chemicals by hydrolysis, dehydration and rehydration reactions in the presence of acidic medium. In this study, the efficient conversion conditions of the Artichoke (Cynara Scolymus L.) leaves and stalks to the valuable chemicals (formic acid, acetic acid and 5-hydroxymetilfurfural) were investigated using acid (HCL, HNO3 and H2SO4) catalyzed hydrothermal reaction. Experiments were performed in the temperature range of 150°C - 250°C and at the pH values 2.0 - 3.0 with a reaction time of 1 hour. Evolution of liquid parts and their variations with respect to reaction parameters were determined using HPLC via related analysis.
{"title":"Catalytic Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Artichoke Residues (Cynara Scolymus L.) to Valuable Chemicals","authors":"Dilek SELVİ GÖKKAYA, M. Saglam, M. Yüksel, L. Ballice","doi":"10.16984/saufenbilder.1163187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1163187","url":null,"abstract":"Lignocellulosic biomass is accepted to be one of the best sustainable alternatives for overcoming fossil fuel dependence and to reduce environmental pollution. Intensive research studies have been carried out on conversion of this big potential source via chemical and biochemical processes to miscellaneous chemicals. According to one of the present methods of chemical conversion, cellulose and hemicellulose parts of the plant biomass can be converted to platform chemicals by hydrolysis, dehydration and rehydration reactions in the presence of acidic medium. In this study, the efficient conversion conditions of the Artichoke (Cynara Scolymus L.) leaves and stalks to the valuable chemicals (formic acid, acetic acid and 5-hydroxymetilfurfural) were investigated using acid (HCL, HNO3 and H2SO4) catalyzed hydrothermal reaction. Experiments were performed in the temperature range of 150°C - 250°C and at the pH values 2.0 - 3.0 with a reaction time of 1 hour. Evolution of liquid parts and their variations with respect to reaction parameters were determined using HPLC via related analysis.","PeriodicalId":21468,"journal":{"name":"Sakarya University Journal of Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84172294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-02DOI: 10.16984/saufenbilder.1137591
E. Eren Belgin, Cankız Gizem Deli̇balta, H. Çiçek
The gastrointestinal track has different pH values at different sections. Thus it is not easy to carry a drug to the colon for absorption. pH sensitive polymeric macrosphere drug carriers have important advantages such as being able to be taken orally, targeting the active ingredient to the desired area and dosing the active ingredient at the desired concentration for a long time in the target area. In this contex pH sensitive sodium alginate-gelatin macrospheres were produced by the dispersion phase gelling and cross-linking (complex coacervation) process method then loaded with S. lutea extract in this study. The macrosphere extract release kinetics were investigated for different pH medias that simulates different sections of the gastrointestinal track. As a result, the produced drug carrier macrospheres released the active ingredient at the colon pH (pH 7.0) while at lower pH values did not showed a significant extract release. Therefore, it was reported that the produced macrospheres have potential to be used for colon diseases treatments.
{"title":"Production and Characterization of Colon Targeted pH Sensitive Macrospheres and Investigation of Release Kinetics","authors":"E. Eren Belgin, Cankız Gizem Deli̇balta, H. Çiçek","doi":"10.16984/saufenbilder.1137591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1137591","url":null,"abstract":"The gastrointestinal track has different pH values at different sections. Thus it is not easy to carry a drug to the colon for absorption. pH sensitive polymeric macrosphere drug carriers have important advantages such as being able to be taken orally, targeting the active ingredient to the desired area and dosing the active ingredient at the desired concentration for a long time in the target area. In this contex pH sensitive sodium alginate-gelatin macrospheres were produced by the dispersion phase gelling and cross-linking (complex coacervation) process method then loaded with S. lutea extract in this study. The macrosphere extract release kinetics were investigated for different pH medias that simulates different sections of the gastrointestinal track. As a result, the produced drug carrier macrospheres released the active ingredient at the colon pH (pH 7.0) while at lower pH values did not showed a significant extract release. Therefore, it was reported that the produced macrospheres have potential to be used for colon diseases treatments.","PeriodicalId":21468,"journal":{"name":"Sakarya University Journal of Science","volume":"140 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80551149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-31DOI: 10.16984/saufenbilder.1215970
S. Kontaş
This study reports the condition factor, length-weight, and length-length relationships in females, males, and all samples of Mullus barbatus inhabiting Mersin Bay. A total of 152 individuals were sampled. The mean weight (W) was 18.01 ± 0.573 g, and the mean total length (TL), fork length (FL), and standard length (SL) were 12.0 ± 0.094 cm, 11.0 ± 0,086 cm, and 9.9 ± 0.080 cm for all M. barbatus, respectively. The total length-weight relationship was determined as W=0.0033TL3.444 (R2=0.90). The b value was calculated as 3.444 and it showed positive allometric growth for all M. barbatus inhabiting Mersin Bay. The LLRs were calculated as TL=1.0706FL+0.1386 (R2=0.95), TL=1.1634SL+0.371 (R2=0.97), and FL=1.0541SL+0.543 (R2=0.96) for all individuals, respectively. The mean value of the condition factor was calculated as 1.00 ± 0,0093 for all M. barbatus samples. The values of the condition factor in M. barbatus ranged from 0.740 to 1.274. There are few studies about M. barbatus population inhabiting Mersin Bay. In this study, condition factor, length-weight and length-length relationships were determined for M. barbatus inhabiting this region (the northeastern Mediterranean Sea).
{"title":"Length-Weight, Length-Length Relationships, and Condition Factor of Red Mullet (Mullus barbatus Linnaeus, 1758) Inhabiting Mersin Bay","authors":"S. Kontaş","doi":"10.16984/saufenbilder.1215970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1215970","url":null,"abstract":"This study reports the condition factor, length-weight, and length-length relationships in females, males, and all samples of Mullus barbatus inhabiting Mersin Bay. A total of 152 individuals were sampled. The mean weight (W) was 18.01 ± 0.573 g, and the mean total length (TL), fork length (FL), and standard length (SL) were 12.0 ± 0.094 cm, 11.0 ± 0,086 cm, and 9.9 ± 0.080 cm for all M. barbatus, respectively. The total length-weight relationship was determined as W=0.0033TL3.444 (R2=0.90). The b value was calculated as 3.444 and it showed positive allometric growth for all M. barbatus inhabiting Mersin Bay. The LLRs were calculated as TL=1.0706FL+0.1386 (R2=0.95), TL=1.1634SL+0.371 (R2=0.97), and FL=1.0541SL+0.543 (R2=0.96) for all individuals, respectively. The mean value of the condition factor was calculated as 1.00 ± 0,0093 for all M. barbatus samples. The values of the condition factor in M. barbatus ranged from 0.740 to 1.274. There are few studies about M. barbatus population inhabiting Mersin Bay. In this study, condition factor, length-weight and length-length relationships were determined for M. barbatus inhabiting this region (the northeastern Mediterranean Sea).","PeriodicalId":21468,"journal":{"name":"Sakarya University Journal of Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78230499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-31DOI: 10.16984/saufenbilder.1192159
Hakan Aygün
The limited energy source indicates the necessity of efficient energy consumption in every field of life. Especially, the prompt growth in aviation sector makes this issue more important. In this study, effects of power settings on several thermodynamic indicators regarding low by-pass turbofan engine (LBP-TFE) are investigated. For this aim, the energy and exergy analyses are implemented to the system of turbofan engine for eighteen operating points. According to performance analysis, thrust value of the LBP-TFE changes from 10.77 kN to 71.8 kN throughout RPM values. According to exergetic findings, relative exergy losses from Fan outlet decreases from 52.34 % to 30.58 % whereas exergy efficiency of the LBP-TFE increases from 10.9 % to 30.1 %. Considering improved exergy efficiency, it changes 25.03 % and 41.03 % at the same RPM intervals. As for environmental assessments, environmental effect factor (EEF) of LBP-TFE diminishes from 5.8 to 1.32 while ecological effect factor decreases from 9.16 to 3.31. Finally, specific irreversibility production of LBP-TFE decreases from 0.4811 MW/kN and 0.2716 MW/kN. Considering these outcomes, behaviour of the investigated metrics regarding main components is different from each other. Therefore, the results of these parameters calculated for the whole engine could help understanding optimum running point in terms of exergetic and environmental sustainability.
{"title":"Dealing with Aspects of Performance and Environmental Impact of Aircraft Engine with Thermodynamic Metrics","authors":"Hakan Aygün","doi":"10.16984/saufenbilder.1192159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1192159","url":null,"abstract":"The limited energy source indicates the necessity of efficient energy consumption in every field of life. Especially, the prompt growth in aviation sector makes this issue more important. In this study, effects of power settings on several thermodynamic indicators regarding low by-pass turbofan engine (LBP-TFE) are investigated. For this aim, the energy and exergy analyses are implemented to the system of turbofan engine for eighteen operating points. According to performance analysis, thrust value of the LBP-TFE changes from 10.77 kN to 71.8 kN throughout RPM values. According to exergetic findings, relative exergy losses from Fan outlet decreases from 52.34 % to 30.58 % whereas exergy efficiency of the LBP-TFE increases from 10.9 % to 30.1 %. Considering improved exergy efficiency, it changes 25.03 % and 41.03 % at the same RPM intervals. As for environmental assessments, environmental effect factor (EEF) of LBP-TFE diminishes from 5.8 to 1.32 while ecological effect factor decreases from 9.16 to 3.31. Finally, specific irreversibility production of LBP-TFE decreases from 0.4811 MW/kN and 0.2716 MW/kN. Considering these outcomes, behaviour of the investigated metrics regarding main components is different from each other. Therefore, the results of these parameters calculated for the whole engine could help understanding optimum running point in terms of exergetic and environmental sustainability.","PeriodicalId":21468,"journal":{"name":"Sakarya University Journal of Science","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82611304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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