Pub Date : 2024-01-24DOI: 10.3103/s1068367423060162
A. S. Tsygutkin
Abstract
Elemental composition of different components of white lupine seeds was analyzed. White lupine varieties Gamma, Dega, and Deter 1 were cultivated in 2009–2011 in the northeastern part of the Central Black Earth Region. Concentrations of 19 elements were determined at the Belgorodsky State Center for Agrochemical Service. White lupine intensely consumes chemical elements, which determines the unique chemical composition of its seeds that contain significantly higher amounts of many chemical elements whose content in livestock and poultry rations is standardized compared to seeds of other leguminous crops. White lupine acts as a manganese concentrator. The following elements are accumulated in its seeds in significant amounts: nitrogen (6.82 ± 0.25%), phosphorus (0.45 ± 0.07%), potassium (1.37 ± 0.17%), magnesium (0.17 ± 0.02%), sulfur (0.31 ± 0.02%), iron (41.85 ± 1.36 mg/kg), zinc (48.55 ± 4.33 mg/kg), manganese (390.70 ± 181.57 mg/kg), cobalt (0.82 ± 0.19 mg/kg), and molybdenum (6.80 ± 0.67 mg/kg); the above-listed elements are primarily concentrated in the seed kernel. The seed coat contains higher amounts of calcium (0.35 ± 0.02%), sodium (0.240 ± 0.006%), chromium (0.329 ± 0.049 mg/kg), lead (0.60 ± 0.04 mg/kg), cadmium (0.061 ± 0.003 mg/kg), and arsenic (0.024 ± 0.002) compared to the kernel. Deep processing of lupine seeds involving their separation into kernel and coat can be used to increase or reduce concentrations of certain chemical elements. The range of variability in the content of chemical elements increases as their concentrations grow. In the analyzed samples, the content of lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury was lower than their maximum permissible concentrations set for fodder white lupine seeds. The obtained results are important for the production of compound feeds and protein concentrates; they can be used as statistical materials in the development of livestock-, poultry-, and fish-feeding programs to identify standard concentrations of chemical elements in white lupine seeds and their components.
{"title":"Elemental Composition of White Lupine Seeds","authors":"A. S. Tsygutkin","doi":"10.3103/s1068367423060162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s1068367423060162","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Elemental composition of different components of white lupine seeds was analyzed. White lupine varieties Gamma, Dega, and Deter 1 were cultivated in 2009–2011 in the northeastern part of the Central Black Earth Region. Concentrations of 19 elements were determined at the Belgorodsky State Center for Agrochemical Service. White lupine intensely consumes chemical elements, which determines the unique chemical composition of its seeds that contain significantly higher amounts of many chemical elements whose content in livestock and poultry rations is standardized compared to seeds of other leguminous crops. White lupine acts as a manganese concentrator. The following elements are accumulated in its seeds in significant amounts: nitrogen (6.82 ± 0.25%), phosphorus (0.45 ± 0.07%), potassium (1.37 ± 0.17%), magnesium (0.17 ± 0.02%), sulfur (0.31 ± 0.02%), iron (41.85 ± 1.36 mg/kg), zinc (48.55 ± 4.33 mg/kg), manganese (390.70 ± 181.57 mg/kg), cobalt (0.82 ± 0.19 mg/kg), and molybdenum (6.80 ± 0.67 mg/kg); the above-listed elements are primarily concentrated in the seed kernel. The seed coat contains higher amounts of calcium (0.35 ± 0.02%), sodium (0.240 ± 0.006%), chromium (0.329 ± 0.049 mg/kg), lead (0.60 ± 0.04 mg/kg), cadmium (0.061 ± 0.003 mg/kg), and arsenic (0.024 ± 0.002) compared to the kernel. Deep processing of lupine seeds involving their separation into kernel and coat can be used to increase or reduce concentrations of certain chemical elements. The range of variability in the content of chemical elements increases as their concentrations grow. In the analyzed samples, the content of lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury was lower than their maximum permissible concentrations set for fodder white lupine seeds. The obtained results are important for the production of compound feeds and protein concentrates; they can be used as statistical materials in the development of livestock-, poultry-, and fish-feeding programs to identify standard concentrations of chemical elements in white lupine seeds and their components.</p>","PeriodicalId":21531,"journal":{"name":"Russian Agricultural Sciences","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139557773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-24DOI: 10.3103/s1068367423060125
S. I. Loskutov, Ya. V. Pukhalsky, A. S. Mityukov, N. I. Vorobyov, R. I. Glushakov
Abstract
The effect of salts of humic (HA) and fulvic (FA) acids extracted from ultradispersed humate-sapropel suspension on the growth and development of four basil varieties used for medicinal purposes, as well as on the content of microelements in the above-ground parts of these plants, was studied under conditions of a complete photoculture and a poor nutrient provision. The experiment included midripening Green Large and early-ripening Emily, Lemona, and Marian basil varieties. Plants were grown in a closed grow box for 50 days. Seeds were sown in a soil mix consisting of vermiculite (50%) and peaty-gley soil (50%). The total content of organic matter and Ntotal in this soil mix was 30.4 and 1.4%, respectively; the content of labile forms of P2O5 and exchange K2O was 88.0 and 82.0 mg/kg, respectively; pHKCl was 5.57. The experimental scheme included the following variants: control (1.0 N Knop’s solution) and 0.01% solutions of HA or FA salts. The treatment of plants was performed by a single under-root application and a weekly spraying of leaves. According to the performed morphometric and chemical analyses, the best results were shown by var. Lemona plants, whose height and biomass in the treated variant did not differ from the control values (29.75 and 29.00 mg, respectively). Treated plants of this variety also demonstrated insignificant reduction of their photosynthesis efficiency measured by a SPAD optic chlorophyll counter (31.98 relative units on average vs. 35.54 relative units in the control) that indicated the presence of a variety-specific response to the use of such an approach. The least differences between the experimental and control variants observed for the var. Lemona evidenced to the ability of both humic acid fractions to mobilize microelements for the growth of a plant biomass and change of its biochemical composition.
{"title":"Effect of Various Fractions of an Ultradispersed Humate-Sapropel Suspension on the Growth, Development, and Quality of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Plants As Compared to the Use of Chemical Fertilizers","authors":"S. I. Loskutov, Ya. V. Pukhalsky, A. S. Mityukov, N. I. Vorobyov, R. I. Glushakov","doi":"10.3103/s1068367423060125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s1068367423060125","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The effect of salts of humic (HA) and fulvic (FA) acids extracted from ultradispersed humate-sapropel suspension on the growth and development of four basil varieties used for medicinal purposes, as well as on the content of microelements in the above-ground parts of these plants, was studied under conditions of a complete photoculture and a poor nutrient provision. The experiment included midripening Green Large and early-ripening Emily, Lemona, and Marian basil varieties. Plants were grown in a closed grow box for 50 days. Seeds were sown in a soil mix consisting of vermiculite (50%) and peaty-gley soil (50%). The total content of organic matter and N<sub>total</sub> in this soil mix was 30.4 and 1.4%, respectively; the content of labile forms of P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> and exchange K<sub>2</sub>O was 88.0 and 82.0 mg/kg, respectively; pH<sub>KCl</sub> was 5.57. The experimental scheme included the following variants: control (1.0 N Knop’s solution) and 0.01% solutions of HA or FA salts. The treatment of plants was performed by a single under-root application and a weekly spraying of leaves. According to the performed morphometric and chemical analyses, the best results were shown by var. Lemona plants, whose height and biomass in the treated variant did not differ from the control values (29.75 and 29.00 mg, respectively). Treated plants of this variety also demonstrated insignificant reduction of their photosynthesis efficiency measured by a SPAD optic chlorophyll counter (31.98 relative units on average vs. 35.54 relative units in the control) that indicated the presence of a variety-specific response to the use of such an approach. The least differences between the experimental and control variants observed for the var. Lemona evidenced to the ability of both humic acid fractions to mobilize microelements for the growth of a plant biomass and change of its biochemical composition.</p>","PeriodicalId":21531,"journal":{"name":"Russian Agricultural Sciences","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139557779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-24DOI: 10.3103/s1068367423060034
A. A. Alferov, S. N. Nikitin, L. S. Chernova, A. A. Zavalin
Abstract
Research was carried out in order to study the effect of new biologics based on rhizosphere microorganisms on yield and the spring wheat grain’s quality. The work was carried out in 2018–2020 in the Ulyanovsk oblast on leached heavy loam chernozem in a microfield experiment in vessels without a bottom with an area of 0.018 m2. The experiment’s scheme was as follows: Р45K4 (control)—background 1; background 1 + Strain KL‑10; background 1 + Strain 17–1; background 1 + Rhyzoagrin; N45Р45K45—background 2; background 2 + Strain KL‑10; background 2 + Strain 17–1; background 2 + Rhyzoagrin; N45Р45K45. It was discovered that presowing inoculation of spring wheat seeds with new biological preparations based on associative rhizobacteria’s strains increases grain weight by 19–22%. The increases from the Rhyzoagrin biologics’ use on Р45K45 as a standard averaged 66 g/m2 (+13% to Background 1), 98 g/m2 (+19%) from strain KL‑10, and 113 g/m2 (+22%) from strain 17–1. On the NPK background, the biologic based on 17–1 was most effective: 80 g/m2 (+15%). The maximum yield obtained from N90 was 789 g/m2 (+51%), 647 g/m2 (+24%) from N45, which is comparable to 17–1 (636 g/m2). The raw protein’s collection increase from the introduction of N90 to 80% as a result of exposure to nitrogen nutrition, crop production, from the biological products’ usage, or N45 was by 25–32%. The nitrogen fertilizers’ and biologics use positively affected the accumulation of nitrogen consumed in the grain, increasing the nitrogen index (the share of nitrogen accumulated in the grain from its total accumulation in the crop) from 64 to 71%, increasing the ammonium nitrate nitrogen’s payback with the grain harvest’s growth by 52 –67%.
{"title":"Efficiency of Application of Nitrogen Fertilizers and Biological Products on Spring Wheat","authors":"A. A. Alferov, S. N. Nikitin, L. S. Chernova, A. A. Zavalin","doi":"10.3103/s1068367423060034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s1068367423060034","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Research was carried out in order to study the effect of new biologics based on rhizosphere microorganisms on yield and the spring wheat grain’s quality. The work was carried out in 2018–2020 in the Ulyanovsk oblast on leached heavy loam chernozem in a microfield experiment in vessels without a bottom with an area of 0.018 m<sup>2</sup>. The experiment’s scheme was as follows: Р<sub>45</sub>K<sub>4</sub> (control)—background 1; background 1 + Strain KL‑10; background 1 + Strain 17–1; background 1 + Rhyzoagrin; N<sub>45</sub>Р<sub>45</sub>K<sub>45</sub>—background 2; background 2 + Strain KL‑10; background 2 + Strain 17–1; background 2 + Rhyzoagrin; N<sub>45</sub>Р<sub>45</sub>K<sub>45</sub>. It was discovered that presowing inoculation of spring wheat seeds with new biological preparations based on associative rhizobacteria’s strains increases grain weight by 19–22%. The increases from the Rhyzoagrin biologics’ use on Р<sub>45</sub>K<sub>45</sub> as a standard averaged 66 g/m<sup>2</sup> (+13% to Background 1), 98 g/m<sup>2</sup> (+19%) from strain KL‑10, and 113 g/m<sup>2</sup> (+22%) from strain 17–1. On the NPK background, the biologic based on 17–1 was most effective: 80 g/m<sup>2</sup> (+15%). The maximum yield obtained from N<sub>90</sub> was 789 g/m<sup>2</sup> (+51%), 647 g/m<sup>2</sup> (+24%) from N<sub>45</sub>, which is comparable to 17–1 (636 g/m<sup>2</sup>). The raw protein’s collection increase from the introduction of N<sub>90</sub> to 80% as a result of exposure to nitrogen nutrition, crop production, from the biological products’ usage, or N<sub>45</sub> was by 25–32%. The nitrogen fertilizers’ and biologics use positively affected the accumulation of nitrogen consumed in the grain, increasing the nitrogen index (the share of nitrogen accumulated in the grain from its total accumulation in the crop) from 64 to 71%, increasing the ammonium nitrate nitrogen’s payback with the grain harvest’s growth by 52 –67%.</p>","PeriodicalId":21531,"journal":{"name":"Russian Agricultural Sciences","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139557600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-24DOI: 10.3103/s1068367423060149
N. I. Orujova, V. Q. Isakova
Abstract
The effect of zeolite and biohumus and their combined effect on the nitrate regime and nitrification capacity of meadow-gray soils have been studied in a stationary field experiment on meadow-gray soils under beans (mung bean). The field experiment has established the highest efficiency of the combined use of organic (biohumus at the rate of 7.5 t/ha) fertilizers and zeolite (7.5 t/ha). The amount of nitrate nitrogen under beans decreased from the initial period of plant growth to the period of biological ripeness. The nitrification capacity of the soil dynamically changed depending on the phase of bean development; this indicator was more intensive in the flowering phase of the plant. The polynomial relationship between the amount of nitrates in the soil and the intensity of the nitrification process was high during the period of the initial development (spring) and period of biological ripeness of the plant (autumn) and weak in summer (during the flowering period). A positive effect of zeolite and biohumus on the content of nitrate nitrogen and the nitrification capacity of the soil has been established; their combined use has also proven to be efficient.
{"title":"Influence of Zeolite and Biohumus on the Nitrate Regime and Nitrification Capacity of Meadow-Gray Soils","authors":"N. I. Orujova, V. Q. Isakova","doi":"10.3103/s1068367423060149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s1068367423060149","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The effect of zeolite and biohumus and their combined effect on the nitrate regime and nitrification capacity of meadow-gray soils have been studied in a stationary field experiment on meadow-gray soils under beans (mung bean). The field experiment has established the highest efficiency of the combined use of organic (biohumus at the rate of 7.5 t/ha) fertilizers and zeolite (7.5 t/ha). The amount of nitrate nitrogen under beans decreased from the initial period of plant growth to the period of biological ripeness. The nitrification capacity of the soil dynamically changed depending on the phase of bean development; this indicator was more intensive in the flowering phase of the plant. The polynomial relationship between the amount of nitrates in the soil and the intensity of the nitrification process was high during the period of the initial development (spring) and period of biological ripeness of the plant (autumn) and weak in summer (during the flowering period). A positive effect of zeolite and biohumus on the content of nitrate nitrogen and the nitrification capacity of the soil has been established; their combined use has also proven to be efficient.</p>","PeriodicalId":21531,"journal":{"name":"Russian Agricultural Sciences","volume":"39 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139557776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-24DOI: 10.3103/s1068367423060022
Yu. V. Aksenova, V. S. Boiko, A. Yu. Timokhin
Abstract
Studies were carried out to establish the influence of legume–grass mixtures on the fertility indicators of irrigated meadow-chernozemic soil depending on the duration of their cultivation in grain-grass crop rotation. Two factors were studied in the experiment: (A) grass mixture: (1) awnless brome + alfalfa in the sixth year of life, (2) awnless brome + eastern goat’s rue + hill mustard in the 12th year of life, (3) awnless brome + eastern goat’s rue in the 21st year of life; (B) mineral fertilizers: (1) without fertilizers (N60P60). Nitrogen fertilizers were applied for each of the two mowings and phosphorous fertilizers were applied as reserves. The dependence of the amount of agronomically valuable aggregates and their resistance to the erosive water action on the age of legume–bluegrass mixtures has been revealed. With increase in the age of herbs, the amount of these aggregates in the 0–20-cm soil layer increased from 48% under the grass mixture in the sixth year of life to 69% under the grass mixture in the 12th year of life, reaching 79% under the grass mixture in the 21st year of life. In variants with the addition of nitrogen–phosphorous fertilizers, fractions of agronomically valuable aggregates under the grass stand in the 12th and 11th years of life decreased by 7.9% compared to variants without fertilizers. With increase in the age of grass stand, the content of humus and humic acids in its composition, exchange cations, and the reaction of the medium did not change significantly; the recorded changes are more determined by the influence of mineral fertilizers. The amount of humus under the herbs in the 0–20-cm soil layer was high and reached 6.7 to 7.1% in unfertilized variants and 7.5 to 7.8% in variants without fertilizers. The proportion of humic acid carbon in the humus composition was 1.9–2.4 and 2.6–2.7%, respectively. The reaction of the medium in the test variants varied from 5.8 to 6.8 units of pH of aqueous suspension. The proportion of calcium in the composition of exchangeable cations was 70 to 87%. In the test variants without fertilizers, the content of mobile phosphorus (according to Chirikov) in the soil was 55.90 mg/kg; in variants with fertilizers, its amount increased by 68.95 mg/kg in the 0–20-cm layer and by 40 to 70 mg/kg in the 20–40-cm layer. Indicators of the chemical and physicochemical properties of the soil reached optimal values after 6 years of cultivation of the legume–bluegrass mixture. Therefore, the further use (up to 12 and 21 years) of the soil under grass is unpractical.
{"title":"Influence of the Duration of the Use of Perennial Grasses on the Fertility of Irrigated Meadow-Chernozemic Soils in the Omsk Irtysh Region","authors":"Yu. V. Aksenova, V. S. Boiko, A. Yu. Timokhin","doi":"10.3103/s1068367423060022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s1068367423060022","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Studies were carried out to establish the influence of legume–grass mixtures on the fertility indicators of irrigated meadow-chernozemic soil depending on the duration of their cultivation in grain-grass crop rotation. Two factors were studied in the experiment: (A) grass mixture: (1) awnless brome + alfalfa in the sixth year of life, (2) awnless brome + eastern goat’s rue + hill mustard in the 12th year of life, (3) awnless brome + eastern goat’s rue in the 21st year of life; (B) mineral fertilizers: (1) without fertilizers (N<sub>60</sub>P<sub>60</sub>). Nitrogen fertilizers were applied for each of the two mowings and phosphorous fertilizers were applied as reserves. The dependence of the amount of agronomically valuable aggregates and their resistance to the erosive water action on the age of legume–bluegrass mixtures has been revealed. With increase in the age of herbs, the amount of these aggregates in the 0–20-cm soil layer increased from 48% under the grass mixture in the sixth year of life to 69% under the grass mixture in the 12th year of life, reaching 79% under the grass mixture in the 21st year of life. In variants with the addition of nitrogen–phosphorous fertilizers, fractions of agronomically valuable aggregates under the grass stand in the 12th and 11th years of life decreased by 7.9% compared to variants without fertilizers. With increase in the age of grass stand, the content of humus and humic acids in its composition, exchange cations, and the reaction of the medium did not change significantly; the recorded changes are more determined by the influence of mineral fertilizers. The amount of humus under the herbs in the 0–20-cm soil layer was high and reached 6.7 to 7.1% in unfertilized variants and 7.5 to 7.8% in variants without fertilizers. The proportion of humic acid carbon in the humus composition was 1.9–2.4 and 2.6–2.7%, respectively. The reaction of the medium in the test variants varied from 5.8 to 6.8 units of pH of aqueous suspension. The proportion of calcium in the composition of exchangeable cations was 70 to 87%. In the test variants without fertilizers, the content of mobile phosphorus (according to Chirikov) in the soil was 55.90 mg/kg; in variants with fertilizers, its amount increased by 68.95 mg/kg in the 0–20-cm layer and by 40 to 70 mg/kg in the 20–40-cm layer. Indicators of the chemical and physicochemical properties of the soil reached optimal values after 6 years of cultivation of the legume–bluegrass mixture. Therefore, the further use (up to 12 and 21 years) of the soil under grass is unpractical.</p>","PeriodicalId":21531,"journal":{"name":"Russian Agricultural Sciences","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139557602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-24DOI: 10.3103/s1068367423060137
A. Lysov, T. Kornilov
Abstract
This study is devoted to the study of the spectral characteristics of the reflection of healthy and diseased plants of winter wheat. The studies were carried out in 2021 at the on experimental crops of winter wheat artificially infected with a strain of the fungus Fusarium graminearum of the field site FSBSI VIZR of the research laboratory in the Belgorod region. Various options included studies of the spectral characteristics of the reflection of infected areas of winter wheat crops after treatment with the chemical fungicide Input, EC and the biological fungicide Alirin-B, F, taking into account the biological effectiveness of these protection products. Artificial infection of test plots of winter wheat was carried out with a strain of the fungus Fusarium graminearum from the VIZR collection. The values of the spectral brightness of healthy and diseased winter wheat plants were determined using a PSR-1100 spectroradiometer. in the wavelength range of electromagnetic radiation from 320 to 1100 nm and is shown by the spectral brightness coefficient (SBC). Studies have shown that spectroradiometry makes it possible to identify informative features that show the differences between healthy and Fusarium graminearum-infected plants in winter wheat based on the spectral brightness of the reflection of optical waves. According to the spectral characteristics of reflection, it was found that significant differences in the spectral brightness of healthy and infected plants of winter wheat are observed in the red and near infrared subrange of optical wavelengths. The dependence of the SBC of winter wheat plants on the biological effectiveness of protective agents was revealed. When using a chemical fungicide against Fusarium graminearum, the SBC of winter wheat plants is 1.8 times higher than in areas treated with a biological fungicide, which correlates with the biological effectiveness of the applied pesticides.
{"title":"Determination of Spectral Characteristics of Reflection on Grain Crops for Digital Technologies for Remote Monitoring of Deseales","authors":"A. Lysov, T. Kornilov","doi":"10.3103/s1068367423060137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s1068367423060137","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This study is devoted to the study of the spectral characteristics of the reflection of healthy and diseased plants of winter wheat. The studies were carried out in 2021 at the on experimental crops of winter wheat artificially infected with a strain of the fungus <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> of the field site FSBSI VIZR of the research laboratory in the Belgorod region. Various options included studies of the spectral characteristics of the reflection of infected areas of winter wheat crops after treatment with the chemical fungicide Input, EC and the biological fungicide Alirin-B, F, taking into account the biological effectiveness of these protection products. Artificial infection of test plots of winter wheat was carried out with a strain of the fungus <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> from the VIZR collection. The values of the spectral brightness of healthy and diseased winter wheat plants were determined using a PSR-1100 spectroradiometer. in the wavelength range of electromagnetic radiation from 320 to 1100 nm and is shown by the spectral brightness coefficient (SBC). Studies have shown that spectroradiometry makes it possible to identify informative features that show the differences between healthy and <i>Fusarium graminearum</i>-infected plants in winter wheat based on the spectral brightness of the reflection of optical waves. According to the spectral characteristics of reflection, it was found that significant differences in the spectral brightness of healthy and infected plants of winter wheat are observed in the red and near infrared subrange of optical wavelengths. The dependence of the SBC of winter wheat plants on the biological effectiveness of protective agents was revealed. When using a chemical fungicide against <i>Fusarium graminearum</i>, the SBC of winter wheat plants is 1.8 times higher than in areas treated with a biological fungicide, which correlates with the biological effectiveness of the applied pesticides.</p>","PeriodicalId":21531,"journal":{"name":"Russian Agricultural Sciences","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139557769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-24DOI: 10.3103/s106836742306006x
S. A. Churakova, E. M. Lisitsyn, G. A. Batalova
Abstract
The parameters of chlorophyll α rapid fluorescence were assessed in husked oats (A. sativa subsp. sativa) and naked oats (A. sativa subsp. nudisativa). The goal of the study was to identify differences between two subspecies of oats with respect to the control of primary energy storage processes under the influence of osmotic stress for the subsequent selection of parameters and oat-breeding strategies to increase photosynthetic productivity in early drought conditions. Plants were grown on a complete Knop’s nutrient solution; osmotic stress was created by 10% polyethylene glycol (PEG‑400), and osmotic pressure was 0.709 mPa. Fluorescence parameters were determined using a Fluor Pen FP 110/S fluorometer (Photon Systems Instruments, Czech Republic). The data was processed by principal component analysis. In husked genotypes, the four main factors were responsible for 94.2% (control) and 91.4% (stress) variability of the assessed parameters. In naked oats, three principal factors were found (90.5% of variability) in the absence of stress and four factors (97.1% variability) under stress conditions. The flows of trapped energy (TR0/RC) and electronic transport (ET0/RC) were controlled in naked oat by one and the same factor under stress and by two different factors in the absence of stress, whereas those in husked genotypes were by one factor in the absence of stress and by two different factors under stress. Osmotic stress led to passing the control over adsorbed (ABS/RC) and trapped (TR0/RC) energy flows from one factor to two factors in husked oats but did not affect naked oats. The parameter of efficiency of electron transfer to the primary acceptors of photosystem I (δRE) was controlled by two different factors and enhanced their effect (factor loading from 0.564 to 0.74). Under stress, the δRE parameter weakened the effect of both factors in naked genotypes (factor loading –0.625 and ‒0.705) and reduced the effect of one factor and strengthened the second factor in husked genotypes (factor loading –0.552 and 0.687).
{"title":"Changes in Organization of Activity of Photosystem II in Oat Leaves under Osmotic Stress","authors":"S. A. Churakova, E. M. Lisitsyn, G. A. Batalova","doi":"10.3103/s106836742306006x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s106836742306006x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The parameters of chlorophyll α rapid fluorescence were assessed in husked oats (<i>A. sativa</i> subsp. <i>sativa</i>) and naked oats (<i>A. sativa</i> subsp. <i>nudisativa</i>). The goal of the study was to identify differences between two subspecies of oats with respect to the control of primary energy storage processes under the influence of osmotic stress for the subsequent selection of parameters and oat-breeding strategies to increase photosynthetic productivity in early drought conditions. Plants were grown on a complete Knop’s nutrient solution; osmotic stress was created by 10% polyethylene glycol (PEG‑400), and osmotic pressure was 0.709 mPa. Fluorescence parameters were determined using a Fluor Pen FP 110/S fluorometer (Photon Systems Instruments, Czech Republic). The data was processed by principal component analysis. In husked genotypes, the four main factors were responsible for 94.2% (control) and 91.4% (stress) variability of the assessed parameters. In naked oats, three principal factors were found (90.5% of variability) in the absence of stress and four factors (97.1% variability) under stress conditions. The flows of trapped energy (TR<sub>0</sub>/RC) and electronic transport (ET<sub>0</sub>/RC) were controlled in naked oat by one and the same factor under stress and by two different factors in the absence of stress, whereas those in husked genotypes were by one factor in the absence of stress and by two different factors under stress. Osmotic stress led to passing the control over adsorbed (ABS/RC) and trapped (TR<sub>0</sub>/RC) energy flows from one factor to two factors in husked oats but did not affect naked oats. The parameter of efficiency of electron transfer to the primary acceptors of photosystem I (δRE) was controlled by two different factors and enhanced their effect (factor loading from 0.564 to 0.74). Under stress, the δRE parameter weakened the effect of both factors in naked genotypes (factor loading –0.625 and ‒0.705) and reduced the effect of one factor and strengthened the second factor in husked genotypes (factor loading –0.552 and 0.687).</p>","PeriodicalId":21531,"journal":{"name":"Russian Agricultural Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139557806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-24DOI: 10.3103/s1068367423060101
D. A. Ivanov, M. V. Rublyuk, N. A. Kharkhardinov
Abstract
The studies were conducted to assess the suitability of abandoned lands of a particular farm for growing barley by pure and cover cropping methods based on the analysis of the long-term monitoring data on its yield at an agro-ecological testing site. The study considered the long-term (1997–2012) monitoring data on the yield of barley variety Gonor in pure and cover (allowing for additional production) cropping at the Gubino agricultural site of the All-Russia Research Institute of Meliorated Lands. The agricultural site is located 4 km east of the city of Tver, on a hill with a prominence of 15 m, consisting of a flat top, a north facing gentle slope of gradient of 2°–3°, a south facing slope (3°–5°), and inter-hill depressions (northern and southern). Formation patterns of barley yield were identified using statistical and mathematical modeling. Based on the obtained formulas and archival data on a state of the abandoned lands, predictive crop yield surfaces were calculated for the entire territory of the farm. Pure barley crop responds only to the location elevation, while the yield of cover cropping depends on the elevation and gradient of the surface as well as phosphorus content of the soil. A quarter of the farm’s area (the upper hills in the west and south) is potentially capable of providing barley yields in pure crops from 1.4 to 3.3 t/ha; an increased yield (1.1–3.4 t/ha) can be produced by cover cropping on only 20% of the territory lying in the transitional zones between the moraine and valley landscapes. Using only archival data is not always justified; different approaches to the design of farming systems should complement each other. It is necessary to conduct special landscape and soil studies for refinement of the predicted yield.
{"title":"On the Issue of Adaptive Landscape Territorial Planning on Abandoned Lands Based on the Results of Barley Yield Prediction","authors":"D. A. Ivanov, M. V. Rublyuk, N. A. Kharkhardinov","doi":"10.3103/s1068367423060101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s1068367423060101","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The studies were conducted to assess the suitability of abandoned lands of a particular farm for growing barley by pure and cover cropping methods based on the analysis of the long-term monitoring data on its yield at an agro-ecological testing site. The study considered the long-term (1997–2012) monitoring data on the yield of barley variety Gonor in pure and cover (allowing for additional production) cropping at the Gubino agricultural site of the All-Russia Research Institute of Meliorated Lands. The agricultural site is located 4 km east of the city of Tver, on a hill with a prominence of 15 m, consisting of a flat top, a north facing gentle slope of gradient of 2°–3°, a south facing slope (3°–5°), and inter-hill depressions (northern and southern). Formation patterns of barley yield were identified using statistical and mathematical modeling. Based on the obtained formulas and archival data on a state of the abandoned lands, predictive crop yield surfaces were calculated for the entire territory of the farm. Pure barley crop responds only to the location elevation, while the yield of cover cropping depends on the elevation and gradient of the surface as well as phosphorus content of the soil. A quarter of the farm’s area (the upper hills in the west and south) is potentially capable of providing barley yields in pure crops from 1.4 to 3.3 t/ha; an increased yield (1.1–3.4 t/ha) can be produced by cover cropping on only 20% of the territory lying in the transitional zones between the moraine and valley landscapes. Using only archival data is not always justified; different approaches to the design of farming systems should complement each other. It is necessary to conduct special landscape and soil studies for refinement of the predicted yield.</p>","PeriodicalId":21531,"journal":{"name":"Russian Agricultural Sciences","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139557598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-24DOI: 10.3103/s1068367423060083
I. Yu. Ezdakova, O. V. Kapustina, A. G. Grigoriev, V. M. Kovaikina
Abstract
Innate immunity plays an important role in prevention against pathogenic microorganisms. At present, the significance of its structures during vaccination is widely discussed. The objective of the survey is to study the dynamics of immunological parameters in the immune response to various vaccine types. Animals were vaccinated against anthrax (n = 5) and rabies (n = 5) to analyze the levels of serum natural antibodies in sheep and possible correlations between their parameters and the innate immunity parameters in postvaccintation immune response after blood sample collection (for reference values). On the first day of the immune response, a slight increase in total amount of immunoglobulins and an elevated level of neutrophils in blood of sheep of experimental groups were observed, while the lymphocyte count decreased. On the seventh day, the concentration of total amount of immunoglobulins, involving specific antibodies responding to antigens contained in vaccines against rabies and anthrax, increased to two times its reference values. However, the natural antibody concentration slightly increased only on the first day of the immune response to the anthrax vaccine. Regardless of the vaccine administered to the animals, a negative correlation between the counts of lymphocytes and neutrophils always remained stable (r = –0.88 ± 0.02). A negative correlation between the values for neutrophils and natural antibodies (r = –0.52; r = –0.76) tended to remain in sheep of the experimental groups and in the control (r = –0.48), which can indicate the asynchronous activation of phagocytes and natural antibody synthesis. A correlation between lymphocytes and natural antibodies in the immune response to the rabies (r = 0.5) and anthrax (r = 0.7) vaccines was determined, while the lack of it (r = 0.16) was observed for the control group, which can indicate the response of natural antibodies to a foreign antigen. Correlations between both lymphocytes and natural antibodies (r = 0.7) and lymphocytes and total amount of immunoglobulins (r = 0.8) were higher in the dynamics of immune responses to the anthrax vaccine than that to the rabies vaccine (r = 0.5). Apparently, the natural serum anti-KLH antibodies, including various Ig isotypes, may reflect the innate humoral immune competence.
{"title":"Relationships between Parameters for Natural Antibodies, General Immunoglobulins, and Immunocompetent Blood Cells in Sheep in Postvaccination Immune Response","authors":"I. Yu. Ezdakova, O. V. Kapustina, A. G. Grigoriev, V. M. Kovaikina","doi":"10.3103/s1068367423060083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s1068367423060083","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Innate immunity plays an important role in prevention against pathogenic microorganisms. At present, the significance of its structures during vaccination is widely discussed. The objective of the survey is to study the dynamics of immunological parameters in the immune response to various vaccine types. Animals were vaccinated against anthrax (<i>n</i> = 5) and rabies (<i>n</i> = 5) to analyze the levels of serum natural antibodies in sheep and possible correlations between their parameters and the innate immunity parameters in postvaccintation immune response after blood sample collection (for reference values). On the first day of the immune response, a slight increase in total amount of immunoglobulins and an elevated level of neutrophils in blood of sheep of experimental groups were observed, while the lymphocyte count decreased. On the seventh day, the concentration of total amount of immunoglobulins, involving specific antibodies responding to antigens contained in vaccines against rabies and anthrax, increased to two times its reference values. However, the natural antibody concentration slightly increased only on the first day of the immune response to the anthrax vaccine. Regardless of the vaccine administered to the animals, a negative correlation between the counts of lymphocytes and neutrophils always remained stable (<i>r</i> = –0.88 ± 0.02). A negative correlation between the values for neutrophils and natural antibodies (<i>r</i> = –0.52; <i>r</i> = –0.76) tended to remain in sheep of the experimental groups and in the control (<i>r</i> = –0.48), which can indicate the asynchronous activation of phagocytes and natural antibody synthesis. A correlation between lymphocytes and natural antibodies in the immune response to the rabies (<i>r</i> = 0.5) and anthrax (<i>r</i> = 0.7) vaccines was determined, while the lack of it (<i>r</i> = 0.16) was observed for the control group, which can indicate the response of natural antibodies to a foreign antigen. Correlations between both lymphocytes and natural antibodies (<i>r</i> = 0.7) and lymphocytes and total amount of immunoglobulins (<i>r</i> = 0.8) were higher in the dynamics of immune responses to the anthrax vaccine than that to the rabies vaccine (<i>r</i> = 0.5). Apparently, the natural serum anti-KLH antibodies, including various Ig isotypes, may reflect the innate humoral immune competence.</p>","PeriodicalId":21531,"journal":{"name":"Russian Agricultural Sciences","volume":"197 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139562204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-26DOI: 10.3103/s1068367423050166
E. N. Vologzhanina, G. A. Batalova
Abstract
The work was carried out with the aim of evaluating the varieties and lines of spring oats for their ability to give stable high-quality grain yields in Kirov oblast and to identify promising highly adaptive genotypes that fully realize their yield potential under changing environmental conditions. The material for the study was 11 varieties and promising lines. The Krechet variety included in the State Register was used as a standard. The experiments were carried out in 2020–2022. The closest to the optimal conditions for the growth and development of oats were seen in 2020 and 2022, when the duration of the period from sprouting to heading of panicles averaged 46 and 52 days, and the average yield was 6.18 and 6.21 t/ha, respectively. The highest yields were shown by the promising lines 91h18 (6.14 t/ha) and 41h18 (5.78 t/ha), which exceeded the Krechet standard by 0.95 and 0.59 t/ha, respectively. The line 91h18 also showed high levels of plasticity (bi = 1.13) and stability ((S_{i}^{2}) = 0.00) for the yield trait. Sufficiently high plasticity and stability for yield (bi = 1.12 and (S_{i}^{2}) = 0.01) and grain quality indices (bi = 1.12 and (S_{i}^{2}) = 0.20 for protein content and bi = 1.11 and (S_{i}^{2}) = 0.00 for fat content) was demonstrated by the intensive type Medved’ variety. High plasticity (bi = 1.42) and stability ((S_{i}^{2}) = 0.00) for the grain protein content trait were observed in the line 162h15. The highest fat content in grain (5.3–5.6%) was demonstrated by the lines 178h13, 4h14, and 41h18. Almost every studied variety and line showed high stability for this trait ((S_{i}^{2}) = 0.00–0.21). A decrease in the grain quality indices was observed with increasing plasticity and stability for yield along with a highly significant negative relationship between protein content in grain and yield (r = –0.83). A highly significant positive relationship between the length of the sprouting–heading of panicle period and HTC (r = 0.97) and yield (r = 0.79) was found.
{"title":"Adaptability Assessment of Spring Chaffy Oats for Yield and Grain Quality under the Environmental Conditions of Kirov Oblast","authors":"E. N. Vologzhanina, G. A. Batalova","doi":"10.3103/s1068367423050166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s1068367423050166","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The work was carried out with the aim of evaluating the varieties and lines of spring oats for their ability to give stable high-quality grain yields in Kirov oblast and to identify promising highly adaptive genotypes that fully realize their yield potential under changing environmental conditions. The material for the study was 11 varieties and promising lines. The Krechet variety included in the State Register was used as a standard. The experiments were carried out in 2020–2022. The closest to the optimal conditions for the growth and development of oats were seen in 2020 and 2022, when the duration of the period from sprouting to heading of panicles averaged 46 and 52 days, and the average yield was 6.18 and 6.21 t/ha, respectively. The highest yields were shown by the promising lines 91h18 (6.14 t/ha) and 41h18 (5.78 t/ha), which exceeded the Krechet standard by 0.95 and 0.59 t/ha, respectively. The line 91h18 also showed high levels of plasticity (<i>b</i><sub><i>i</i></sub> = 1.13) and stability (<span>(S_{i}^{2})</span> = 0.00) for the yield trait. Sufficiently high plasticity and stability for yield (<i>b</i><sub><i>i</i></sub> = 1.12 and <span>(S_{i}^{2})</span> = 0.01) and grain quality indices (<i>b</i><sub><i>i</i></sub> = 1.12 and <span>(S_{i}^{2})</span> = 0.20 for protein content and <i>b</i><sub><i>i</i></sub> = 1.11 and <span>(S_{i}^{2})</span> = 0.00 for fat content) was demonstrated by the intensive type Medved’ variety. High plasticity (<i>b</i><sub><i>i</i></sub> = 1.42) and stability (<span>(S_{i}^{2})</span> = 0.00) for the grain protein content trait were observed in the line 162h15. The highest fat content in grain (5.3–5.6%) was demonstrated by the lines 178h13, 4h14, and 41h18. Almost every studied variety and line showed high stability for this trait (<span>(S_{i}^{2})</span> = 0.00–0.21). A decrease in the grain quality indices was observed with increasing plasticity and stability for yield along with a highly significant negative relationship between protein content in grain and yield (<i>r</i> = –0.83). A highly significant positive relationship between the length of the sprouting–heading of panicle period and HTC (<i>r</i> = 0.97) and yield (<i>r</i> = 0.79) was found.</p>","PeriodicalId":21531,"journal":{"name":"Russian Agricultural Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139054005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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