This study aimed to assess the forest structure, composition, and diversity pattern at different elevations in Morang District, eastern Nepal, using stratified random vegetation sampling technique in five forests: Bhaunne, Raja-Rani, Murchungi, Adheri, and Sagma. Trees, shrubs and herbs of each forest was sampled through quadrat of 20 × 20 m2, 5 × 5 m2, and 1 × 1 m2 each respectively. A total of 315 plant species belonging to 82 families and 255 genera found by this study. A total of 50 quadrats each for trees, shrubs and herbs sampled during this study. A total 10 quadrats studied for each life form from each forest. This study obtained 5,037 individuals across all forests. The highest number of species (55) was recorded from Raja Rani forest, and the highest tree density (985 ind ha-1) was observed in Adheri forest. The highest density of shrub (24400 ind. ha-1) and herbs (44.1 ind.m-2) were recorded in Sagma forest. The Shannon Wiener index value of herb layer was found to be the highest (3.79) at Bhaunne forest. This value for shrub layer was 2.98 and tree layer was 3.12 at Sagma which was the maximum among forests. The concentrations of dominance value were high for herb and shrub layer in Bhaunne forest, and it was maximum for the tree layer in Adheri forest. The forest species composition were significantly different (p ≤ 0.001) among each other. Total basal area of shrub layer and tree layer recorded were maximum (111.52 m2 ha-1 and 612.08 m2 ha-1) in Sagma and Adheri forest, respectively. The number of trees decreased with increasing elevation, while shrubs increased, and herbs showed a U-shaped trend. The dominant tree species were Senegalia catechu, Shorea robusta, Terminalia alata, and Schima wallichii in Bhaunne, Raja-Rani, Murchungi, and Sagma forest, respectively, with Shorea robusta being dominant in Adheri forest. These findings have important implications for forest management and conservation efforts in the region.
{"title":"Forest structure and biodiversity patterns along elevational gradients in eastern Nepal","authors":"Pramila Gachhadar, T. Mandal, C. Baniya","doi":"10.3126/sw.v16i16.57298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/sw.v16i16.57298","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to assess the forest structure, composition, and diversity pattern at different elevations in Morang District, eastern Nepal, using stratified random vegetation sampling technique in five forests: Bhaunne, Raja-Rani, Murchungi, Adheri, and Sagma. Trees, shrubs and herbs of each forest was sampled through quadrat of 20 × 20 m2, 5 × 5 m2, and 1 × 1 m2 each respectively. A total of 315 plant species belonging to 82 families and 255 genera found by this study. A total of 50 quadrats each for trees, shrubs and herbs sampled during this study. A total 10 quadrats studied for each life form from each forest. This study obtained 5,037 individuals across all forests. The highest number of species (55) was recorded from Raja Rani forest, and the highest tree density (985 ind ha-1) was observed in Adheri forest. The highest density of shrub (24400 ind. ha-1) and herbs (44.1 ind.m-2) were recorded in Sagma forest. The Shannon Wiener index value of herb layer was found to be the highest (3.79) at Bhaunne forest. This value for shrub layer was 2.98 and tree layer was 3.12 at Sagma which was the maximum among forests. The concentrations of dominance value were high for herb and shrub layer in Bhaunne forest, and it was maximum for the tree layer in Adheri forest. The forest species composition were significantly different (p ≤ 0.001) among each other. Total basal area of shrub layer and tree layer recorded were maximum (111.52 m2 ha-1 and 612.08 m2 ha-1) in Sagma and Adheri forest, respectively. The number of trees decreased with increasing elevation, while shrubs increased, and herbs showed a U-shaped trend. The dominant tree species were Senegalia catechu, Shorea robusta, Terminalia alata, and Schima wallichii in Bhaunne, Raja-Rani, Murchungi, and Sagma forest, respectively, with Shorea robusta being dominant in Adheri forest. These findings have important implications for forest management and conservation efforts in the region.","PeriodicalId":21637,"journal":{"name":"Scientific World","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84889967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lampblack of soybean oil was investigated as a potential low-cost material to make electrodes of supercapacitors. The lampblack carbon was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The electrochemical performance of the lampblack carbon electrode was tested using a three-electrode system, where a platinum wire was used as a counter electrode, a carbon electrode as a working electrode, and Ag/AgCl electrode as a reference electrode. The experiments, Galvanostatic Charge-Discharge (GCD) and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) were performed in 3M aq. KOH. The specific capacitance of the lampblack carbon electrode from GCD was found to be 49.27 F g-1 at 1 A g-1. The lampblack carbon electrode showed good capacitive behavior at both low and high scan rates. The results indicated that lampblack carbon of soybean oil can be a new efficient alternative material for low-cost high-performance supercapacitors.
研究了大豆油油烟作为制造超级电容器电极的潜在低成本材料。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)对油烟碳进行了表征。采用三电极系统测试油烟碳电极的电化学性能，其中铂丝作为对电极，碳电极作为工作电极，Ag/AgCl电极作为参比电极。在3M aq. KOH溶液中进行了恒流充放电(GCD)和循环伏安(CV)实验。GCD的油烟碳电极在1 A g-1时的比电容为49.27 F -1。油烟碳电极在高、低扫描速率下均表现出良好的电容性能。结果表明，大豆油中的油烟碳可作为低成本高性能超级电容器的新型高效替代材料。
{"title":"Lampblack of soybean oil as a low-cost electrode material in supercapacitor application","authors":"P. Joshi, Umesh Lawaju, Anupam Kc","doi":"10.3126/sw.v16i16.56828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/sw.v16i16.56828","url":null,"abstract":"Lampblack of soybean oil was investigated as a potential low-cost material to make electrodes of supercapacitors. The lampblack carbon was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The electrochemical performance of the lampblack carbon electrode was tested using a three-electrode system, where a platinum wire was used as a counter electrode, a carbon electrode as a working electrode, and Ag/AgCl electrode as a reference electrode. The experiments, Galvanostatic Charge-Discharge (GCD) and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) were performed in 3M aq. KOH. The specific capacitance of the lampblack carbon electrode from GCD was found to be 49.27 F g-1 at 1 A g-1. The lampblack carbon electrode showed good capacitive behavior at both low and high scan rates. The results indicated that lampblack carbon of soybean oil can be a new efficient alternative material for low-cost high-performance supercapacitors.","PeriodicalId":21637,"journal":{"name":"Scientific World","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89124015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wine is an alcoholic beverage made from grapes containing alcohol ranging from 5-15% by volume. Wine consumption in the Nepalese market is gaining steady growth in recent years. In this study, parameters such as specific gravity, total acidity, pH, percentage of alcohol content, amount of total dissolved solid, presence of furfural, methyl alcohol and heavy metal were selected for analysis of red and white wine with time after the opening of the packet wine at the time interval of 15, 20 and 25 days respectively. An increase in acidity and specific gravity (0.9780-0.9992 g/mL) while decrease in alcohol content (9.54%-8.03% by volume), presence of heavy Iron and Copper found below 0.003 and absence of furfural and methyl alcohol were observed with time. Consumption of wine in controlled amounts could prevent heart disease and circulatory problem. However, excess wine consumption can inhibit new brain cell development and depressive disorders.
{"title":"Study on quality parameters of wine at opening and deterioration with time","authors":"A. Pathak, Arma Regmi, Kalpana Gautam, M. Wagle","doi":"10.3126/sw.v16i16.56818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/sw.v16i16.56818","url":null,"abstract":"Wine is an alcoholic beverage made from grapes containing alcohol ranging from 5-15% by volume. Wine consumption in the Nepalese market is gaining steady growth in recent years. In this study, parameters such as specific gravity, total acidity, pH, percentage of alcohol content, amount of total dissolved solid, presence of furfural, methyl alcohol and heavy metal were selected for analysis of red and white wine with time after the opening of the packet wine at the time interval of 15, 20 and 25 days respectively.\u0000An increase in acidity and specific gravity (0.9780-0.9992 g/mL) while decrease in alcohol content (9.54%-8.03% by volume), presence of heavy Iron and Copper found below 0.003 and absence of furfural and methyl alcohol were observed with time. Consumption of wine in controlled amounts could prevent heart disease and circulatory problem. However, excess wine consumption can inhibit new brain cell development and depressive disorders.","PeriodicalId":21637,"journal":{"name":"Scientific World","volume":"110 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73416841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The coupled Klein-Gordan (KG) field in FLRW space-time has been further studied to explore its effect on entropy. The modifications in pressure and density and hence entropy due to coupling have been calculated. There is an indication seen that the introduction of the coupling contributes to the generation of entropy in the KG field which may probably explain the large entropy of the universe.
{"title":"Entropy of coupled Klein-Gorden Field in FLRW space","authors":"P. Dhungel, Sanat Kumar Sharma, U. Khanal","doi":"10.3126/sw.v16i16.56740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/sw.v16i16.56740","url":null,"abstract":"The coupled Klein-Gordan (KG) field in FLRW space-time has been further studied to explore its effect on entropy. The modifications in pressure and density and hence entropy due to coupling have been calculated. There is an indication seen that the introduction of the coupling contributes to the generation of entropy in the KG field which may probably explain the large entropy of the universe.","PeriodicalId":21637,"journal":{"name":"Scientific World","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80904992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Rajbhandari, Janak Khatri, Gitanjali Gautam, Kusum Maiya Dhoubhadel
Hypericum cordifolium is a medicinal plant used in the treatment of various ailments in Nepalese traditional medicine. The medicinal values and bioactive constituents of Hypericum perforatum have been well investigated and is used as an alternative medicine in the treatment of depression, cancer, inflammation, bacterial and viral infections. However, scientific reports on Nepalese H. cordifolium are very limited. Here we report about the chemical screening of extracts, quality analysis of H. cordifolium extract by thin layer chromatography, TLC using H. perforatum extract and hyperoside as the standards, estimation of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins and sugars as well as antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of flower extracts. The ethyl acetate extract was fractionated and some phytochemicals were isolated. In our findings, TLC analysis of H. cordifolium extract showed the presence of chlorogenic acid, hyperoside and quercetin. Hypericine and rutin were not detected which indicated that the chemotaxonomy of H. cordifolium is different from H. perforatum. In phytochemical analysis, ethyl acetate extract showed the greater amounts of flavonoids, methanol extract showed the greater amounts of tannins and sugars and 50% aqueous methanol extract showed the greater amounts of phenolics. In DPPH free radical scavenging assay, ethyl acetate (18.79±0.98 μg/ml) and 50% aq. methanol (18.98±0.81 μg/ml) extracts showed the lower IC50 values than the methanol extract (27.00±1.03 μg/ml) due to the presence of high amounts of flavonoids and phenolics in these extracts. In antibacterial assay, all extracts showed moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus except 50% aqueous methanol extract. In cytotoxicity assay on human bladder carcinoma cell line 5637, ethanol extract showed IC50 value of 41.35±5.01 μg/ ml. Quercetin was isolated from ethyl acetate extract and characterized by UV and FTIR spectroscopy. The present findings indicated that the flowers of H. cordifolium could be the rich source bioactive compounds with antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities.
{"title":"Phytochemical and Biological Evaluation and Isolation of Quercetin from Hypericum cordifolium Flower","authors":"M. Rajbhandari, Janak Khatri, Gitanjali Gautam, Kusum Maiya Dhoubhadel","doi":"10.3126/sw.v16i16.56765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/sw.v16i16.56765","url":null,"abstract":"Hypericum cordifolium is a medicinal plant used in the treatment of various ailments in Nepalese traditional medicine. The medicinal values and bioactive constituents of Hypericum perforatum have been well investigated and is used as an alternative medicine in the treatment of depression, cancer, inflammation, bacterial and viral infections. However, scientific reports on Nepalese H. cordifolium are very limited. Here we report about the chemical screening of extracts, quality analysis of H. cordifolium extract by thin layer chromatography, TLC using H. perforatum extract and hyperoside as the standards, estimation of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins and sugars as well as antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of flower extracts. The ethyl acetate extract was fractionated and some phytochemicals were isolated. In our findings, TLC analysis of H. cordifolium extract showed the presence of chlorogenic acid, hyperoside and quercetin. Hypericine and rutin were not detected which indicated that the chemotaxonomy of H. cordifolium is different from H. perforatum. In phytochemical analysis, ethyl acetate extract showed the greater amounts of flavonoids, methanol extract showed the greater amounts of tannins and sugars and 50% aqueous methanol extract showed the greater amounts of phenolics. In DPPH free radical scavenging assay, ethyl acetate (18.79±0.98 μg/ml) and 50% aq. methanol (18.98±0.81 μg/ml) extracts showed the lower IC50 values than the methanol extract (27.00±1.03 μg/ml) due to the presence of high amounts of flavonoids and phenolics in these extracts. In antibacterial assay, all extracts showed moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus except 50% aqueous methanol extract. In cytotoxicity assay on human bladder carcinoma cell line 5637, ethanol extract showed IC50 value of 41.35±5.01 μg/ ml. Quercetin was isolated from ethyl acetate extract and characterized by UV and FTIR spectroscopy. The present findings indicated that the flowers of H. cordifolium could be the rich source bioactive compounds with antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities.","PeriodicalId":21637,"journal":{"name":"Scientific World","volume":"145 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80456198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drinking water quality assessment in Kathmandu valley has always been crucial with reference to public health importance. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of drinking water with respect to physiochemical and microbiological parameters. A total of 63 random water samples were collected from different sources like stone spout, tap, well, boring, hand pumps and jar from different wards of Kageshwori Manohara Municipality, Kathmandu. The study was carried out for 6 months from January to July, 2019. The pH of the samples was in the range of 6.5-7.2, temperature 5-19 °C, chloride 0-96.56 mg/L, nitrate 0-5.4 mg/L and iron 0-1.1 mg/L. The physicochemical parameters including pH, temperature, chloride, nitrate of the samples were found to lie within the WHO guideline value except iron where 4 (6.34%) samples including 2 tap, 1 boring and 1 well exceeded WHO guideline. The bacteriological analysis of water samples revealed the presence of total coliform in 35 (55.56%) out of 63 samples, among which 8 (12.69%) were found to have faecal coliform. Furthermore, Salmonella spp. was isolated from 1 out of 63 samples. However, all the samples were free of Shigella spp. and Vibrio spp. It was found that most of the water samples were non potable as total and faecal coliform exceeded the WHO guideline value of drinking water.
{"title":"Microbiological assessment for potable water","authors":"Shradha Basi-Chipalu, K. Paudel","doi":"10.3126/sw.v15i15.45647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/sw.v15i15.45647","url":null,"abstract":"Drinking water quality assessment in Kathmandu valley has always been crucial with reference to public health importance. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of drinking water with respect to physiochemical and microbiological parameters. A total of 63 random water samples were collected from different sources like stone spout, tap, well, boring, hand pumps and jar from different wards of Kageshwori Manohara Municipality, Kathmandu. The study was carried out for 6 months from January to July, 2019. The pH of the samples was in the range of 6.5-7.2, temperature 5-19 °C, chloride 0-96.56 mg/L, nitrate 0-5.4 mg/L and iron 0-1.1 mg/L. The physicochemical parameters including pH, temperature, chloride, nitrate of the samples were found to lie within the WHO guideline value except iron where 4 (6.34%) samples including 2 tap, 1 boring and 1 well exceeded WHO guideline. The bacteriological analysis of water samples revealed the presence of total coliform in 35 (55.56%) out of 63 samples, among which 8 (12.69%) were found to have faecal coliform. Furthermore, Salmonella spp. was isolated from 1 out of 63 samples. However, all the samples were free of Shigella spp. and Vibrio spp. It was found that most of the water samples were non potable as total and faecal coliform exceeded the WHO guideline value of drinking water.","PeriodicalId":21637,"journal":{"name":"Scientific World","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74213713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. R. Lamichhane, M. Ghimire, S. Bhatt, R. K. Joshi
This paper aims to integrate novel coronavirus daily cases in SAARC countries; India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Maldives and Bhutan to forecast the epidemic trend of COVID-19 by using logistic model. The recent trend of coronavirus cases were analyzed from the COVID-19 epidemiological data for SAARC countries from 23 January 2020 to 31 May 2021. The final size, growth rate parameter and point of inflection of COVID-19 for each countries were calculated by fitting the logistic curve with the cumulative cases. The graphical patterns of COVID-19 daily cases reflect that its second wave impact is more devastating than the first wave in SAARC countries. The increasing trend of COVID-19 cases in these countries was well described by logistic model with coefficient of determination greater than 0.96. The predictive final size of the second wave infections is maximum for India which is 19.8 million with growth rate parameter of 0.08 and inflection time of 68 days whereas the predictive final size is minimum for Afghanistan which is 0.041 million with growth rate parameter of 0.06 and inflection time of 71 days. The logistic model is helpful in predicting the trajectory of the infected cases in a country if the current scenario of this type of infectious disease remains same. Also, it helps the government to frame policy decisions and necessary actions that controls the transmission of COVID-19 in the South Asian region.
{"title":"The epidemic trend of COVID-19 in SAARC countries: a predictive modelling and analysis","authors":"T. R. Lamichhane, M. Ghimire, S. Bhatt, R. K. Joshi","doi":"10.3126/sw.v15i15.45669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/sw.v15i15.45669","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to integrate novel coronavirus daily cases in SAARC countries; India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Maldives and Bhutan to forecast the epidemic trend of COVID-19 by using logistic model. The recent trend of coronavirus cases were analyzed from the COVID-19 epidemiological data for SAARC countries from 23 January 2020 to 31 May 2021. The final size, growth rate parameter and point of inflection of COVID-19 for each countries were calculated by fitting the logistic curve with the cumulative cases. The graphical patterns of COVID-19 daily cases reflect that its second wave impact is more devastating than the first wave in SAARC countries. The increasing trend of COVID-19 cases in these countries was well described by logistic model with coefficient of determination greater than 0.96. The predictive final size of the second wave infections is maximum for India which is 19.8 million with growth rate parameter of 0.08 and inflection time of 68 days whereas the predictive final size is minimum for Afghanistan which is 0.041 million with growth rate parameter of 0.06 and inflection time of 71 days. The logistic model is helpful in predicting the trajectory of the infected cases in a country if the current scenario of this type of infectious disease remains same. Also, it helps the government to frame policy decisions and necessary actions that controls the transmission of COVID-19 in the South Asian region.","PeriodicalId":21637,"journal":{"name":"Scientific World","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78767499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we have reported the synthesis of CuO nanoparticles (CuO NPs) by cost effectively and environmental friendly method using the rhizome extract of Rubus ellipticusfor photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. The biomolecules present in the extract acts as reducing agent and stabilizer for the synthesis of CuO NPs. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by using the different analytical instrument like UV-Visible spectrophotometer, XRD and FT-IR. The absorbance at 595 nm indicates the formation of CuO NPs which on annealing at 400°C for four hours oxidizes and forms CuO NPs which shows maximum absorbance at 265 nm. XRD analysis confirms the formation of crystalline structured nanoparticles without any impurity. So formed nanoparticles were found to be of size 4.8nm and 5.7 nm which was calculated by using Debye-Scherrer equation. The FTIR confirms the presence of various bioactive components, which acts as reducers and stabilizer. In addition, the photocatalytic degradation activity of the CuO NPs was studied for the degradation of the methylene blue in presence of sunlight. The catalytic activity was monitored using the UV-Visible spectrophotometer. It was found that the dye gradually degrade sunlight irradiation. This study highlights the application of CuO NPs for photocatalytic degradation of dye which can be extended for the waste water treatment.
{"title":"Biogenic synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using aqueous rhizome extract of Rubus ellipticus for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue","authors":"Sabita Shrestha, Gagan Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/sw.v15i15.45646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/sw.v15i15.45646","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we have reported the synthesis of CuO nanoparticles (CuO NPs) by cost effectively and environmental friendly method using the rhizome extract of Rubus ellipticusfor photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. The biomolecules present in the extract acts as reducing agent and stabilizer for the synthesis of CuO NPs. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by using the different analytical instrument like UV-Visible spectrophotometer, XRD and FT-IR. The absorbance at 595 nm indicates the formation of CuO NPs which on annealing at 400°C for four hours oxidizes and forms CuO NPs which shows maximum absorbance at 265 nm. XRD analysis confirms the formation of crystalline structured nanoparticles without any impurity. So formed nanoparticles were found to be of size 4.8nm and 5.7 nm which was calculated by using Debye-Scherrer equation. The FTIR confirms the presence of various bioactive components, which acts as reducers and stabilizer. In addition, the photocatalytic degradation activity of the CuO NPs was studied for the degradation of the methylene blue in presence of sunlight. The catalytic activity was monitored using the UV-Visible spectrophotometer. It was found that the dye gradually degrade sunlight irradiation. This study highlights the application of CuO NPs for photocatalytic degradation of dye which can be extended for the waste water treatment.","PeriodicalId":21637,"journal":{"name":"Scientific World","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83641277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Paudyal, Bimala Pangeni, K. N. Ghimire, K. Inoue
Hydrated tri metal oxide (HTMO) precipitate is investigated using a mixed solution containing cerium, aluminum, and titanium by precipitation for fluoride ion removal from water. PZC for the investigated HTMO precipitate is determined to be 6.5 from pH drift method. Fluoride adsorption by HTMO precipitate is pH dependent, with adsorption rates of more than 98 percent occurring at pH 2.3 to 6.7. The highest solid phase distribution of fluoride is observed at pH around 6. Fluoride adsorption onto HTMO precipitate increased with temperature, implying that the adsorption reaction is endothermic, as evidenced by the positive value of ∆H⁰ calculated from the thermodynamic calculations. The spontaneous process is indicated by a negative ∆G⁰ value for all temperatures. The fluoride adsorption rate onto this adsorbent is rapid, and equilibrium is reached in less than four hours. An alkali (NaOH) solution effectively desorbed fluoride from a fluoride-loaded HTMO precipitate. As a result, the HTMO precipitate studied in this work is expected to be a viable as fluoride-removing material from water.
{"title":"Thermodynamic studies of hydrated metal oxide precipitate for the removal of fluoride from water","authors":"H. Paudyal, Bimala Pangeni, K. N. Ghimire, K. Inoue","doi":"10.3126/sw.v15i15.45663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/sw.v15i15.45663","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrated tri metal oxide (HTMO) precipitate is investigated using a mixed solution containing cerium, aluminum, and titanium by precipitation for fluoride ion removal from water. PZC for the investigated HTMO precipitate is determined to be 6.5 from pH drift method. Fluoride adsorption by HTMO precipitate is pH dependent, with adsorption rates of more than 98 percent occurring at pH 2.3 to 6.7. The highest solid phase distribution of fluoride is observed at pH around 6. Fluoride adsorption onto HTMO precipitate increased with temperature, implying that the adsorption reaction is endothermic, as evidenced by the positive value of ∆H⁰ calculated from the thermodynamic calculations. The spontaneous process is indicated by a negative ∆G⁰ value for all temperatures. The fluoride adsorption rate onto this adsorbent is rapid, and equilibrium is reached in less than four hours. An alkali (NaOH) solution effectively desorbed fluoride from a fluoride-loaded HTMO precipitate. As a result, the HTMO precipitate studied in this work is expected to be a viable as fluoride-removing material from water.","PeriodicalId":21637,"journal":{"name":"Scientific World","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90254863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Adhikari, K. S. Nyaichyai, B. Chand, Hanson Khadka, Saroj Sharma, T. Khanal
One of the important goals of the use of X-rays is to diagnose a disease and its extent and minimizing the adverse effect. In diagnostic X-ray, there is an important issue concerning the quality of the image and the exposure of radiation to the patient. Regular practice of quality control in diagnostic X-ray is essential to provide good quality images, decrease hazard to patients, and enhance the appropriate diagnosis. Quality control tests were carried out at six fixed X-ray units at National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir Hospital and National Trauma Center. Parameters like kVp accuracy, timer accuracy, Reproducibility of kV, time and dose, variable mA and radiation output Linearity with the acceptance limits were checked. Radiation leakage, spatial resolution, contrast resolution and field alignment tests were also carried out. Quality control tests of kVp dose, dose rate, HVL, mAs, beam alignment and leakage radiation shows mixed results. The measured values were within limit in four X-ray units. Until now we do not have any regulations in Nepal on acceptance testing of x-ray units after installation. The need for quality assurance of X-ray needs to be taken to avert detrimental effects to patients and staff. Institutes must introduce a mandatory system for acceptance tests of X-ray when installed and alongside regular quality control programs.
{"title":"Quality control test of fixed x-ray units at Bir hospital and National trauma center","authors":"K. Adhikari, K. S. Nyaichyai, B. Chand, Hanson Khadka, Saroj Sharma, T. Khanal","doi":"10.3126/sw.v15i15.45648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/sw.v15i15.45648","url":null,"abstract":"One of the important goals of the use of X-rays is to diagnose a disease and its extent and minimizing the adverse effect. In diagnostic X-ray, there is an important issue concerning the quality of the image and the exposure of radiation to the patient. Regular practice of quality control in diagnostic X-ray is essential to provide good quality images, decrease hazard to patients, and enhance the appropriate diagnosis. Quality control tests were carried out at six fixed X-ray units at National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir Hospital and National Trauma Center. Parameters like kVp accuracy, timer accuracy, Reproducibility of kV, time and dose, variable mA and radiation output Linearity with the acceptance limits were checked. Radiation leakage, spatial resolution, contrast resolution and field alignment tests were also carried out. Quality control tests of kVp dose, dose rate, HVL, mAs, beam alignment and leakage radiation shows mixed results. The measured values were within limit in four X-ray units. Until now we do not have any regulations in Nepal on acceptance testing of x-ray units after installation. The need for quality assurance of X-ray needs to be taken to avert detrimental effects to patients and staff. Institutes must introduce a mandatory system for acceptance tests of X-ray when installed and alongside regular quality control programs.","PeriodicalId":21637,"journal":{"name":"Scientific World","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78702573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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