The plant kingdom is a wide field to search for natural effective antioxidant and oral hypoglycaemic agents that have slight or no side effects. The present study was carried out to analyze the phytochemical, antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities of six ethno-medical plants of Nepal viz Berberis aristata, Murraya koenigii, Xanthium strumarium, Cuscuta reflexa, Myrica esculenta and Syzygium cumini. Phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of all selected plants showed the presence of different chemical constituents such as alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, glycosides and tanins. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity. Ascorbic acid was used as standard during DPPH assay. S. cumini and M. esculenta were seen most active with IC50 values 33.35 µg/mL, 35.19 µg/mL, respectively. The anti-diabetic activity was evaluated by using α-amylase inhibition method. Acarbose was used as positive control during the assay. X. strumarium, S. cumini, M. esculenta, B. aristata were found to be potent towards α-amylase inhibition with IC50 values 197.21 µg/mL, 206.22 µg/mL, 246.07 µg/mL, 270.04 µg/mL.
{"title":"Analysis of phyto-constituents, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of some medicinal plants of Nepal","authors":"Bimala Subba, Sanjay Gaire","doi":"10.3126/sw.v15i15.45645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/sw.v15i15.45645","url":null,"abstract":"The plant kingdom is a wide field to search for natural effective antioxidant and oral hypoglycaemic agents that have slight or no side effects. The present study was carried out to analyze the phytochemical, antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities of six ethno-medical plants of Nepal viz Berberis aristata, Murraya koenigii, Xanthium strumarium, Cuscuta reflexa, Myrica esculenta and Syzygium cumini. Phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of all selected plants showed the presence of different chemical constituents such as alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, glycosides and tanins. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity. Ascorbic acid was used as standard during DPPH assay. S. cumini and M. esculenta were seen most active with IC50 values 33.35 µg/mL, 35.19 µg/mL, respectively. The anti-diabetic activity was evaluated by using α-amylase inhibition method. Acarbose was used as positive control during the assay. X. strumarium, S. cumini, M. esculenta, B. aristata were found to be potent towards α-amylase inhibition with IC50 values 197.21 µg/mL, 206.22 µg/mL, 246.07 µg/mL, 270.04 µg/mL.","PeriodicalId":21637,"journal":{"name":"Scientific World","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78710429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Pant, Ganga Paudel, Bindu Dahal, K. Bishwakarma, Sanjeeb Sharma, S. Shrestha, M. L. Sharma, Mahesh Prasad Awasthi
Taudaha Lake is an important lake in central Nepal because of its cultural, aesthetic, ecological and economic values. The assessments of water quality and hydrochemical characteristics were carried out by collecting samples from 20 different sites of the lake in August 2021. Analysis of temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, total hardness, major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Fe3+ and NH4+) and major anions (HCO3-, Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and PO43-) were carried out to assess the overall hydrochemistry of the lake. The obtained data were interpreted by using multivariate statistical techniques to explore pollution sources and characteristics of sampling points and compared with WHO and irrigation guidelines. Slightly alkaline water with less distinct spatial variation was found. The pattern of major ions is in order of Ca2+> Mg2+> Na+> K+> Fe3+> NH4+ and HCO3-> Cl-> SO42-> NO3-> PO43-. All parameters lie within the limit of WHO guidelines. Principal component analysis (PCA) provides four major components with 73.06% cumulative variance and hierarchical cluster analysis classifies five clusters. Results of PCA, CA, Piper, Gibbs, and mixing plots suggested that the hydrochemistry of the lake is primarily controlled by underlying carbonate-dominate lithology. Similarly, Wilcox diagram suggests that lake water is not severely affected by anthropic pollution and is suitable for irrigational purposes. It is recommended for further study on seasonal, and depth-wise water quality variations along with socio-ecological and ecotourism perspectives in the future.
{"title":"Assessment of hydrochemical characteristics of the Taudaha lake, Kathmandu, Nepal","authors":"R. Pant, Ganga Paudel, Bindu Dahal, K. Bishwakarma, Sanjeeb Sharma, S. Shrestha, M. L. Sharma, Mahesh Prasad Awasthi","doi":"10.3126/sw.v15i15.45651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/sw.v15i15.45651","url":null,"abstract":"Taudaha Lake is an important lake in central Nepal because of its cultural, aesthetic, ecological and economic values. The assessments of water quality and hydrochemical characteristics were carried out by collecting samples from 20 different sites of the lake in August 2021. Analysis of temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, total hardness, major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Fe3+ and NH4+) and major anions (HCO3-, Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and PO43-) were carried out to assess the overall hydrochemistry of the lake. The obtained data were interpreted by using multivariate statistical techniques to explore pollution sources and characteristics of sampling points and compared with WHO and irrigation guidelines. Slightly alkaline water with less distinct spatial variation was found. The pattern of major ions is in order of Ca2+> Mg2+> Na+> K+> Fe3+> NH4+ and HCO3-> Cl-> SO42-> NO3-> PO43-. All parameters lie within the limit of WHO guidelines. Principal component analysis (PCA) provides four major components with 73.06% cumulative variance and hierarchical cluster analysis classifies five clusters. Results of PCA, CA, Piper, Gibbs, and mixing plots suggested that the hydrochemistry of the lake is primarily controlled by underlying carbonate-dominate lithology. Similarly, Wilcox diagram suggests that lake water is not severely affected by anthropic pollution and is suitable for irrigational purposes. It is recommended for further study on seasonal, and depth-wise water quality variations along with socio-ecological and ecotourism perspectives in the future.","PeriodicalId":21637,"journal":{"name":"Scientific World","volume":"4 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81968827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the search for substructures within the Supercluster S [227+006+0078]. To use the spectroscopic database (7th data release) of galaxies, studied the number density, all-sky distribution, and redshift maps to identify substructures based on their richness and compactness. And also to find out the substructures within the Supercluster, using the contour plot of number densities of galaxies within the appropriate radius values and number of nearby galaxies.
{"title":"Study of substructure analysis of supercluster S [227+006+0078] radial velocity range of 21300 km/s to 23400 km/s","authors":"J. Malla, W. Saurer, B. Aryal","doi":"10.3126/sw.v15i15.45667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/sw.v15i15.45667","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the search for substructures within the Supercluster S [227+006+0078]. To use the spectroscopic database (7th data release) of galaxies, studied the number density, all-sky distribution, and redshift maps to identify substructures based on their richness and compactness. And also to find out the substructures within the Supercluster, using the contour plot of number densities of galaxies within the appropriate radius values and number of nearby galaxies.","PeriodicalId":21637,"journal":{"name":"Scientific World","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88927215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Prasai Joshi, Saraswati Gaihre, Sujata Dhungel, S. Acharya, Samikshya Kandel, Naina Byanjankar
This research was investigated to evaluate the quality assurance of water from different sources. All together 250 water samples (135 well water, 48 boring water, 50 treated water, and 17 tap water) were received from different parts of Nepal from December 2019 to April 2020. The physicochemical parameters of water samples were performed according to the standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. The membrane filtration technique was applied for the determination of Total Coliform bacteria. The measurements of water quality parameters were compared with the upper and lower limits of the National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS), 2005. Out of 135 well water samples, pH (1.48%), conductivity (2.22%), turbidity (42.96%), total hardness (4.44%), iron (54.07%), ammonia (48.88%), and nitrate (2.22%) elevated values compared to National Drinking Water Quality Standards, 2005. Likewise, 2.08%, 6.25%, 64.58%, 4.1%, 47.91%, and 58.33% of boring water samples showed higher values than the National Drinking Water Quality Standards for pH, conductivity, turbidity, total hardness, iron, ammonia, respectively. Conductivity, total hardness, chloride, and iron were found below the standards for both treated and tap water samples. Arsenic concentration was found within the standard for all water samples while 0.74% of well water samples showed a higher concentration of chloride compared to the standard. Results revealed that the minimum and maximum concentrations of some parameters were found to vary among the water sources. Among the total water samples, 94.8% well water, 76.4% tap water, 56.0% treated water, and 14.6% boring water samples showed the presence of coliform bacteria. This concludes that most of the water sources were polluted with fecal contamination and without proper purification may lead to the risk of waterborne diseases. Therefore, systematic and regular monitoring of water sources should be implemented to maintain water quality.
{"title":"Quality appraisal of drinking water from different sources in Nepal","authors":"T. Prasai Joshi, Saraswati Gaihre, Sujata Dhungel, S. Acharya, Samikshya Kandel, Naina Byanjankar","doi":"10.3126/sw.v15i15.45656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/sw.v15i15.45656","url":null,"abstract":"This research was investigated to evaluate the quality assurance of water from different sources. All together 250 water samples (135 well water, 48 boring water, 50 treated water, and 17 tap water) were received from different parts of Nepal from December 2019 to April 2020. The physicochemical parameters of water samples were performed according to the standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. The membrane filtration technique was applied for the determination of Total Coliform bacteria. The measurements of water quality parameters were compared with the upper and lower limits of the National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS), 2005. Out of 135 well water samples, pH (1.48%), conductivity (2.22%), turbidity (42.96%), total hardness (4.44%), iron (54.07%), ammonia (48.88%), and nitrate (2.22%) elevated values compared to National Drinking Water Quality Standards, 2005. Likewise, 2.08%, 6.25%, 64.58%, 4.1%, 47.91%, and 58.33% of boring water samples showed higher values than the National Drinking Water Quality Standards for pH, conductivity, turbidity, total hardness, iron, ammonia, respectively. Conductivity, total hardness, chloride, and iron were found below the standards for both treated and tap water samples. Arsenic concentration was found within the standard for all water samples while 0.74% of well water samples showed a higher concentration of chloride compared to the standard. Results revealed that the minimum and maximum concentrations of some parameters were found to vary among the water sources. Among the total water samples, 94.8% well water, 76.4% tap water, 56.0% treated water, and 14.6% boring water samples showed the presence of coliform bacteria. This concludes that most of the water sources were polluted with fecal contamination and without proper purification may lead to the risk of waterborne diseases. Therefore, systematic and regular monitoring of water sources should be implemented to maintain water quality.","PeriodicalId":21637,"journal":{"name":"Scientific World","volume":"114 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78411897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work both linear and nonlinear advection-diffusion equations are considered and discussed their analytical solutions with different initial and boundary conditions. The work of Ogata and Banks, Harleman and Rumer, Cleary and Adrian, Atul Kumar et al., Mojtabi and Deville are reviewed for linear advection-diffusion equations and for nonlinear, we have chosen the work of Sakai and Kimura. Some enthusiastic functions used in the articles, drawbacks and applications of the results are discussed. Reduction of the advection-diffusion equations into diffusion equations make the governing equation solvable by using integral transform method for analytical solution. For nonlinear advection-diffusion equations, the Cole-Hopf transformation is used to reduce into the diffusion equation. Different dispersion phenomena in atmosphere, surface and subsurface area are outlined.
{"title":"A brief review on the solutions of advection-diffusion equation","authors":"Pushpa Gautam, B. P. Sapkota, K. N. Uprety","doi":"10.3126/sw.v15i15.45668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/sw.v15i15.45668","url":null,"abstract":"In this work both linear and nonlinear advection-diffusion equations are considered and discussed their analytical solutions with different initial and boundary conditions. The work of Ogata and Banks, Harleman and Rumer, Cleary and Adrian, Atul Kumar et al., Mojtabi and Deville are reviewed for linear advection-diffusion equations and for nonlinear, we have chosen the work of Sakai and Kimura. Some enthusiastic functions used in the articles, drawbacks and applications of the results are discussed. Reduction of the advection-diffusion equations into diffusion equations make the governing equation solvable by using integral transform method for analytical solution. For nonlinear advection-diffusion equations, the Cole-Hopf transformation is used to reduce into the diffusion equation. Different dispersion phenomena in atmosphere, surface and subsurface area are outlined.","PeriodicalId":21637,"journal":{"name":"Scientific World","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90431429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Behaviour of the Dirac field in FLRW space is further investigated extending the previous work. WKB approximation up to the third order was used to solve the temporal part of the Dirac’s equation and hence the energy and particle current have been calculated to further details.
{"title":"Further studying the Dirac field in FLRW space","authors":"P. Dhungel, S. Sharma, U. Khanal","doi":"10.3126/sw.v15i15.45632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/sw.v15i15.45632","url":null,"abstract":"Behaviour of the Dirac field in FLRW space is further investigated extending the previous work. WKB approximation up to the third order was used to solve the temporal part of the Dirac’s equation and hence the energy and particle current have been calculated to further details.","PeriodicalId":21637,"journal":{"name":"Scientific World","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79838054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The urban air pollution is a major environmental concern, particularly in the developing countries and in their major cities. In the present study an attempt has been made to assess the air pollution effect on micromorphological and biochemical parameters of Callistemon citrinus and Lagerstroemia indica. Biochemical parameters were analyzed by using standard protocol. one-way analysis of variance was performed with SPSS software, v. 20.0, and Duncan test (p ≤ 0.05) was used to compare averages of all measured biochemical parameters and micromorpholgical features. There was a decrease in number of stomata of both species at highly polluted site compared to less polluted site (control). Stomatal index of both species was found to be reduced in polluted site when compared to control. The number of clogged stomata was less in control area samples when compared to polluted sample. A number of epidermal cells were significantly decreased at heavily polluted site. Total chlorophyll content and leaf extract pH in both the plants were found to be significantly higher in control sites than in heavily polluted sites. Ascorbic acid, relative water content, and Air Pollution Tolerance Index (ATPI) was found to be significantly higher at more polluted plants than at control. Based on the present study results , Callistemon citrinus emerged as the most tolerant species with the highest APTI. Hence, Callistemon citrinus can be suggested for plantations along the roadside of urban areas for green belt development.
{"title":"Assessment of Air Pollution Impact on Micro-Morphological and Biochemical Properties Of Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels And Lagerstroemia indica L.","authors":"S. Shrestha, A. Devkota, P. K. Jha","doi":"10.3126/SW.V14I14.35024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/SW.V14I14.35024","url":null,"abstract":"The urban air pollution is a major environmental concern, particularly in the developing countries and in their major cities. In the present study an attempt has been made to assess the air pollution effect on micromorphological and biochemical parameters of Callistemon citrinus and Lagerstroemia indica. Biochemical parameters were analyzed by using standard protocol. one-way analysis of variance was performed with SPSS software, v. 20.0, and Duncan test (p ≤ 0.05) was used to compare averages of all measured biochemical parameters and micromorpholgical features. There was a decrease in number of stomata of both species at highly polluted site compared to less polluted site (control). Stomatal index of both species was found to be reduced in polluted site when compared to control. The number of clogged stomata was less in control area samples when compared to polluted sample. A number of epidermal cells were significantly decreased at heavily polluted site. Total chlorophyll content and leaf extract pH in both the plants were found to be significantly higher in control sites than in heavily polluted sites. Ascorbic acid, relative water content, and Air Pollution Tolerance Index (ATPI) was found to be significantly higher at more polluted plants than at control. Based on the present study results , Callistemon citrinus emerged as the most tolerant species with the highest APTI. Hence, Callistemon citrinus can be suggested for plantations along the roadside of urban areas for green belt development.","PeriodicalId":21637,"journal":{"name":"Scientific World","volume":"5 1","pages":"132-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75559270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sudarshana Shakya, Bindra Devi Shakya, A. Tamrakar, B. Adhikari, Sabita Nepal, P. Shakya
Removal of heavy metals is very important in wastewater treatment process, due to their toxic effects on the environment. Biological treatment has attracted researchers for years since it has many advantages over physical and chemical methods for removing heavy metals from wastewater. The purpose of this research was to assess the biosorption of Cd2+ by wildtype (WT) and CdR-99 resistant line of Chlorella vulgaris confirming mechanisms of resistance to Cd2+ toxicity and the effect of the variable concentrations of Cd2+ on their growth. Exposure of both algal cell lines to increasing Cd2+ concentrations resulted in progressive inhibition of growth as revealed by growth experiments. The higher ID50 value (38 M Cd2+) of CdR-99 resistant line exhibited some degree of resistance to Cd2+ toxicity. Metal content was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). When exposed to the growth medium containing 50 M Cd2+, CdR-99 resistant isolate proved to be efficient cell line compared to the WT, in terms of adsorption and removal of Cd2+ at 15 min and 48 hr interval of time respectively. Extracellular Cd2+ adsorption was found significantly higher than intracellular uptake in both the tested cell lines. Total Cd2+ accumulation and distribution between the external and internal cell fractions of the CdR-99 were significantly higher to the WT. Thus, the CdR-99 cell line appeared more resistant to Cd2+ toxicity and hence may be used for wastewater treatment and remediation of metal contaminated sites.
{"title":"Biosorptio Of Cd2+ By Wildtype And Cadmium Resistant, CdR-99 Cell Line Of Chlorella Vulgaris","authors":"Sudarshana Shakya, Bindra Devi Shakya, A. Tamrakar, B. Adhikari, Sabita Nepal, P. Shakya","doi":"10.3126/SW.V14I14.35022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/SW.V14I14.35022","url":null,"abstract":"Removal of heavy metals is very important in wastewater treatment process, due to their toxic effects on the environment. Biological treatment has attracted researchers for years since it has many advantages over physical and chemical methods for removing heavy metals from wastewater. The purpose of this research was to assess the biosorption of Cd2+ by wildtype (WT) and CdR-99 resistant line of Chlorella vulgaris confirming mechanisms of resistance to Cd2+ toxicity and the effect of the variable concentrations of Cd2+ on their growth. Exposure of both algal cell lines to increasing Cd2+ concentrations resulted in progressive inhibition of growth as revealed by growth experiments. The higher ID50 value (38 M Cd2+) of CdR-99 resistant line exhibited some degree of resistance to Cd2+ toxicity. Metal content was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). When exposed to the growth medium containing 50 M Cd2+, CdR-99 resistant isolate proved to be efficient cell line compared to the WT, in terms of adsorption and removal of Cd2+ at 15 min and 48 hr interval of time respectively. Extracellular Cd2+ adsorption was found significantly higher than intracellular uptake in both the tested cell lines. Total Cd2+ accumulation and distribution between the external and internal cell fractions of the CdR-99 were significantly higher to the WT. Thus, the CdR-99 cell line appeared more resistant to Cd2+ toxicity and hence may be used for wastewater treatment and remediation of metal contaminated sites.","PeriodicalId":21637,"journal":{"name":"Scientific World","volume":"18 1","pages":"115-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91290071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Pradhan, M. Bajracharya, Manisha Rai, Piyush Shakya, Basudev Kc, B. Bhusal
Signatures, as one of the behavioral human characteristics are generally recognized as legal means for verifying an individual's identity by administrative and financial institutions. A signature is developed by a person and it can change over time. Signatures are prone to influences by age, physical and mental conditions. In this study tremulous signatures including questioned and standards related to 50 real cases resolved by National Forensic Science Laboratory of Nepal were collected. The time interval between questioned and standard signatures was up to ten years. Sixteen major characteristics along with their forty-one sub characteristics of each case were studied. Among sixteen major characteristics in the tremulous signatures, study shows that the characteristics like the style of writing in hand printed form, pen pauses, medium pen pressure, poor line quality, pen lifts are most prominently observed. Tremors were absent mostly in the terminal strokes of letters. The letters written were varied in size and those were 6% small, 70% medium and 24% large. Interestingly no any retouch attempts were found to complete the shape of letters.
{"title":"Study Of Tremulous Signatures In Devanagari Nepali Script","authors":"M. Pradhan, M. Bajracharya, Manisha Rai, Piyush Shakya, Basudev Kc, B. Bhusal","doi":"10.3126/SW.V14I14.35020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/SW.V14I14.35020","url":null,"abstract":"Signatures, as one of the behavioral human characteristics are generally recognized as legal means for verifying an individual's identity by administrative and financial institutions. A signature is developed by a person and it can change over time. Signatures are prone to influences by age, physical and mental conditions. In this study tremulous signatures including questioned and standards related to 50 real cases resolved by National Forensic Science Laboratory of Nepal were collected. The time interval between questioned and standard signatures was up to ten years. Sixteen major characteristics along with their forty-one sub characteristics of each case were studied. Among sixteen major characteristics in the tremulous signatures, study shows that the characteristics like the style of writing in hand printed form, pen pauses, medium pen pressure, poor line quality, pen lifts are most prominently observed. Tremors were absent mostly in the terminal strokes of letters. The letters written were varied in size and those were 6% small, 70% medium and 24% large. Interestingly no any retouch attempts were found to complete the shape of letters.","PeriodicalId":21637,"journal":{"name":"Scientific World","volume":"624 1","pages":"99-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78971979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study presents the geochemical composition and water quality of waters in the West-Seti and Tamor River basins in Nepal Himalaya with the aim to reveal their hydrochemical characteristics and to evaluate the water quality. Water samples were collected from 18 sites of the rivers in the pre-monsoon season and analysed the physicochemical parameters to characterize their quality. The parameterstemperature, pH, conductivity, and total dissolved solids were measured in the field, while the major ions (Na, Ca, Mg, Si, SO4, NO3, HCO3, Cl, and F) were analyzed in the laboratory. Overall results of physicochemical parameters revealed that the ionic strength is much distinct; however, the waters are chemically pure in both the river basins with very less electrical conductivity (<250 μS/cm) and total dissolved solids (<120 mg/L). Bicarbonate (HCO3) has a significant correlation with Ca and Mg suggesting carbonate rock weathering as the dominant geochemical process in both of the basins. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, and HCO3 in the water of the West-Seti is relatively higher than the waters in the Tamor River basin. Mostly, the geochemical facies of both the rivers are characterized by the Ca-Mg-HCO3type (88.9%), with dominant carbonate dominated lithology. However, hydrochemical facies clearly suggested spatial discrimination between two basins with dominant geogenic signatures as Ca-SO4-Cl type water facies are also reported from the Tamor River basin. The results exhibited that the concentrations of measured parameters were relatively very low and within the WHO guideline values and currently under a safe level of the water quality for drinking and ecosystem health perspectives; however, further in-depth research is recommended in the periodic basis to assess traces of climate change imprints, and anthropogenic interferences for more consistent and reliable dataset. The findings of this study could be useful for the water quality management in the glacier-fed Himalayan River basins.
{"title":"Characterizations Of Water Quality In West-Seti and Tamor River Basins, Nepal","authors":"N. Ghimire, N. Adhikari, R. Pant, S. Thakuri","doi":"10.3126/SW.V14I14.35021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/SW.V14I14.35021","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the geochemical composition and water quality of waters in the West-Seti and Tamor River basins in Nepal Himalaya with the aim to reveal their hydrochemical characteristics and to evaluate the water quality. Water samples were collected from 18 sites of the rivers in the pre-monsoon season and analysed the physicochemical parameters to characterize their quality. The parameterstemperature, pH, conductivity, and total dissolved solids were measured in the field, while the major ions (Na, Ca, Mg, Si, SO4, NO3, HCO3, Cl, and F) were analyzed in the laboratory. Overall results of physicochemical parameters revealed that the ionic strength is much distinct; however, the waters are chemically pure in both the river basins with very less electrical conductivity (<250 μS/cm) and total dissolved solids (<120 mg/L). Bicarbonate (HCO3) has a significant correlation with Ca and Mg suggesting carbonate rock weathering as the dominant geochemical process in both of the basins. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, and HCO3 in the water of the West-Seti is relatively higher than the waters in the Tamor River basin. Mostly, the geochemical facies of both the rivers are characterized by the Ca-Mg-HCO3type (88.9%), with dominant carbonate dominated lithology. However, hydrochemical facies clearly suggested spatial discrimination between two basins with dominant geogenic signatures as Ca-SO4-Cl type water facies are also reported from the Tamor River basin. The results exhibited that the concentrations of measured parameters were relatively very low and within the WHO guideline values and currently under a safe level of the water quality for drinking and ecosystem health perspectives; however, further in-depth research is recommended in the periodic basis to assess traces of climate change imprints, and anthropogenic interferences for more consistent and reliable dataset. The findings of this study could be useful for the water quality management in the glacier-fed Himalayan River basins.","PeriodicalId":21637,"journal":{"name":"Scientific World","volume":"47 1","pages":"106-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80557683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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