Pub Date : 2024-06-10DOI: 10.1088/1361-665x/ad5125
Tao Zhang, Rui Ma, Yang Wang, Donglong Bian, Jian Zhang, Yuhang Wang
A piezoelectric actuator utilizing a parallelogram flexible mechanism is proposed. This actuator harnesses the parasitic motion generated by a parallelogram driven by a piezoelectric element. It differs from existing actuation mechanisms based on a similar principle in that the piezoelectric stack is positioned on the outside of the parallelogram flexible mechanism, thus protecting it from shear forces. Finite element simulations and experiments confirm this. The analysis was conducted using theoretical analysis and finite element simulation. The optimal drive angle for the parallelogram flexible mechanism was determined through finite element simulation. Additionally, a prototype actuator and an experimental measurement system were developed to assess the operational performance of the proposed piezoelectric actuator. When the driving frequency is 475 Hz and the locking force is 5 N, the motion of the actuator achieves a maximum speed of 5.65 mm s−1 and a maximum horizontal load of up to 113 g; when the input frequency is 1 Hz and the input minimum starting voltage is 8 V, the minimum displacement resolution is 30 nm. A comparative analysis of experimental results, theoretical calculations, and finite element simulation results demonstrates the feasibility of the structural design.
本文提出了一种利用平行四边形柔性机构的压电致动器。这种致动器利用由压电元件驱动的平行四边形产生的寄生运动。它与基于类似原理的现有致动机构的不同之处在于，压电叠层位于平行四边形柔性机构的外部，从而保护其免受剪切力的影响。有限元模拟和实验证实了这一点。分析是通过理论分析和有限元模拟进行的。通过有限元模拟确定了平行四边形柔性机构的最佳驱动角度。此外，还开发了一个原型致动器和一个实验测量系统，以评估所提出的压电致动器的运行性能。当驱动频率为 475 Hz、锁定力为 5 N 时，致动器的运动速度最大可达 5.65 mm s-1，最大水平负载可达 113 g；当输入频率为 1 Hz、输入最低启动电压为 8 V 时，最小位移分辨率为 30 nm。实验结果、理论计算和有限元模拟结果的对比分析表明了结构设计的可行性。
{"title":"A novel stick-slip piezoelectric actuator is developed based on a parallelogram flexible drive mechanism to minimize shear force","authors":"Tao Zhang, Rui Ma, Yang Wang, Donglong Bian, Jian Zhang, Yuhang Wang","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad5125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad5125","url":null,"abstract":"A piezoelectric actuator utilizing a parallelogram flexible mechanism is proposed. This actuator harnesses the parasitic motion generated by a parallelogram driven by a piezoelectric element. It differs from existing actuation mechanisms based on a similar principle in that the piezoelectric stack is positioned on the outside of the parallelogram flexible mechanism, thus protecting it from shear forces. Finite element simulations and experiments confirm this. The analysis was conducted using theoretical analysis and finite element simulation. The optimal drive angle for the parallelogram flexible mechanism was determined through finite element simulation. Additionally, a prototype actuator and an experimental measurement system were developed to assess the operational performance of the proposed piezoelectric actuator. When the driving frequency is 475 Hz and the locking force is 5 N, the motion of the actuator achieves a maximum speed of 5.65 mm s<sup>−1</sup> and a maximum horizontal load of up to 113 g; when the input frequency is 1 Hz and the input minimum starting voltage is 8 V, the minimum displacement resolution is 30 nm. A comparative analysis of experimental results, theoretical calculations, and finite element simulation results demonstrates the feasibility of the structural design.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141504775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1088/1361-665x/ad5127
Takashi Ozaki, Norikazu Ohta, Motohiro Fujiyoshi
Technologies for digitizing worker actions to enhance human labor tasks, mitigate accidents, and prevent disabling injuries have garnered significant attention. This study focuses on monitoring the force exerted by the fingers and developing a wearable fingertip force sensor based on a simple elliptical ring structure in conjunction with a commercially available resistive bend sensor. Resembling a ring accessory, the sensor is easy to attach and detach, and exhibits high sensitivity, with a resistance change of approximately 9% for a fingertip load of 1 N. Furthermore, to mitigate crosstalk during finger flexion, we propose a combined configuration employing this ring-shaped sensor alongside another sensor designed for measuring and rectifying finger flexion angles. Additionally, we introduce an empirically derived fitting function and a straightforward calibration procedure to extract the function’s parameters. The proposed system achieves an average RMS error of 0.53 N for force estimations of approximately 5 N, even during finger flexion and postural changes.
将工人的动作数字化，以加强人类的劳动任务、减少事故和防止致残性伤害的技术已引起人们的极大关注。本研究的重点是监测手指施加的力，并开发一种基于简单椭圆环结构的可穿戴指尖力传感器，该传感器与市售电阻式弯曲传感器相结合。该传感器类似于一个环形配件，易于安装和拆卸，灵敏度高，在指尖负荷为 1 N 时，电阻变化率约为 9%。此外，为了减少手指屈曲时的串扰，我们提出了一种组合配置，将这种环形传感器与另一种用于测量和纠正手指屈曲角度的传感器结合使用。此外，我们还引入了一个根据经验推导出的拟合函数和一个简单的校准程序来提取函数参数。即使在手指屈曲和姿势变化时，所提议的系统在估算约 5 N 的力时也能实现 0.53 N 的平均均方根误差。
{"title":"Highly sensitive and easy-to-attach wearable sensor for measuring finger force based on curvature changes in an ellipse-shaped finger ring","authors":"Takashi Ozaki, Norikazu Ohta, Motohiro Fujiyoshi","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad5127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad5127","url":null,"abstract":"Technologies for digitizing worker actions to enhance human labor tasks, mitigate accidents, and prevent disabling injuries have garnered significant attention. This study focuses on monitoring the force exerted by the fingers and developing a wearable fingertip force sensor based on a simple elliptical ring structure in conjunction with a commercially available resistive bend sensor. Resembling a ring accessory, the sensor is easy to attach and detach, and exhibits high sensitivity, with a resistance change of approximately 9% for a fingertip load of 1 N. Furthermore, to mitigate crosstalk during finger flexion, we propose a combined configuration employing this ring-shaped sensor alongside another sensor designed for measuring and rectifying finger flexion angles. Additionally, we introduce an empirically derived fitting function and a straightforward calibration procedure to extract the function’s parameters. The proposed system achieves an average RMS error of 0.53 N for force estimations of approximately 5 N, even during finger flexion and postural changes.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141513466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This comprehensive review explores the design and applications of machine learning (ML) techniques to acoustic metamaterials (AMs) and phononic crystals (PnCs), with a particular focus on deep learning (DL). AMs and PnCs, characterized by artificially designed microstructures and geometries, offer unique acoustic properties for precise control and manipulation of sound waves. ML, including DL, in combination with traditional artificial design have promoted the design process, enabling data-driven approaches for feature identification, design optimization, and intelligent parameter search. ML algorithms process extensive AM data to discover novel structures and properties, enhancing overall acoustic performance. This review presents an in-depth exploration of applications associated with ML techniques in AMs and PnCs, highlighting specific advantages, challenges and potential solutions of applying of using ML algorithms associated with ML techniques. By bridging acoustic engineering and ML, this review paves the way for future breakthroughs in acoustic research and engineering.
这篇综述探讨了机器学习（ML）技术在声学超材料（AMs）和声子晶体（PnCs）中的设计和应用，尤其侧重于深度学习（DL）。AMs 和 PnCs 以人工设计的微结构和几何形状为特征，具有独特的声学特性，可精确控制和操纵声波。包括 DL 在内的 ML 与传统的人工设计相结合，促进了设计过程，使数据驱动的特征识别、设计优化和智能参数搜索方法成为可能。ML 算法通过处理大量 AM 数据来发现新的结构和特性，从而提高整体声学性能。本综述深入探讨了 AM 和 PnC 中与 ML 技术相关的应用，重点介绍了应用与 ML 技术相关的 ML 算法的具体优势、挑战和潜在解决方案。通过将声学工程与 ML 联系起来，本综述为声学研究和工程领域的未来突破铺平了道路。
{"title":"Application of machine learning on the design of acoustic metamaterials and phonon crystals: a review","authors":"Jianquan Chen, Jiahan Huang, Mingyi An, Pengfei Hu, Yiyuan Xie, Junjun Wu, Yu Chen","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad51bc","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad51bc","url":null,"abstract":"This comprehensive review explores the design and applications of machine learning (ML) techniques to acoustic metamaterials (AMs) and phononic crystals (PnCs), with a particular focus on deep learning (DL). AMs and PnCs, characterized by artificially designed microstructures and geometries, offer unique acoustic properties for precise control and manipulation of sound waves. ML, including DL, in combination with traditional artificial design have promoted the design process, enabling data-driven approaches for feature identification, design optimization, and intelligent parameter search. ML algorithms process extensive AM data to discover novel structures and properties, enhancing overall acoustic performance. This review presents an in-depth exploration of applications associated with ML techniques in AMs and PnCs, highlighting specific advantages, challenges and potential solutions of applying of using ML algorithms associated with ML techniques. By bridging acoustic engineering and ML, this review paves the way for future breakthroughs in acoustic research and engineering.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141513491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1088/1361-665x/ad5126
Younes Rafik, Valerian Palanque, Marc Budinger, Valerie Pommier-Budinger, Philippe Olivier
Electro-mechanical de-icing systems are low-energy ice protection solutions based on ice fracture mechanisms. This article focuses on resonant electro-mechanical de-icing systems that actuate modes of flexion, which require low energy compared to extension modes. However, fracture propagation limits are encountered when using such flexural modes, preventing the ice from being completely detached from the substrate. This study demonstrates the feasibility of extending the ice detachment area by optimizing the thickness of the substrate. First, the interest and the limits of flexural resonant modes are discussed. Then the de-icing of a simple metallic beam in free conditions using a flexural mode is improved owing to the parametric optimization of the substrate thickness. The optimization is verified by tests on aluminum prototypes. The optimization results are then extended to a clamped composite plate and then to a NACA profile, showing interest in the approach to fully de-ice structures with modes of flexion, even in the case of complex geometries. With this last example, the study also demonstrates the feasibility of electro-mechanical ice protection systems for carbon fiber reinforced Polymer composite structures.
{"title":"Improving resonant ice protection systems with substrate optimization","authors":"Younes Rafik, Valerian Palanque, Marc Budinger, Valerie Pommier-Budinger, Philippe Olivier","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad5126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad5126","url":null,"abstract":"Electro-mechanical de-icing systems are low-energy ice protection solutions based on ice fracture mechanisms. This article focuses on resonant electro-mechanical de-icing systems that actuate modes of flexion, which require low energy compared to extension modes. However, fracture propagation limits are encountered when using such flexural modes, preventing the ice from being completely detached from the substrate. This study demonstrates the feasibility of extending the ice detachment area by optimizing the thickness of the substrate. First, the interest and the limits of flexural resonant modes are discussed. Then the de-icing of a simple metallic beam in free conditions using a flexural mode is improved owing to the parametric optimization of the substrate thickness. The optimization is verified by tests on aluminum prototypes. The optimization results are then extended to a clamped composite plate and then to a NACA profile, showing interest in the approach to fully de-ice structures with modes of flexion, even in the case of complex geometries. With this last example, the study also demonstrates the feasibility of electro-mechanical ice protection systems for carbon fiber reinforced Polymer composite structures.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141513492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1088/1361-665x/ad50b0
Alberto Gonzalez-Vazquez, Lorenzo Garcia, Jeff Kilby
Rehabilitation is crucial for children with physical disabilities arising from various conditions. Traditional exoskeletons, reliant on electric motors and rigid components, making them cumbersome, heavy, and unsuitable for use outside clinical facilities. To overcome these, researchers are turning to soft wearable rehabilitation robots (SWRRs) with artificial muscles based on smart materials like twisted and coiled polymer actuators (TCPs). TCPs offer enhanced compliance, adaptability, comfort, safety, and reduced weight—critical for paediatric use. Despite facing challenges like low operating frequencies and high temperatures, TCPs are explored as potential artificial muscles for SWRRs, due to their advantages on the force they can generate, the strain and a linear behaviour. This study details a proof of concept for a paediatric rehabilitation system for ankles based on TCPs, including the actuator characterization, mechanical design, control strategy, and human-computer-interface (HCI). The resulting device achieved a 1.4 Nm torque, a 10° range of motion in dorsiflexion within 5 s, and integrated electromyographic HCI. This research marks a promising step towards innovative, soft wearable rehabilitation solutions for children with physical disabilities.
{"title":"Paediatric ankle rehabilitation system based on twisted and coiled polymer actuators","authors":"Alberto Gonzalez-Vazquez, Lorenzo Garcia, Jeff Kilby","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad50b0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad50b0","url":null,"abstract":"Rehabilitation is crucial for children with physical disabilities arising from various conditions. Traditional exoskeletons, reliant on electric motors and rigid components, making them cumbersome, heavy, and unsuitable for use outside clinical facilities. To overcome these, researchers are turning to soft wearable rehabilitation robots (SWRRs) with artificial muscles based on smart materials like twisted and coiled polymer actuators (TCPs). TCPs offer enhanced compliance, adaptability, comfort, safety, and reduced weight—critical for paediatric use. Despite facing challenges like low operating frequencies and high temperatures, TCPs are explored as potential artificial muscles for SWRRs, due to their advantages on the force they can generate, the strain and a linear behaviour. This study details a proof of concept for a paediatric rehabilitation system for ankles based on TCPs, including the actuator characterization, mechanical design, control strategy, and human-computer-interface (HCI). The resulting device achieved a 1.4 Nm torque, a 10° range of motion in dorsiflexion within 5 s, and integrated electromyographic HCI. This research marks a promising step towards innovative, soft wearable rehabilitation solutions for children with physical disabilities.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141513490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-04DOI: 10.1088/1361-665x/ad508f
Xuejin Liu, Yongfeng Yan, Feng Zhong, Jingwei Yang, Limin Zhang and Lipeng He
This research proposes a rotary motion-based non-contact pendulum piezoelectric energy harvester (P-PEH). The working region of the piezoelectric vibrator can be maintained in a magnetically coupled system at all times by means of a motion conversion mechanism. The combination of the motion conversion mechanism and the magnetic coupling system not only reduces the loss of the piezoelectric material, but also improves the output performance of the piezoelectric vibrator. The paper investigates the effects of the excitation distance L, the radius of the base circle R, and the number of excitation magnets N on the output performance of the P-PEH. When the input speed of 600 rpm, L = 10 mm, R = 21 mm, and N = 1, the peak-to-peak voltage (Vpp) is 58.75 V. At this parameter, the output power of the device with an external 20 kΩ load is 0.0187 W. The viability of P-PEH was finally demonstrated through several application testing. P-PEH can easily light up 63 LEDs while its output energy can keep the temperature and humidity sensor in use. In summary, P-PEH can effectively collect external rotational energy for power storage and supply, and supply electricity to wireless sensor networks and microelectronic devices with further studies.
{"title":"Pendulum type magnetically coupled rotary piezoelectric energy harvester","authors":"Xuejin Liu, Yongfeng Yan, Feng Zhong, Jingwei Yang, Limin Zhang and Lipeng He","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad508f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad508f","url":null,"abstract":"This research proposes a rotary motion-based non-contact pendulum piezoelectric energy harvester (P-PEH). The working region of the piezoelectric vibrator can be maintained in a magnetically coupled system at all times by means of a motion conversion mechanism. The combination of the motion conversion mechanism and the magnetic coupling system not only reduces the loss of the piezoelectric material, but also improves the output performance of the piezoelectric vibrator. The paper investigates the effects of the excitation distance L, the radius of the base circle R, and the number of excitation magnets N on the output performance of the P-PEH. When the input speed of 600 rpm, L = 10 mm, R = 21 mm, and N = 1, the peak-to-peak voltage (Vpp) is 58.75 V. At this parameter, the output power of the device with an external 20 kΩ load is 0.0187 W. The viability of P-PEH was finally demonstrated through several application testing. P-PEH can easily light up 63 LEDs while its output energy can keep the temperature and humidity sensor in use. In summary, P-PEH can effectively collect external rotational energy for power storage and supply, and supply electricity to wireless sensor networks and microelectronic devices with further studies.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141258717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-21DOI: 10.1088/1361-665x/ad49ef
Yun Tian, Zhao-Dong Xu, Ying-Qing Guo, Li-Hua Zhu, Yao-Rong Dong, Qiang-Qiang Li, Zhong-Wei Hu and Ya-Xin Wei
Magnetorheological (MR) elastomer composites, comprising soft silicone rubber, various additives, and different weight fractions of carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) coated with silane coupling agent, are produced via a novel manufacturing process in an anisotropic state. This study encompasses both experimental and modeling investigations into the dynamic viscoelastic properties of magnetorheological elastomer (MREs) in shear mode under varying magnetic fields, displacement amplitudes, and frequencies. Two MRE vibration mitigation devices are fabricated to experimentally assess the shear storage modulus and the loss factor of MREs. The experimental findings reveal a pronounced MR effect in the MRE devices, where both the shear storage modulus and the loss factor increase with rising magnetic fields, frequencies, and particle weight fractions, yet decrease with higher displacement amplitudes. A modified fractional-derivative equivalent parametric model, grounded in a magnetic field- and frequency-dependent shear modulus model along with internal variable theory, is proposed to describe the effects of these key influencing factors on the MREs’ dynamic viscoelastic properties. Comparative analysis of experimental and numerical data demonstrates that this refined mathematical model can accurately represent the dynamic viscoelastic properties of MREs.
{"title":"Experimental and theoretical investigation on magnetorheological elastomers containing carbonyl iron particles coated with silane coupling agent","authors":"Yun Tian, Zhao-Dong Xu, Ying-Qing Guo, Li-Hua Zhu, Yao-Rong Dong, Qiang-Qiang Li, Zhong-Wei Hu and Ya-Xin Wei","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad49ef","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad49ef","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetorheological (MR) elastomer composites, comprising soft silicone rubber, various additives, and different weight fractions of carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) coated with silane coupling agent, are produced via a novel manufacturing process in an anisotropic state. This study encompasses both experimental and modeling investigations into the dynamic viscoelastic properties of magnetorheological elastomer (MREs) in shear mode under varying magnetic fields, displacement amplitudes, and frequencies. Two MRE vibration mitigation devices are fabricated to experimentally assess the shear storage modulus and the loss factor of MREs. The experimental findings reveal a pronounced MR effect in the MRE devices, where both the shear storage modulus and the loss factor increase with rising magnetic fields, frequencies, and particle weight fractions, yet decrease with higher displacement amplitudes. A modified fractional-derivative equivalent parametric model, grounded in a magnetic field- and frequency-dependent shear modulus model along with internal variable theory, is proposed to describe the effects of these key influencing factors on the MREs’ dynamic viscoelastic properties. Comparative analysis of experimental and numerical data demonstrates that this refined mathematical model can accurately represent the dynamic viscoelastic properties of MREs.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141151017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-14DOI: 10.1088/1361-665x/ad4759
Seiki Chiba, Mikio Waki, Makoto Takeshita and Kazuhiro Ohyama
Actuators, sensors, and generators using dielectric elastomers (DEs) are inexpensive and light, and can be easily to structured, multilayer-able, and very efficient. They are ideal for an eco-energy society. In the latest technology, an only 0.15 g DE can lift an 8 kg weight by 1 mm or more in just 88 ms. The near future, it can be applied to efficient drive systems of humanoid robots, systems that assist in driving the motors of electric vehicles, and various industrial machinery. It is highly likely that very thin and miniaturized DE sensors would also support the driving of motors. In addition, DE generators, which can be applied to various external forces, have attracted significant attention as a renewable energy source. In this paper, we discuss the R&D status of DEs using mainly commercially available elastomer materials, give examples of issues, and discuss and their potential applications, and usefulness. The excellent performance of the DEs mentioned above is largely due to their carbon-based electrodes. In this study, various carbon materials (including carbon grease, carbon black, MWCNT, and SWCNT) and their DE performances were compared.
使用介电弹性体（DE）的执行器、传感器和发电机价格低廉、重量轻、易于结构化、可多层叠加且非常高效。它们是生态能源社会的理想选择。在最新技术中，仅 0.15 克的 DE 就能在 88 毫秒内将 8 千克重物提升 1 毫米或更多。在不久的将来，它可以应用于仿人机器人的高效驱动系统、电动汽车电机的辅助驱动系统以及各种工业机械。超薄微型 DE 传感器也很有可能支持电机驱动。此外，可应用于各种外力的定向能发电机作为一种可再生能源也备受关注。在本文中，我们讨论了主要使用市售弹性体材料的 DE 的研发状况，举例说明了相关问题，并讨论了其潜在应用和实用性。上述 DE 的优异性能主要归功于其碳基电极。本研究比较了各种碳材料（包括碳脂、碳黑、MWCNT 和 SWCNT）及其 DE 性能。
{"title":"Examination of factors to improve the performance of dielectric elastomer transducers and their applications","authors":"Seiki Chiba, Mikio Waki, Makoto Takeshita and Kazuhiro Ohyama","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad4759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad4759","url":null,"abstract":"Actuators, sensors, and generators using dielectric elastomers (DEs) are inexpensive and light, and can be easily to structured, multilayer-able, and very efficient. They are ideal for an eco-energy society. In the latest technology, an only 0.15 g DE can lift an 8 kg weight by 1 mm or more in just 88 ms. The near future, it can be applied to efficient drive systems of humanoid robots, systems that assist in driving the motors of electric vehicles, and various industrial machinery. It is highly likely that very thin and miniaturized DE sensors would also support the driving of motors. In addition, DE generators, which can be applied to various external forces, have attracted significant attention as a renewable energy source. In this paper, we discuss the R&D status of DEs using mainly commercially available elastomer materials, give examples of issues, and discuss and their potential applications, and usefulness. The excellent performance of the DEs mentioned above is largely due to their carbon-based electrodes. In this study, various carbon materials (including carbon grease, carbon black, MWCNT, and SWCNT) and their DE performances were compared.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":"210 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140940254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-14DOI: 10.1088/1361-665x/ad46a2
Qinghao Wang, Ye Cui, Xinghao Li, Pulin Wu, Haosheng Wang and Zhongwu Zhang
In this paper, the effects of Ti content on the solvus temperature of γ-phase and abnormal grain growth (AGG) in Fe43.5−xMn34Al15Ni7.5Tix (x = 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5) shape memory alloys (SMAs) were investigated. It is found that, the increase of Ti content leads to a significant reduction of the solvus temperature of γ-phase, a significant refinement of γ-phase, and a decrease of subgrain size. After 3 times cyclic heat treatments, the average grain size of Fe42Mn34Al15Ni7.5Ti1.5 SMA reaches about 9.0 mm, which is about twice of that for Fe42.5Mn34Al15Ni7.5Ti1 SMA. This is attributed to the small subgrains can provide a higher subgrain boundary energy (ΔGs) and grain boundary (GB) migration rate. The subgrain size of Fe42Mn34Al15Ni7.5Ti1.5 SMA (9.7 μm) is significantly smaller than that of Fe42.5Mn34Al15Ni7.5Ti1 SMA (21.3 μm). Thereby, the ΔGs (15.3 × 10−2 J mol−1) and GB migration rate (11.3 × 10−6 m s−1) of Fe42Mn34Al15Ni7.5Ti1.5 SMA are significantly higher than those of Fe42.5Mn34Al15Ni7.5Ti1 SMA (7.1 × 10−2 J mol−1, 6.3 × 10−6 m s−1). In addition, when the applied strain was up to 10%, the maximum superelastic strain of Fe42Mn34Al15Ni7.5Ti1.5 and Fe42.5Mn34Al15Ni7.5Ti1 were 5.5% and 5.1%, respectively. In summary, the addition of 1.5 at.% Ti in Fe–Mn–Al–Ni–Ti SMA can promote the AGG with relatively small loss in superelasticity.
本文研究了钛含量对 Fe43.5-xMn34Al15Ni7.5Tix（x = 0、0.5、1 和 1.5）形状记忆合金（SMA）中γ 相溶解温度和异常晶粒长大（AGG）的影响。研究发现，钛含量的增加导致γ相的溶解温度显著降低，γ相显著细化，亚晶粒尺寸减小。经过 3 次循环热处理后，Fe42Mn34Al15Ni7.5Ti1.5 SMA 的平均晶粒尺寸达到约 9.0 mm，约为 Fe42.5Mn34Al15Ni7.5Ti1 SMA 的两倍。这是因为小的亚晶粒能提供更高的亚晶界能量（ΔGs）和晶界迁移率（GB）。Fe42Mn34Al15Ni7.5Ti1.5 SMA 的亚晶粒尺寸（9.7 μm）明显小于 Fe42.5Mn34Al15Ni7.5Ti1 SMA 的亚晶粒尺寸（21.3 μm）。因此，Fe42Mn34Al15Ni7.5Ti1.5 SMA 的 ΔGs（15.3 × 10-2 J mol-1）和 GB 迁移速率（11.3 × 10-6 m s-1）明显高于 Fe42.5Mn34Al15Ni7.5Ti1 SMA（7.1 × 10-2 J mol-1，6.3 × 10-6 m s-1）。此外，当施加应变达到 10%时，Fe42Mn34Al15Ni7.5Ti1.5 和 Fe42.5Mn34Al15Ni7.5Ti1 的最大超弹性应变分别为 5.5% 和 5.1%。总之，在铁-锰-铝-镍-钛 SMA 中添加 1.5%的钛可促进 AGG，而超弹性损失相对较小。
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Pub Date : 2024-05-14DOI: 10.1088/1361-665x/ad46a0
Shizhao Wang, ChaeWon Park, Yong Ku Kwon, Hyoung-Joon Jin, Jin-Kyun Lee and Hyoung Jin Choi
Poly(N-methylaniline) (PNMA) coated magnetite (Fe3O4) (PNMA@Fe3O4) composite particles synthesized through both chemical oxidative polymerization and chemical co-precipitation processes were used as a magnetic additive for carbonyl iron (CI)-based magnetorheological (MR) fluid. The effect of the additive’s content on the rheological characteristics of the MR fluid in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field was studied along with its effect on the sedimentation ratio compared with that of CI-based MR fluid. Shear stress curves as a function of the shear rate of the CI-based MR fluids with the additive were found to be well-fitted by the Herschel–Bulkley equation and the slope of the dynamic yield stress was determined to be 2.0. The curves also showed yield stresses higher than those of the CI-based MR fluid for different magnetic field strengths. Specifically, the CI-based MR fluid with 1.0 wt% additive showed the highest yield stress and the best solid-like properties among the tested samples. Furthermore, the sedimentation issue for the CI-based MR fluid was found to improve significantly, especially for the lowest settling rate of the MR fluid with 1.0 wt% additive. The addition of 1.0 wt% PNMA@Fe3O4 additive resulted in the CI-based MR fluid exhibiting the best properties, owing to improved rheological features and a reduced sedimentation rate.
通过化学氧化聚合和化学共沉淀工艺合成的聚 N-甲基苯胺（PNMA）包覆磁铁矿（Fe3O4）（PNMA@Fe3O4）复合颗粒被用作羰基铁（CI）基磁流变（MR）流体的磁性添加剂。研究了添加剂含量对外部施加磁场时磁流变流体流变特性的影响，以及与 CI 型磁流变流体相比，添加剂对沉降比的影响。研究发现，含有添加剂的 CI 基磁共振流体的剪切应力曲线与剪切速率的函数关系与赫歇尔-布克雷方程十分拟合，动态屈服应力的斜率被确定为 2.0。在不同磁场强度下，曲线显示的屈服应力也高于基于 CI 的磁共振流体。具体来说，在测试样品中，添加 1.0 wt% 添加剂的 CI 基磁共振流体显示出最高的屈服应力和最佳的类固体特性。此外，还发现 CI 基磁共振流体的沉降问题明显改善，尤其是添加 1.0 wt% 添加剂的磁共振流体的沉降率最低。添加 1.0 wt% PNMA@Fe3O4 添加剂后，CI 基磁共振流体的流变特性得到改善，沉降率降低，因此表现出最佳性能。
{"title":"Additive effect of poly(N-methylaniline) coated Fe3O4 composite particles on carbonyl iron based magnetorheological fluid","authors":"Shizhao Wang, ChaeWon Park, Yong Ku Kwon, Hyoung-Joon Jin, Jin-Kyun Lee and Hyoung Jin Choi","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad46a0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad46a0","url":null,"abstract":"Poly(N-methylaniline) (PNMA) coated magnetite (Fe3O4) (PNMA@Fe3O4) composite particles synthesized through both chemical oxidative polymerization and chemical co-precipitation processes were used as a magnetic additive for carbonyl iron (CI)-based magnetorheological (MR) fluid. The effect of the additive’s content on the rheological characteristics of the MR fluid in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field was studied along with its effect on the sedimentation ratio compared with that of CI-based MR fluid. Shear stress curves as a function of the shear rate of the CI-based MR fluids with the additive were found to be well-fitted by the Herschel–Bulkley equation and the slope of the dynamic yield stress was determined to be 2.0. The curves also showed yield stresses higher than those of the CI-based MR fluid for different magnetic field strengths. Specifically, the CI-based MR fluid with 1.0 wt% additive showed the highest yield stress and the best solid-like properties among the tested samples. Furthermore, the sedimentation issue for the CI-based MR fluid was found to improve significantly, especially for the lowest settling rate of the MR fluid with 1.0 wt% additive. The addition of 1.0 wt% PNMA@Fe3O4 additive resulted in the CI-based MR fluid exhibiting the best properties, owing to improved rheological features and a reduced sedimentation rate.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140942410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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