Pub Date : 2024-08-13DOI: 10.1088/1361-665x/ad6960
Davide Vignotto, Antonello Cherubini, Ion-Dan Sîrbu, Marco Fontana, Giacomo Moretti
To pursue a variable-capacitance working principle, transducers based on soft electroactive polymers (EAPs) need deformable electrodes that match the compliance and stretchability of the EAP polymeric substrates. A variety of manufacturing procedures are available to create conductive materials that can achieve this, including solutions that can provide remarkably low resistivity. However, the simplest and most feasible options often involve the use of particle-filled (e.g. carbon-filled) polymer composites, which, while easy to produce, tend to exhibit relatively high resistivity. This high level of resistivity, combined with the inherent capacitance of EAP transducers, introduces dynamic effects in the devices electrical activation, which may affect performance. This paper investigates the impact of electrode resistivity on the electrical dynamics of EAP devices, combining continuum models and experimental validations. We use a continuum generalisation of known resistive-capacitive (RC) transmission line models to accurately predict voltage gradients on the surfaces of electrostatic transducers subject to rapidly varying voltages. We then present an experimental validation by measuring the spatial voltage distributions over carbon-based polymeric electrodes of dielectric elastomer (DE) transducers, and find a good agreement with our model predictions. We use our validated model to provide general estimates of the typical charging time and limit working frequency ranges of DE devices as a function of their dimensional scale and electrode sheet resistance. Our model provides useful indications for designing compliant electrodes in EAP transducers given target performance, or to understand the working limits of devices with given geometry and dielectric-electrode properties.
{"title":"An investigation of the electrical dynamics in electroactive polymer transducers with resistive electrodes","authors":"Davide Vignotto, Antonello Cherubini, Ion-Dan Sîrbu, Marco Fontana, Giacomo Moretti","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad6960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad6960","url":null,"abstract":"To pursue a variable-capacitance working principle, transducers based on soft electroactive polymers (EAPs) need deformable electrodes that match the compliance and stretchability of the EAP polymeric substrates. A variety of manufacturing procedures are available to create conductive materials that can achieve this, including solutions that can provide remarkably low resistivity. However, the simplest and most feasible options often involve the use of particle-filled (e.g. carbon-filled) polymer composites, which, while easy to produce, tend to exhibit relatively high resistivity. This high level of resistivity, combined with the inherent capacitance of EAP transducers, introduces dynamic effects in the devices electrical activation, which may affect performance. This paper investigates the impact of electrode resistivity on the electrical dynamics of EAP devices, combining continuum models and experimental validations. We use a continuum generalisation of known resistive-capacitive (RC) transmission line models to accurately predict voltage gradients on the surfaces of electrostatic transducers subject to rapidly varying voltages. We then present an experimental validation by measuring the spatial voltage distributions over carbon-based polymeric electrodes of dielectric elastomer (DE) transducers, and find a good agreement with our model predictions. We use our validated model to provide general estimates of the typical charging time and limit working frequency ranges of DE devices as a function of their dimensional scale and electrode sheet resistance. Our model provides useful indications for designing compliant electrodes in EAP transducers given target performance, or to understand the working limits of devices with given geometry and dielectric-electrode properties.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work, an oscillating float-type piezoelectric-triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid wave energy harvester (PTE-HEH) used in fish-attracting lamp is proposed. It integrates three power generation methods and makes reasonable use of space, and the three power generation methods can complement each other. The theoretical analysis, simulation analysis, and experimental test of PTE-HEH are carried out. The variation trend and optimal parameters of each unit are found in the theoretical analysis and simulation. In the experiment, when the cantilever beam clamping length is 10 mm, the triboelectric mode of fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) film and copper foil independent triboelectric layer is adopted, and the number of magnets is 3, the output performance of PTE-HEH reaches the optimal state. When the external load resistance is 0.4 MΩ, the maximum output voltage is 69.52 V, and the maximum output power can reach 15.80 mW. It is greater than the sum of the output power of the three generators when they work alone. The power density can reach 25.99 W m−3. PTE-HEH can light 97 LEDs and power the temperature and humidity sensor. The PTE-HEH also makes the normal operation of fish-attracting lamp. The combination of PTE-HEH and fish-attracting lamp provides a new scheme for the subsequent development of self-powered fishing devices at sea.
{"title":"An oscillating float-type piezoelectric-triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid wave energy harvester used in fish-attracting lamp","authors":"Bowen Yang, Lipeng He, Zheming Liu, Linqiang Feng, Limin Zhang, Wei Fan","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad6ab9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad6ab9","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, an oscillating float-type piezoelectric-triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid wave energy harvester (PTE-HEH) used in fish-attracting lamp is proposed. It integrates three power generation methods and makes reasonable use of space, and the three power generation methods can complement each other. The theoretical analysis, simulation analysis, and experimental test of PTE-HEH are carried out. The variation trend and optimal parameters of each unit are found in the theoretical analysis and simulation. In the experiment, when the cantilever beam clamping length is 10 mm, the triboelectric mode of fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) film and copper foil independent triboelectric layer is adopted, and the number of magnets is 3, the output performance of PTE-HEH reaches the optimal state. When the external load resistance is 0.4 MΩ, the maximum output voltage is 69.52 V, and the maximum output power can reach 15.80 mW. It is greater than the sum of the output power of the three generators when they work alone. The power density can reach 25.99 W m<sup>−3</sup>. PTE-HEH can light 97 LEDs and power the temperature and humidity sensor. The PTE-HEH also makes the normal operation of fish-attracting lamp. The combination of PTE-HEH and fish-attracting lamp provides a new scheme for the subsequent development of self-powered fishing devices at sea.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Exploring low-frequency (LF) arbitrary power-splitting technologies to address the independent excitation issues of LF/VLF mechanical antennas (MA) with random distributions is challenging due to unidentified device construction and operation mechanism. In light of this, a device construction strategy for three-port magnetoelectric (ME) arbitrary power splitter in composite of ferrite/piezoelectric heterostructure, as well as theoretical model was developed. To validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the strategy, three size-tailored ME samples with length ratio of split PZT segments in 1:1, 2:1, and 3:2 were modeled, fabricated and comparatively characterized. Experimental results show that the achievable maximum power conversion efficiencies (PE) reach 52%, 71%, and 59% for three tailored ME samples, respectively, and as expected the power-splitting ratios are directly proportional to the square ratio of ME voltage coefficient (MEVC) from each port of the tailored ME samples, which are in coincidence with theory under desired operation stability and favorable experiment repeatability evaluated by uncertainties of 0.25854 V cm−1 Oe−1 and 0.32979 V cm−1 Oe−1 for each port. Therefore, a prediction of evolutionary tendency for arbitrary power splitter realization was expanded in view of our experimental observations, and a great flexibility for device future design and further optimization was also provided. Therefore, the presented LF power-splitting strategy paves the ways for arbitrary power splitter realization and enriches the multi-functional ME power electronics families, as well as enables potential applications for efficient excitations of MAs in high-permeable military underwater and civilian emergency rescue distribution long-wave communication system for practical scenarios of submarine, underground railways, tunnels and collapsed residential buildings.
由于器件构造和运行机制不明，探索低频（LF）任意功率分配技术以解决具有随机分布的低频/超低频机械天线（MA）的独立激励问题具有挑战性。有鉴于此，我们开发了铁氧体/压电异质结构复合三端口磁电（ME）任意功率分配器的器件构造策略和理论模型。为了验证该策略的可行性和有效性，我们建立了三个尺寸定制的 ME 样品，其 PZT 分段的长度比分别为 1:1、2:1 和 3:2，并对其进行了建模、制造和比较表征。实验结果表明，三种量身定制的 ME 样品可实现的最大功率转换效率（PE）分别达到 52%、71% 和 59%，并且正如预期的那样，功率分流比与量身定制 ME 样品各端口 ME 电压系数（MEVC）的平方比成正比，这与理论相符，且具有理想的运行稳定性和良好的实验重复性，各端口的不确定度分别为 0.25854 V cm-1 Oe-1 和 0.32979 V cm-1 Oe-1。因此，根据我们的实验观察结果，对任意功率分配器实现的演化趋势进行了扩展预测，并为器件的未来设计和进一步优化提供了极大的灵活性。因此，本文提出的低频功率分配策略为实现任意功率分配器铺平了道路，丰富了多功能 ME 功率电子家族，并使 MA 的高效激励在高渗透军用水下和民用紧急救援分配长波通信系统中得到了潜在应用，适用于潜艇、地下铁道、隧道和倒塌居民楼等实际场景。
{"title":"Arbitrary low-frequency power-splitting strategy in ferrite/piezoelectric magnetoelectric heterostructures: theory and experimental validation","authors":"Jitao Zhang, Juhang Gao, Dmitry Filippov, Bingfeng Ge, Qingfang Zhang, Natallia Poddubnaya, Xiaowan Zheng, Leixiang Bian, Liying Jiang and Lingzhi Cao","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad6961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad6961","url":null,"abstract":"Exploring low-frequency (LF) arbitrary power-splitting technologies to address the independent excitation issues of LF/VLF mechanical antennas (MA) with random distributions is challenging due to unidentified device construction and operation mechanism. In light of this, a device construction strategy for three-port magnetoelectric (ME) arbitrary power splitter in composite of ferrite/piezoelectric heterostructure, as well as theoretical model was developed. To validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the strategy, three size-tailored ME samples with length ratio of split PZT segments in 1:1, 2:1, and 3:2 were modeled, fabricated and comparatively characterized. Experimental results show that the achievable maximum power conversion efficiencies (PE) reach 52%, 71%, and 59% for three tailored ME samples, respectively, and as expected the power-splitting ratios are directly proportional to the square ratio of ME voltage coefficient (MEVC) from each port of the tailored ME samples, which are in coincidence with theory under desired operation stability and favorable experiment repeatability evaluated by uncertainties of 0.25854 V cm−1 Oe−1 and 0.32979 V cm−1 Oe−1 for each port. Therefore, a prediction of evolutionary tendency for arbitrary power splitter realization was expanded in view of our experimental observations, and a great flexibility for device future design and further optimization was also provided. Therefore, the presented LF power-splitting strategy paves the ways for arbitrary power splitter realization and enriches the multi-functional ME power electronics families, as well as enables potential applications for efficient excitations of MAs in high-permeable military underwater and civilian emergency rescue distribution long-wave communication system for practical scenarios of submarine, underground railways, tunnels and collapsed residential buildings.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141945332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1088/1361-665x/ad6962
Xiuli Zheng, Junming Liu, Le Wang, Si Chen and Zhiling Liu
The acoustofluidic actuation produced by piezoelectric transducer is capable of propelling micro underwater robots forward, yet the motion pattern is relatively simplistic. To solve this problem, a pump-jet swimmer with a combination of the underwater acoustic radiation effect is proposed in this work. The absorption and discharge of internal piezoelectric pump provide the linear forward power, and turning is achieved under the acoustic propulsive force of the external dual piezoelectric actuators. The working mode and optimal driving frequency of the piezoelectric actuators are determined through finite element simulation and mechanical vibration characteristic tests. And the key dimensional parameters of the piezoelectric pump are optimized in the light of the output flow measurements. Finally, a prototype with the size of Ф3.1 cm × 12 cm is fabricated for underwater driving performance experiments, which demonstrated well functions in straight swimming, turning, and loading. The swimmer with 20 g of additional load achieves a maximum speed of 105 mm s−1at the voltage of 180 Vp-p, it also completes the obstacle avoidance in water along a certain path. The rationality of this conceived actuation mechanism is preliminarily verified, which shows a potential for fixed-point transportation in the complex underwater situations.
压电传感器产生的声流体驱动能够推动微型水下机器人前进，但其运动模式相对简单。为解决这一问题，本文提出了一种结合水下声辐射效应的泵喷式游泳器。内部压电泵的吸收和放电提供线性前进动力，在外部双压电致动器的声学推进力作用下实现转弯。通过有限元模拟和机械振动特性测试，确定了压电致动器的工作模式和最佳驱动频率。并根据输出流量测量结果对压电泵的关键尺寸参数进行了优化。最后，制作了一个尺寸为 Ф3.1 cm × 12 cm 的原型，用于水下驱动性能实验。在电压为 180 Vp-p 的情况下，附加 20 g 负荷的游泳器达到了 105 mm s-1 的最大速度，并能在水中沿一定路径避开障碍物。初步验证了这一构想的驱动机制的合理性，显示了在复杂的水下环境中进行定点运输的潜力。
{"title":"Development of a pump-jet piezoelectric swimmer with acoustic radiation actuation","authors":"Xiuli Zheng, Junming Liu, Le Wang, Si Chen and Zhiling Liu","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad6962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad6962","url":null,"abstract":"The acoustofluidic actuation produced by piezoelectric transducer is capable of propelling micro underwater robots forward, yet the motion pattern is relatively simplistic. To solve this problem, a pump-jet swimmer with a combination of the underwater acoustic radiation effect is proposed in this work. The absorption and discharge of internal piezoelectric pump provide the linear forward power, and turning is achieved under the acoustic propulsive force of the external dual piezoelectric actuators. The working mode and optimal driving frequency of the piezoelectric actuators are determined through finite element simulation and mechanical vibration characteristic tests. And the key dimensional parameters of the piezoelectric pump are optimized in the light of the output flow measurements. Finally, a prototype with the size of Ф3.1 cm × 12 cm is fabricated for underwater driving performance experiments, which demonstrated well functions in straight swimming, turning, and loading. The swimmer with 20 g of additional load achieves a maximum speed of 105 mm s−1at the voltage of 180 Vp-p, it also completes the obstacle avoidance in water along a certain path. The rationality of this conceived actuation mechanism is preliminarily verified, which shows a potential for fixed-point transportation in the complex underwater situations.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141969330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1088/1361-665x/ad695f
Lisheng Cai, Kuo Hai, Zisheng Li, Wei Fan, Xing Su, Liangwei Li, Ming Yan, Jinbo Li and Wen Huang
In the field of ultra-precision manufacturing, such as lithography lenses, achieving nanometer-level errors across the entire frequency range is crucial. Magnetorheological finishing (MRF) technology, a high-precision processing method with high efficiency and low subsurface damage, often introduces mid-spatial frequency (MSF) error due to the removal attenuation effect and regular polishing trajectory in the long continuous polishing process. It causes various imaging and light transmission defects that limit the performance of precision optical instruments. The attenuation of material removal capacity of MRF is characterized by the attenuation of the tool influence function, which is obtained by an equal time interval point removal experiment. The variable optimal angle-step trajectory strategy is proposed to mitigate the removal attenuation effect of MRF and suppress MSF error. To validate the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed method, a uniform polishing experiment is performed on fused silica components. The experimental results show that the 90° grating trajectory introduces significant MSF error on surface shape with PV = 0.008 λ, and the variable optimal angle-step trajectory strategy does not introduce MSF error, which confirms the variable optimal angle-step trajectory strategy effectively eliminates the removal attenuation effect of MRF and suppresses MSF error. The study presents a general approach for ultra-precision optical processing and improves the manufacturing accuracy of optical components.
{"title":"Mid-spatial frequency error restraint based on variable optimal angle-step trajectory strategy for the removal attenuation effect of magnetorheological finishing","authors":"Lisheng Cai, Kuo Hai, Zisheng Li, Wei Fan, Xing Su, Liangwei Li, Ming Yan, Jinbo Li and Wen Huang","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad695f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad695f","url":null,"abstract":"In the field of ultra-precision manufacturing, such as lithography lenses, achieving nanometer-level errors across the entire frequency range is crucial. Magnetorheological finishing (MRF) technology, a high-precision processing method with high efficiency and low subsurface damage, often introduces mid-spatial frequency (MSF) error due to the removal attenuation effect and regular polishing trajectory in the long continuous polishing process. It causes various imaging and light transmission defects that limit the performance of precision optical instruments. The attenuation of material removal capacity of MRF is characterized by the attenuation of the tool influence function, which is obtained by an equal time interval point removal experiment. The variable optimal angle-step trajectory strategy is proposed to mitigate the removal attenuation effect of MRF and suppress MSF error. To validate the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed method, a uniform polishing experiment is performed on fused silica components. The experimental results show that the 90° grating trajectory introduces significant MSF error on surface shape with PV = 0.008 λ, and the variable optimal angle-step trajectory strategy does not introduce MSF error, which confirms the variable optimal angle-step trajectory strategy effectively eliminates the removal attenuation effect of MRF and suppresses MSF error. The study presents a general approach for ultra-precision optical processing and improves the manufacturing accuracy of optical components.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141945333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Auxetic structures possess negative Poisson’s ratio due to their unique geometrical configuration. It also offers enhanced indentation resistance, superior energy absorption capacity, excellent impact resistance, higher compressive strength, and other exceptional mechanical properties. In this study, multiple hybrid auxetic structures of three novel geometries have been designed by considering different sets of geometric parameters to numerically investigate the mechanical behaviors of the structures. The energy absorption properties and Poisson’s ratio of the developed hybrid auxetic structures have been measured under quasi-static compressive and bending loads. The numerically optimized structures from each of the three different geometries have been fabricated of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene using fused deposition modeling. Additionally, the simulated results have been experimentally validated. The validation studies have shown close agreement of their performances with the simulated results. Finally, comparative analyses of energy absorption performances have also been performed to select the most suitable structure for impact-resistant applications. Moreover, it has been observed that structure-2 exhibits superior performance in terms of maximum load-bearing capacity of 3395 N. On the other hand, structure-3 has the maximum energy absorption capacity of 51902 N.mm which is 4.85% higher than structure-1 and structure-2. Similarly, three-point bending test results have revealed that structure-2 performs better in terms of energy absorption capacity (10864 N.mm). Besides this, the effects of loading direction on deformation patterns and mechanical responses of the structures have been observed due to the changes in deformation mechanism. The high-velocity (8 m.s−1) impact test results have also confirmed the suitability of structure-2 for crashworthiness applications. The comparative findings derived from this study contribute significantly in developing lightweight, energy-absorbent, and impact-resistant auxetic core-sandwiched structures for civil, defense, and automobile sectors.
{"title":"Experimental investigations into 3D printed hybrid auxetic structures for load-bearing and energy absorption applications","authors":"Shailesh Ravindra Bankar, Soumyadip Das, Varun Sharma","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad6540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad6540","url":null,"abstract":"Auxetic structures possess negative Poisson’s ratio due to their unique geometrical configuration. It also offers enhanced indentation resistance, superior energy absorption capacity, excellent impact resistance, higher compressive strength, and other exceptional mechanical properties. In this study, multiple hybrid auxetic structures of three novel geometries have been designed by considering different sets of geometric parameters to numerically investigate the mechanical behaviors of the structures. The energy absorption properties and Poisson’s ratio of the developed hybrid auxetic structures have been measured under quasi-static compressive and bending loads. The numerically optimized structures from each of the three different geometries have been fabricated of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene using fused deposition modeling. Additionally, the simulated results have been experimentally validated. The validation studies have shown close agreement of their performances with the simulated results. Finally, comparative analyses of energy absorption performances have also been performed to select the most suitable structure for impact-resistant applications. Moreover, it has been observed that structure-2 exhibits superior performance in terms of maximum load-bearing capacity of 3395 N. On the other hand, structure-3 has the maximum energy absorption capacity of 51902 N.mm which is 4.85% higher than structure-1 and structure-2. Similarly, three-point bending test results have revealed that structure-2 performs better in terms of energy absorption capacity (10864 N.mm). Besides this, the effects of loading direction on deformation patterns and mechanical responses of the structures have been observed due to the changes in deformation mechanism. The high-velocity (8 m.s<sup>−1</sup>) impact test results have also confirmed the suitability of structure-2 for crashworthiness applications. The comparative findings derived from this study contribute significantly in developing lightweight, energy-absorbent, and impact-resistant auxetic core-sandwiched structures for civil, defense, and automobile sectors.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141866572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-28DOI: 10.1088/1361-665x/ad6850
Tao Wang, Ping Gu, Tianyan Gao, Haoyu Li, Ting Meng, Peng Zhang, Yang Zhao
Enhanced adhesion on rough surfaces is highly desired for a wide range of applications. On the other hand, surface roughness compatibility and structure stability are two critical but competing factors for biologically-inspired dry adhesives in the real world. Inspired by ladybug, a hierarchical structural composite dry adhesive (denoted as PP-M) with enhanced robustness on surface roughness is developed, which is composed of a thin compliant contact layer (a thin soft PDMS film supported discretely by PDMS micropillars) and a rigid bottom layer (MREs). The PP-M shows a high pull-off strength of 8.2 N/cm2 on a smooth surface and nano-scale rough surface at a mild preload (2 N/cm2). For micro-scale rough surfaces, the PP-M exhibits better surface adaptability compared to the double-layered adhesive (PDMS on MRE) without micropillar support. The increased compliance of the contact layer also leads to a 2.11-fold superior pull-off strength at a wider range of roughness (Sq> 2.23μm). Element Analysis confirms PP-M's enhanced adaptability, attributed to deeper indentation and lower contact stress. This hierarchical composite structure in PP-M, characterized by a "soft on top and hard on bottom" stiffness distribution, synergizes the flexible contact layer with the stiff MRE bottom layer, leading to superior bonding properties. The results provide a new reference for achieving enhanced adhesion on rough surfaces.
{"title":"Ladybug-inspired hierarchical composite adhesives for enhanced surface adaptability","authors":"Tao Wang, Ping Gu, Tianyan Gao, Haoyu Li, Ting Meng, Peng Zhang, Yang Zhao","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad6850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad6850","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Enhanced adhesion on rough surfaces is highly desired for a wide range of applications. On the other hand, surface roughness compatibility and structure stability are two critical but competing factors for biologically-inspired dry adhesives in the real world. Inspired by ladybug, a hierarchical structural composite dry adhesive (denoted as PP-M) with enhanced robustness on surface roughness is developed, which is composed of a thin compliant contact layer (a thin soft PDMS film supported discretely by PDMS micropillars) and a rigid bottom layer (MREs). The PP-M shows a high pull-off strength of 8.2 N/cm2 on a smooth surface and nano-scale rough surface at a mild preload (2 N/cm2). For micro-scale rough surfaces, the PP-M exhibits better surface adaptability compared to the double-layered adhesive (PDMS on MRE) without micropillar support. The increased compliance of the contact layer also leads to a 2.11-fold superior pull-off strength at a wider range of roughness (Sq> 2.23μm). Element Analysis confirms PP-M's enhanced adaptability, attributed to deeper indentation and lower contact stress. This hierarchical composite structure in PP-M, characterized by a \"soft on top and hard on bottom\" stiffness distribution, synergizes the flexible contact layer with the stiff MRE bottom layer, leading to superior bonding properties. The results provide a new reference for achieving enhanced adhesion on rough surfaces.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141797058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Harvesting energy from rotational motion is an efficient and widely used technology that provides power support for various electronic devices and systems by converting mechanical kinetic energy into electrical energy. This energy harvesting method shows great potential and advantages in industrial automation, transportation, wind power generation, and smart homes. This study proposes a piezoelectric-electromagnetic hybrid energy harvester (HEH) for rotational motion driven by magnetic repulsion. HEH comprises of two parts: a piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) and an electromagnetic harvester (EMH). HEH utilizes the magnetic drive reciprocating motion to enhance the energy collection efficiency of PEH and EMH. Additionally, by adding the magnetic effect to the ends of bimorph piezoelectric sheets, the spectrum of energy harvesting is expanded. Its parameters are analyzed using theoretical analysis and simulation, and an experimental testbed is established to explore the influence of HEH output performance. The results indicate that the output power reaches its maximum when there are 2 circular magnets on the rotor, the gap distance of magnets is 15mm, and 2 mass blocks at the end of the bimorph piezoelectric sheet. The PEH and EMH outputs are 173.36V and 4.81V, respectively. The maximum output power of HEH is 53.45mW. The power density can reach 6.818mW/cm3. Compared with PEH and EMH, the output performance is improved by 46.94% and 174.95%, respectively. When the rotation speed is 500r/min, HEH can effortlessly light up 80 LEDs. The experimental results all demonstrate the potential of HEH to power low-power sensors.
{"title":"A piezoelectric-electromagnetic hybrid energy harvester for rotational motion driven by magnetic repulsion","authors":"Chensheng Wang, Xingqian Lv, Zhenxin Liu, Xiaotao Li, Bowen Yang, Lipeng He","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad6851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad6851","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Harvesting energy from rotational motion is an efficient and widely used technology that provides power support for various electronic devices and systems by converting mechanical kinetic energy into electrical energy. This energy harvesting method shows great potential and advantages in industrial automation, transportation, wind power generation, and smart homes. This study proposes a piezoelectric-electromagnetic hybrid energy harvester (HEH) for rotational motion driven by magnetic repulsion. HEH comprises of two parts: a piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) and an electromagnetic harvester (EMH). HEH utilizes the magnetic drive reciprocating motion to enhance the energy collection efficiency of PEH and EMH. Additionally, by adding the magnetic effect to the ends of bimorph piezoelectric sheets, the spectrum of energy harvesting is expanded. Its parameters are analyzed using theoretical analysis and simulation, and an experimental testbed is established to explore the influence of HEH output performance. The results indicate that the output power reaches its maximum when there are 2 circular magnets on the rotor, the gap distance of magnets is 15mm, and 2 mass blocks at the end of the bimorph piezoelectric sheet. The PEH and EMH outputs are 173.36V and 4.81V, respectively. The maximum output power of HEH is 53.45mW. The power density can reach 6.818mW/cm3. Compared with PEH and EMH, the output performance is improved by 46.94% and 174.95%, respectively. When the rotation speed is 500r/min, HEH can effortlessly light up 80 LEDs. The experimental results all demonstrate the potential of HEH to power low-power sensors.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141796571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.1088/1361-665x/ad6812
L. Musenich, Marta Berardengo, Massimiliano Avalle, R. Haj-Ali, Mirit Sharabi, F. Libonati
3D-printable conductive polymers are gaining remarkable attention for diverse applications, including wearables, pressure sensors, interference shielding, flexible electronics, and damage identification. However, the relationship between the anisotropy of their mechanical and electrical properties remains rather unexplored. This study focuses on characterizing Polylactic Acid/Carbon Black nanocomposites manufactured through Fused Filament Fabrication. It aims to investigate the effect of the orientation of 3D printing layers on the mechanical properties, failure mechanisms, and self-sensing capabilities of the 3D printed material. To this end, we use a coupled health monitoring system in which electrical resistance measurements are applied to diagnose the damage state of 3D-printed samples during tensile testing. The results provide novel insights into the strong dependence of the material behavior on 3D printing pattern orientation, suggesting avenues for optimizing mechanical and electrical anisotropy through a multi-objective approach. Additionally, they offer guidelines for designing self sensing components for structural health monitoring applications and strain gauge sensors with superior performance.
{"title":"Anisotropic mechanical and sensing properties of carbon black-polylactic acid nanocomposites produced by fused filament fabrication","authors":"L. Musenich, Marta Berardengo, Massimiliano Avalle, R. Haj-Ali, Mirit Sharabi, F. Libonati","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad6812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad6812","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 3D-printable conductive polymers are gaining remarkable attention for diverse applications, including wearables, pressure sensors, interference shielding, flexible electronics, and damage identification. However, the relationship between the anisotropy of their mechanical and electrical properties remains rather unexplored. This study focuses on characterizing Polylactic Acid/Carbon Black nanocomposites manufactured through Fused Filament Fabrication. It aims to investigate the effect of the orientation of 3D printing layers on the mechanical properties, failure mechanisms, and self-sensing capabilities of the 3D printed material. To this end, we use a coupled health monitoring system in which electrical resistance measurements are applied to diagnose the damage state of 3D-printed samples during tensile testing. The results provide novel insights into the strong dependence of the material behavior on 3D printing pattern orientation, suggesting avenues for optimizing mechanical and electrical anisotropy through a multi-objective approach. Additionally, they offer guidelines for designing self sensing components for structural health monitoring applications and strain gauge sensors with superior performance.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141798741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1088/1361-665x/ad6798
Jana Mertens, Abd Elkarim Masoud, Andreas Hubracht, Ozan Çabuk, T. Krüger, Juergen Maas
A current research topic for dielectric elastomer materials is the reduction of the thickness of the dielectric elastomer layer in order to achieve a lower operating voltage with the same electric field strength. As the ratio of the layer thicknesses of the electrode to the elastomer is therefore more important, the mechanical properties of the electrode layers are of greater significance. Several research articles deal with investigations, exploring the influence of electrode materials on the behavior of the DE transducer and emphasizing its importance. In analytical models, however, the electrodes are not usually considered separately, but the parameters are identified for the entire DE composite, consisting of elastomer and electrode layers. In contrast, in this article the material characterization is carried out separately for the two materials in a first step. In a further step, a holistic model for multilayer DE transducers is derived on the basis of this material-specific characterization and subsequently validated with measurements. For the dielectric elastomer layers, ELASTOSIL ® 2030 (EL 2030), and for the electrode layers, ELASTOSIL ® LR 3162 are investigated, frequently used materials for DE transducers that offer reproducible properties for the investigation. EL 3162 is a carbon black filled elastomer material that exhibits higher elastic and viscose stresses as well as a significant rate-independent hysteresis compared to EL 2030. Experimental investigations of DE transducers with different electrode thicknesses are examined to validate the model and to demonstrate the significance and influence of the electrode layers on the transducer’s performance. Furthermore, the influence of the electrode properties on the actuator, generator and sensor behavior of the DE transducer is analyzed based on the developed model. Depending on the thickness and number of layers, this underlines the relevance of the electrode properties and provides information on the optimized design of the DE transducer.
介电弹性体材料目前的一个研究课题是减少介电弹性体层的厚度，以便在相同电场强度下获得更低的工作电压。由于电极层和弹性体层的厚度比更为重要，因此电极层的机械性能就显得更为重要。有多篇研究文章对电极材料对 DE 传感器行为的影响进行了研究，并强调了电极材料的重要性。不过，在分析模型中，电极通常不会单独考虑，而是确定由弹性体和电极层组成的整个 DE 复合材料的参数。相比之下，本文首先对两种材料分别进行了材料表征。下一步，在材料特性分析的基础上，推导出多层 DE 传感器的整体模型，并随后通过测量进行验证。对于介电弹性体层，我们研究了 ELASTOSIL ® 2030（EL 2030），对于电极层，我们研究了 ELASTOSIL ® LR 3162。EL 3162 是一种填充碳黑的弹性体材料，与 EL 2030 相比，它具有更高的弹性和粘性应力，以及明显的速率无关滞后。对不同电极厚度的 DE 传感器进行了实验研究，以验证模型，并证明电极层对传感器性能的重要性和影响。此外，还根据所建立的模型分析了电极特性对 DE 传感器的致动器、发生器和传感器行为的影响。根据电极层的厚度和数量，分析结果凸显了电极特性的相关性，并为优化设计 DE 传感器提供了信息。
{"title":"Modeling and experimental investigation of multilayer DE transducers considering the influence of the electrode layers","authors":"Jana Mertens, Abd Elkarim Masoud, Andreas Hubracht, Ozan Çabuk, T. Krüger, Juergen Maas","doi":"10.1088/1361-665x/ad6798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad6798","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A current research topic for dielectric elastomer materials is the reduction of the thickness of the dielectric elastomer layer in order to achieve a lower operating voltage with the same electric field strength. As the ratio of the layer thicknesses of the electrode to the elastomer is therefore more important, the mechanical properties of the electrode layers are of greater significance. Several research articles deal with investigations, exploring the influence of electrode materials on the behavior of the DE transducer and emphasizing its importance. In analytical models, however, the electrodes are not usually considered separately, but the parameters are identified for the entire DE composite, consisting of elastomer and electrode layers. In contrast, in this article the material characterization is carried out separately for the two materials in a first step. In a further step, a holistic model for multilayer DE transducers is derived on the basis of this material-specific characterization and subsequently validated with measurements. For the dielectric elastomer layers, ELASTOSIL ® 2030 (EL 2030), and for the electrode layers, ELASTOSIL ® LR 3162 are investigated, frequently used materials for DE transducers that offer reproducible properties for the investigation. EL 3162 is a carbon black filled elastomer material that exhibits higher elastic and viscose stresses as well as a significant rate-independent hysteresis compared to EL 2030. Experimental investigations of DE transducers with different electrode thicknesses are examined to validate the model and to demonstrate the significance and influence of the electrode layers on the transducer’s performance. Furthermore, the influence of the electrode properties on the actuator, generator and sensor behavior of the DE transducer is analyzed based on the developed model. Depending on the thickness and number of layers, this underlines the relevance of the electrode properties and provides information on the optimized design of the DE transducer.","PeriodicalId":21656,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials and Structures","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141805782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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