Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.24191/srj.v20is.23281
Khuzaimah Nazir
Polymer electrolytes (PE) are presently the subject of the majority of research due to their capacity to replace liquid electrolyte that suffer from high flammability and electrolyte leakage and also as a new forms of electrical power production and storage systems. Solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) typically have low ionic conductivity at room temperature because of the high crystallinity of the polymers. Methyl-grafted natural rubber has been studied extensively by a number of researchers due to its advantageous properties such as high flexibility, and ability to solvate inorganic salts to form a polymer-salt complex. Graphene oxide (GO) was used as a nanofiller, ammonium triflate (NH4CF3SO3) served as a dopant salt, and 30 % polymethyl methacrylate grafted natural rubber (MG30) served as the polymer host in the preparation of the nanocomposite polymer electrolyte (CPE) using the solution casting-method. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to analyse the ionic conductivity of the samples, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyse the complexation between salt, polymer host and filler while Optical microscope was used to study the surface morphology of the prepared CPE samples. The decrease in peak strength for C=O in the FTIR spectra indicates the interaction between the polymer host and salt The sample containing 15 weight percent NH4CF3SO3 had the highest conductivity, which was 2.05×10-5 S cm-1. This substance has the potential to be used in energy storage devices like batteries and supercapacitors as an alternative to commercial liquid electrolyte.
聚合物电解质(PE)作为一种新型的电力生产和存储系统，能够替代易燃性和电解质泄漏的液体电解质，是目前研究的热点。由于聚合物的高结晶度，固体聚合物电解质(SPE)通常在室温下具有低离子电导率。甲基接枝天然橡胶由于具有高柔韧性和溶剂化无机盐形成聚合物-盐络合物的能力等优点，受到了许多研究人员的广泛研究。以氧化石墨烯(GO)为纳米填料，三酸铵(NH4CF3SO3)为掺杂盐，30%聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯接枝天然橡胶(MG30)为聚合物基体，采用溶液浇铸法制备了纳米复合聚合物电解质(CPE)。利用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)分析了样品的离子电导率，利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析了盐、聚合物主体和填料之间的络合作用，并用光学显微镜研究了制备的CPE样品的表面形貌。在FTIR光谱中，C=O的峰值强度下降表明聚合物主体与盐之间存在相互作用。含有15% NH4CF3SO3的样品电导率最高，为2.05×10-5 S cm-1。这种物质有潜力用于电池和超级电容器等能量存储设备，作为商用液体电解质的替代品。
{"title":"Effect Of Graphene Oxide on Poly (Methyl Methacrylate)-Grafted Natural Rubber Polymer Electrolytes","authors":"Khuzaimah Nazir","doi":"10.24191/srj.v20is.23281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/srj.v20is.23281","url":null,"abstract":"Polymer electrolytes (PE) are presently the subject of the majority of research due to their capacity to replace liquid electrolyte that suffer from high flammability and electrolyte leakage and also as a new forms of electrical power production and storage systems. Solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) typically have low ionic conductivity at room temperature because of the high crystallinity of the polymers. Methyl-grafted natural rubber has been studied extensively by a number of researchers due to its advantageous properties such as high flexibility, and ability to solvate inorganic salts to form a polymer-salt complex. Graphene oxide (GO) was used as a nanofiller, ammonium triflate (NH4CF3SO3) served as a dopant salt, and 30 % polymethyl methacrylate grafted natural rubber (MG30) served as the polymer host in the preparation of the nanocomposite polymer electrolyte (CPE) using the solution casting-method. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to analyse the ionic conductivity of the samples, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyse the complexation between salt, polymer host and filler while Optical microscope was used to study the surface morphology of the prepared CPE samples. The decrease in peak strength for C=O in the FTIR spectra indicates the interaction between the polymer host and salt The sample containing 15 weight percent NH4CF3SO3 had the highest conductivity, which was 2.05×10-5 S cm-1. This substance has the potential to be used in energy storage devices like batteries and supercapacitors as an alternative to commercial liquid electrolyte.","PeriodicalId":21751,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research Journal","volume":"12 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136311417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.24191/srj.v20is.23308
Siti Sumaiyah Sheikh Abdul Aziz
The effects of partial substitution of Fe at the Mn site on structural, magnetic, and electrical properties of monovalent doped Pr0.75Na0.05K0.20Mn0.95Fe0.05O3 manganite prepared by the solid-state method were investigated. X-ray Diffractometer, AC Susceptibility, and four point probe measurements were used to characterize the structural, magnetic, and electrical properties. The sample crystallized in an orthorhombic structure with a Pnma space group. The sample exhibited ferromagnetic (FM) to paramagnetic (PM) transition behaviour with Curie Temperature, TC value of 121.5 K. From the Resistivity versus temperature analysis, the sample exhibited insulating behaviourover entire temperature from 30 K - 300 K. Fe substitution exhibited high magnetoresistance (MR %) value at low temperature region, indicating the extrinsic mechanism of MR effect.
研究了Fe在Mn位部分取代对固态法制备的一价掺杂Pr0.75Na0.05K0.20Mn0.95Fe0.05O3锰铁的结构、磁性和电学性能的影响。x射线衍射仪、交流磁化率和四点探针测量被用来表征结构、磁性和电学性质。样品结晶为具有Pnma空间群的正交结构。样品在居里温度为121.5 K时表现出铁磁(FM)向顺磁(PM)的转变行为。从电阻率-温度分析中，样品在30 K - 300 K的整个温度范围内表现出绝缘行为。铁取代在低温区表现出较高的磁阻(MR %)值，表明了磁阻效应的外在机制。
{"title":"Influence of Fe3+ ion substitution on Structural, Magnetic Properties and Magnetoresistance Effect of Pr0.75Na0.05K0.20MnO3 System","authors":"Siti Sumaiyah Sheikh Abdul Aziz","doi":"10.24191/srj.v20is.23308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/srj.v20is.23308","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of partial substitution of Fe at the Mn site on structural, magnetic, and electrical properties of monovalent doped Pr0.75Na0.05K0.20Mn0.95Fe0.05O3 manganite prepared by the solid-state method were investigated. X-ray Diffractometer, AC Susceptibility, and four point probe measurements were used to characterize the structural, magnetic, and electrical properties. The sample crystallized in an orthorhombic structure with a Pnma space group. The sample exhibited ferromagnetic (FM) to paramagnetic (PM) transition behaviour with Curie Temperature, TC value of 121.5 K. From the Resistivity versus temperature analysis, the sample exhibited insulating behaviourover entire temperature from 30 K - 300 K. Fe substitution exhibited high magnetoresistance (MR %) value at low temperature region, indicating the extrinsic mechanism of MR effect.","PeriodicalId":21751,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136311418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.24191/srj.v20is.23302
Rizana Yusof
Extraction of pectin from natural resources using a biodegradable solvent is an alternative to wasteful and corrosive acidic extraction. Traditionally, attempts to extract pectin from biomass have resulted in low yields and a large consumption of corrosive solvents. Therefore, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with deep eutectic solvents (DES) of choline chloride and malonic acid (ChCl:MA) at a mole ratio of 1:2 was used in this study. The objective of this study was to extract pectin from Artocarpus integer peels (AIP) and to optimise the extraction conditions in terms of the percentage of DES, solid-to-liquid ratio of AIP to DES, microwave power, and extraction time. The results showed that the pectin yield increased as the percentage of DES, solid-to-liquid ratio, power, and time increased. The extraction of pectin up to 30.17 % with MAE was optimised at a 1:50 ratio, 50 W, 4 min, and 5 % DES. These results indicate that the proposed MAE-DES technique is excellent for extracting pectin with high yield from AIP.
{"title":"Optimisation of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Artocarpus integer Peel Pectin with Choline Chloride based Deep Eutectic Solvent","authors":"Rizana Yusof","doi":"10.24191/srj.v20is.23302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/srj.v20is.23302","url":null,"abstract":"Extraction of pectin from natural resources using a biodegradable solvent is an alternative to wasteful and corrosive acidic extraction. Traditionally, attempts to extract pectin from biomass have resulted in low yields and a large consumption of corrosive solvents. Therefore, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with deep eutectic solvents (DES) of choline chloride and malonic acid (ChCl:MA) at a mole ratio of 1:2 was used in this study. The objective of this study was to extract pectin from Artocarpus integer peels (AIP) and to optimise the extraction conditions in terms of the percentage of DES, solid-to-liquid ratio of AIP to DES, microwave power, and extraction time. The results showed that the pectin yield increased as the percentage of DES, solid-to-liquid ratio, power, and time increased. The extraction of pectin up to 30.17 % with MAE was optimised at a 1:50 ratio, 50 W, 4 min, and 5 % DES. These results indicate that the proposed MAE-DES technique is excellent for extracting pectin with high yield from AIP.","PeriodicalId":21751,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136312533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.24191/srj.v20is.23289
Solhan Yahya
Nowadays, researchers are interested in exploring the possibility of replacing harmful inorganic chemicals with green organic substances derived from natural sources. This study focuses on accessing the potential of a green corrosion inhibitor for mild steel, using plant extracts from local mango peel. The Harumanis mango peel leftover was extracted using solvent extraction techniques and the chemical compounds were characterized through Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) and UV-visible spectroscopy. The analysis showed that the crude extract of Harumanis mango peel (HMPE) contained active functional groups for corrosion inhibitory properties such as -OH, -COOH, -C=O and aromatic ring structure. The presence of mangiferin and other flavonols, likely acid gallic, was also detected. The efficiency of HMPE as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel was investigated through a conventional corrosion test. The immersion test was carried out in different temperatures at 30, 40, 50 and 60 ⁰C with and without the addition of the 50 to 350 ppm HMPE inhibitor in 1 M hydrochloric acid, HCl. The result showed that the corrosion inhibition efficiency for mild steel in acidic medium increased as the concentration of the Harumanis mango peel increased. The maximum inhibition efficiency of 85 % was obtained at 30 ⁰C for 300 ppm. The adsorption of the Harumanis mango peel corrosion inhibitor obeys Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption of HMPE on mild steel showed comprehensive (mixed) types as revealed by thermodynamic studies. Favourable adsorption was more dominant for 30 and 40 ºC inhibitors system, whereas at high temperatures the adsorption showed weak and unfavourable interaction between HMPE and the mild steel surface. Surface analysis showed the mild steel surface was free from pits and uniform corrosion as it was inhibited by the HMPE in low temperature solution.
{"title":"Corrosion Inhibition Efficiency of Steel by Mango Peel Extract in Hydrochloric Acid at Different Temperature","authors":"Solhan Yahya","doi":"10.24191/srj.v20is.23289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/srj.v20is.23289","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, researchers are interested in exploring the possibility of replacing harmful inorganic chemicals with green organic substances derived from natural sources. This study focuses on accessing the potential of a green corrosion inhibitor for mild steel, using plant extracts from local mango peel. The Harumanis mango peel leftover was extracted using solvent extraction techniques and the chemical compounds were characterized through Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) and UV-visible spectroscopy. The analysis showed that the crude extract of Harumanis mango peel (HMPE) contained active functional groups for corrosion inhibitory properties such as -OH, -COOH, -C=O and aromatic ring structure. The presence of mangiferin and other flavonols, likely acid gallic, was also detected. The efficiency of HMPE as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel was investigated through a conventional corrosion test. The immersion test was carried out in different temperatures at 30, 40, 50 and 60 ⁰C with and without the addition of the 50 to 350 ppm HMPE inhibitor in 1 M hydrochloric acid, HCl. The result showed that the corrosion inhibition efficiency for mild steel in acidic medium increased as the concentration of the Harumanis mango peel increased. The maximum inhibition efficiency of 85 % was obtained at 30 ⁰C for 300 ppm. The adsorption of the Harumanis mango peel corrosion inhibitor obeys Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption of HMPE on mild steel showed comprehensive (mixed) types as revealed by thermodynamic studies. Favourable adsorption was more dominant for 30 and 40 ºC inhibitors system, whereas at high temperatures the adsorption showed weak and unfavourable interaction between HMPE and the mild steel surface. Surface analysis showed the mild steel surface was free from pits and uniform corrosion as it was inhibited by the HMPE in low temperature solution.","PeriodicalId":21751,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research Journal","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136312535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.24191/srj.v20is.23254
Roziana Mohamed Hanaphi
Widely used synthetic chemicals like heavy metals act as active compounds in personal care products such as shampoo, soap and cosmetics. These hazardous chemicals cause harmful threats to the environment and unintentionally lead to dangerous exposure towards human health. Thus, demands on natural organic compounds have increased nowadays. Bioactive compounds from plant extracts are well known to have intrinsic biological values that are relevant in promoting human health. There are numerous ways to extract these unique and important compounds involving techniques that are simple, environmentally friendly and efficient. The aim of this study is to highlight the biological potential of compounds from the local plant, Acmella paniculata in antioxidant activity. This small flowering shrub species is also known locally as Subang nenek. The first phase of this study involved the leaf extraction of A. paniculata performed by a common method known as Soxhlet extraction using methanol solvent and a simple centrifuged method using deep eutectic solvent (DES) which is a green solvent. Soxhlet method is a conventional procedure that takes longer time and involves specific equipments. However, this method has been used for many years as standard method due to its consistent results. Meanwhile, DES based centrifugation method is a new, innovative method for plant extraction with a fast procedure and minimal used of equipment. The second phase involved phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity testing. The phytochemical screening for A. paniculata leaf extract showed noticeable secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids and steroids. This plant showed good pharmacological values in antioxidant activity using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The antioxidant percentage of DES extract showed higher potential results (56.11±3.54) compared to the Soxhlet extract (39.15±23.99) in leaf. Overall, the DES extraction is promising method in increasing the yield of antioxidant compounds as well as provided a simple and rapid technique in plant extraction.
{"title":"The Bioactivity Potential of Acmella Paniculata Plant Extract in Antioxidant Activity by Two Different Extraction Methods","authors":"Roziana Mohamed Hanaphi","doi":"10.24191/srj.v20is.23254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/srj.v20is.23254","url":null,"abstract":"Widely used synthetic chemicals like heavy metals act as active compounds in personal care products such as shampoo, soap and cosmetics. These hazardous chemicals cause harmful threats to the environment and unintentionally lead to dangerous exposure towards human health. Thus, demands on natural organic compounds have increased nowadays. Bioactive compounds from plant extracts are well known to have intrinsic biological values that are relevant in promoting human health. There are numerous ways to extract these unique and important compounds involving techniques that are simple, environmentally friendly and efficient. The aim of this study is to highlight the biological potential of compounds from the local plant, Acmella paniculata in antioxidant activity. This small flowering shrub species is also known locally as Subang nenek. The first phase of this study involved the leaf extraction of A. paniculata performed by a common method known as Soxhlet extraction using methanol solvent and a simple centrifuged method using deep eutectic solvent (DES) which is a green solvent. Soxhlet method is a conventional procedure that takes longer time and involves specific equipments. However, this method has been used for many years as standard method due to its consistent results. Meanwhile, DES based centrifugation method is a new, innovative method for plant extraction with a fast procedure and minimal used of equipment. The second phase involved phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity testing. The phytochemical screening for A. paniculata leaf extract showed noticeable secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids and steroids. This plant showed good pharmacological values in antioxidant activity using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The antioxidant percentage of DES extract showed higher potential results (56.11±3.54) compared to the Soxhlet extract (39.15±23.99) in leaf. Overall, the DES extraction is promising method in increasing the yield of antioxidant compounds as well as provided a simple and rapid technique in plant extraction.","PeriodicalId":21751,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136312558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.24191/srj.v20is.23298
Wahida Abdul Rahman
Southeast Asian (SEA) countries have faced numerous challenges in managing their increasing amount of agricultural waste, particularly fruit waste. Fruit waste, like peel and rind, constitutes a substantial portion of total waste generated in SEA countries due to the high consumption of fruits in the region. In addition, inadequate waste management infrastructure, lack of proper disposal methods, and low awareness among the public have exacerbated the problem. The overproduction of plastic waste has become a global environmental issue, and SEA countries are not exempt from this problem. However, using bioplastics made from fruit peel and rind can reduce the dependence on traditional plastics. This paper aims to provide a mini-review regarding bioplastic production from fruit waste (peels and rinds) generated from tropical fruit of SEA countries. Moreover, this mini-review aims to evaluate their potential to replace traditional plastics in various industries. One potential method to solve this issue is converting fruit waste into bioplastics, which can provide a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional plastics. Bioplastics, derived from renewable sources such as fruit waste, are biodegradable, compostable, and can reduce carbon footprint. The findings of this paper indicate that fruit waste from peel and rind is a promising source of raw materials for bioplastic production in SEA countries. Bioplastics' fruit waste properties are comparable to conventional plastics and their applications. Furthermore, using fruit waste for bioplastic production can address the region's waste management issue. In conclusion, bioplastics from fruit waste have great potential to replace traditional plastics in SEA countries. Fruit waste provides a sustainable and cost-effective alternative raw materials for bioplastic production. Implementing fruit waste utilization for bioplastic production can contribute to developing a circular economy and aid in managing regional waste.
{"title":"Bioplastic from Peel and Rind of Tropical Fruits in Southeast Asia: A Mini-Review","authors":"Wahida Abdul Rahman","doi":"10.24191/srj.v20is.23298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/srj.v20is.23298","url":null,"abstract":"Southeast Asian (SEA) countries have faced numerous challenges in managing their increasing amount of agricultural waste, particularly fruit waste. Fruit waste, like peel and rind, constitutes a substantial portion of total waste generated in SEA countries due to the high consumption of fruits in the region. In addition, inadequate waste management infrastructure, lack of proper disposal methods, and low awareness among the public have exacerbated the problem. The overproduction of plastic waste has become a global environmental issue, and SEA countries are not exempt from this problem. However, using bioplastics made from fruit peel and rind can reduce the dependence on traditional plastics. This paper aims to provide a mini-review regarding bioplastic production from fruit waste (peels and rinds) generated from tropical fruit of SEA countries. Moreover, this mini-review aims to evaluate their potential to replace traditional plastics in various industries. One potential method to solve this issue is converting fruit waste into bioplastics, which can provide a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional plastics. Bioplastics, derived from renewable sources such as fruit waste, are biodegradable, compostable, and can reduce carbon footprint. The findings of this paper indicate that fruit waste from peel and rind is a promising source of raw materials for bioplastic production in SEA countries. Bioplastics' fruit waste properties are comparable to conventional plastics and their applications. Furthermore, using fruit waste for bioplastic production can address the region's waste management issue. In conclusion, bioplastics from fruit waste have great potential to replace traditional plastics in SEA countries. Fruit waste provides a sustainable and cost-effective alternative raw materials for bioplastic production. Implementing fruit waste utilization for bioplastic production can contribute to developing a circular economy and aid in managing regional waste.","PeriodicalId":21751,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research Journal","volume":"47 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136312681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.24191/srj.v20is.23255
Helyati Abu Hassan Shaari
In this study, a conductive film of poly (methyl methacrylate)/polyaniline (PMMA/PANi) was fabricated through a free radical copolymerization reaction using methyl methacrylate (MMA) and aniline monomers at different aniline-to-MMA ratios, namely, 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5. The PMMA/PANi copolymer films exhibited a total electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SET) of 0.45, 0.60, and 1.22 dB, respectively, which is more than twice that of the pure PMMA film (0.16 dB). The copolymer films possess the highest conductivity of 2.34 x 10−6 S/cm at the optimum value of aniline for films polymerized with a 1:3 PMMA:PANi ratio. Higher conductivity materials exhibited lower resistance and, thus, absorbed more EM energy, resulting in better EMI shielding
{"title":"Electrical and Electromagnetic Characteristics of Poly (Methyl Methacrylate)/Polyaniline PMMA/PANi Conductive Film","authors":"Helyati Abu Hassan Shaari","doi":"10.24191/srj.v20is.23255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/srj.v20is.23255","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a conductive film of poly (methyl methacrylate)/polyaniline (PMMA/PANi) was fabricated through a free radical copolymerization reaction using methyl methacrylate (MMA) and aniline monomers at different aniline-to-MMA ratios, namely, 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5. The PMMA/PANi copolymer films exhibited a total electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SET) of 0.45, 0.60, and 1.22 dB, respectively, which is more than twice that of the pure PMMA film (0.16 dB). The copolymer films possess the highest conductivity of 2.34 x 10−6 S/cm at the optimum value of aniline for films polymerized with a 1:3 PMMA:PANi ratio. Higher conductivity materials exhibited lower resistance and, thus, absorbed more EM energy, resulting in better EMI shielding","PeriodicalId":21751,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research Journal","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136312680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.24191/srj.v20is.23263
Norizzati Ibrahim
The Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment, and Climate Change (MESTECC) is concerned about a downward trend (from 48 % in 2012 to 44 % in 2019) of students in schools pursuing Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) subjects in schools and higher education institutions. This downward trend may be related to the thinking of the younger generation, who consider engineering courses quite challenging due to the nature of the courses, which are considered "difficult courses". Therefore, the purpose of this research is to explore the effect of implementing red Clay Mini Bricks with Nano-Bentonite (ClaMiB-NaBen) materials on anxiety towards engineering among students at the preschool level. A cooperative learning method was utilised among students in developing building models using ClaMiB-NaBen. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, a total of 50 students from pre-school were selected. Observations and pre- and final tests were used to collect empirical data based on practical activities in the class. The data were described using frequency, mean, and standard deviation. The pre-test showed that the majority of students were not interested in the field of engineering. However, the post-test results revealed a significant increase in interest in this field. Therefore, ClaMiB-NaBen is expected to be able to change the perception of the younger generation to be more interested in engineering, which is in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of Malaysia that are to be achieved by 2030, as all countries are racing to produce new science and technology that is sustainable, affordable, and safe.
{"title":"Red Clay Mini Bricks with Nano-Bentonite (Clamib-Naben): Materials in Early Learning","authors":"Norizzati Ibrahim","doi":"10.24191/srj.v20is.23263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/srj.v20is.23263","url":null,"abstract":"The Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment, and Climate Change (MESTECC) is concerned about a downward trend (from 48 % in 2012 to 44 % in 2019) of students in schools pursuing Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) subjects in schools and higher education institutions. This downward trend may be related to the thinking of the younger generation, who consider engineering courses quite challenging due to the nature of the courses, which are considered \"difficult courses\". Therefore, the purpose of this research is to explore the effect of implementing red Clay Mini Bricks with Nano-Bentonite (ClaMiB-NaBen) materials on anxiety towards engineering among students at the preschool level. A cooperative learning method was utilised among students in developing building models using ClaMiB-NaBen. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, a total of 50 students from pre-school were selected. Observations and pre- and final tests were used to collect empirical data based on practical activities in the class. The data were described using frequency, mean, and standard deviation. The pre-test showed that the majority of students were not interested in the field of engineering. However, the post-test results revealed a significant increase in interest in this field. Therefore, ClaMiB-NaBen is expected to be able to change the perception of the younger generation to be more interested in engineering, which is in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of Malaysia that are to be achieved by 2030, as all countries are racing to produce new science and technology that is sustainable, affordable, and safe.","PeriodicalId":21751,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research Journal","volume":"33 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136312367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-21DOI: 10.24191/srj.v20i2.22140
Nazirah Mohd Apandi
Kenaf is well known for its one of the highest rankings of biomass producers compared to other fibre crops which excessive amounts of biomass could lead to contamination of soil due to its pollutants elements. Not only that, the high demand for aggregate for concrete production requires massive use of natural stone materials which leads to the destruction of the ecological balance of the environment. As in Malaysia, kenaf core is commonly used and available in abundance after the processing of kenaf stems for bast fiber production. Thus, this research aims to determine the physical and mechanical properties of kenaf core as fine aggregate replacement in concrete. There were 45 samples of the concrete cube of 100 mm x 100 mm with the percentage used of 0, 5, 15 and 25 % kenaf core replacement. A density test was conducted as well as a compressive strength test to obtain the objectives of the study. Findings reveal that the control sample still has the highest value of compressive strength of 34.7 MPa while 5 % of kenaf core concrete shows 28.50 MPa which slight decrease in the value in comparison. The value then gradually decreases as the percentage of the kenaf core increases. The density test also reveals that 25 % kenaf core shows the lowest value of density by 1419.78 kg/m3 compared to normal concrete. Thus, this indicates that the optimum percentage of kenaf core used was 5 % even though it still did not surpass 0 % concrete.
与其他纤维作物相比，红麻以其最高排名的生物质生产者之一而闻名，由于其污染物元素，过量的生物质可能导致土壤污染。不仅如此，混凝土生产对骨料的高需求要求大量使用天然石材，导致环境生态平衡的破坏。在马来西亚，红麻芯被广泛使用，并且在红麻茎加工后可以大量获得用于韧皮纤维生产。因此，本研究旨在确定红麻芯作为混凝土中细骨料替代品的物理力学性能。有45个100 mm × 100 mm的混凝土立方体样品，使用了0%、5%、15%和25%的红麻芯替代。进行了密度测试和抗压强度测试，以获得研究的目标。结果表明，对照试样的抗压强度仍达到34.7 MPa的最大值，而5%红麻芯混凝土的抗压强度为28.50 MPa，相比之下略有下降。随着红麻芯含量的增加，该值逐渐降低。密度测试还表明，25%的红麻芯比普通混凝土的密度最小值低1419.78 kg/m3。因此，这表明红麻芯的最佳比例为5%，即使它仍然不超过0%的混凝土。
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Pub Date : 2023-09-21DOI: 10.24191/srj.v20i2.22854
Rosdiyana Hisam
In this study, 20Li2O–xBi2O3–(79-x)B2O3–1Ag glasses for x=3,5,7,9, and 11 mol % glasses were prepared by using the melt quenching technique to investigate radiation shielding properties of the glasses using Phy-X/PSD simulation program at 15 keV to 15 MeV photon energy range. The radiation shielding parameters were carried out to determine the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), half value layer (HVL), mean free path (MFP) and effective atomic number (Zeff). The results showed that the Bi2O3 addition has improved overall radiation shielding properties. The MAC of the glass system was increased as Bi2O3 concentration increased. The HVL showed that present glass better than standard commercial concretes as lower HVL value indicates better shielding where 11 mol % required a much smaller thickness than 3 mol %. Therefore, sample with highest bismuth content has the most effective radiation protective property. Smaller MFP is most preferable as it suitable for protection materials; indicated the 11 mol % is best candidate for radiation shielding. Lastly, the higher value in Zeff was contributed by higher atomic number of Bi over B; thus, enhanced protection performance.
{"title":"Investigation on The Effect of Bismuth Concentration Towards Radiation Shielding Properties in Ag-embedded Borobismuthate Mixed Ionic Electronic Glass System","authors":"Rosdiyana Hisam","doi":"10.24191/srj.v20i2.22854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/srj.v20i2.22854","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, 20Li2O–xBi2O3–(79-x)B2O3–1Ag glasses for x=3,5,7,9, and 11 mol % glasses were prepared by using the melt quenching technique to investigate radiation shielding properties of the glasses using Phy-X/PSD simulation program at 15 keV to 15 MeV photon energy range. The radiation shielding parameters were carried out to determine the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), half value layer (HVL), mean free path (MFP) and effective atomic number (Zeff). The results showed that the Bi2O3 addition has improved overall radiation shielding properties. The MAC of the glass system was increased as Bi2O3 concentration increased. The HVL showed that present glass better than standard commercial concretes as lower HVL value indicates better shielding where 11 mol % required a much smaller thickness than 3 mol %. Therefore, sample with highest bismuth content has the most effective radiation protective property. Smaller MFP is most preferable as it suitable for protection materials; indicated the 11 mol % is best candidate for radiation shielding. Lastly, the higher value in Zeff was contributed by higher atomic number of Bi over B; thus, enhanced protection performance.","PeriodicalId":21751,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research Journal","volume":"342 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136238654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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