Pub Date : 2023-03-19DOI: 10.36719/2789-6919/19/22-25
Aydan Kocharli
{"title":"PROCEDURAL ASPECTS OF PUBLIC ORDER AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION","authors":"Aydan Kocharli","doi":"10.36719/2789-6919/19/22-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36719/2789-6919/19/22-25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21751,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research Journal","volume":"294 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75646691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-19DOI: 10.36719/2789-6919/19/19-21
Ayaz Teymurov
{"title":"LEGAL BASES OF RELATIONS BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN IN THE FIELD OF AIR PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION","authors":"Ayaz Teymurov","doi":"10.36719/2789-6919/19/19-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36719/2789-6919/19/19-21","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21751,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research Journal","volume":"403 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77452683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-17DOI: 10.24191/srj.v20i1.20720
Judith Gisip
Research on natural fibres as reinforcement in polymer composite has increased in the past few years. Due to environmental concerns, researchers are substituting synthetic fibres with natural fibres as the main component in composites. Natural fibres have acceptable mechanical properties, material renewability, cost-effective, biodegradable and eco-friendly. This study aimed to determine the effect of chemical treatment on physical and mechanical properties of composites made from coir fibre bonded with polypropylene. Coir fibres were used as reinforcements while polypropylene was used as the matrix. Coir fibre-polypropylene composites were produced with different mixing ratios of 0:100, 10:90 and 30:70. The coir fibres were screened at 30 mesh and treated separately with alkaline and alkaline-silane. The effect of chemical treatment on water absorption, thickness swelling, bending and tensile were determined in accordance with ASTM standards (ASTM D570, ASTM D790 and ASTM D3039). Results revealed that coir fibres treated with alkaline-silane resulted in superior performance in physical and mechanical properties compared to untreated coir fibres and those that were treated with alkaline. The alkaline-silane treatment resulted in a reduced number of hydroxyl groups, thus, increasing the physical properties of the composites. Additionally, the treatment also increased the mechanical properties by improving the level of adhesion between the fibre and matrix. In conclusion, chemical treatment improves the strength and properties of coir fibre-polypropylene composites and can be used as a potential product for various industries.
{"title":"Effect of Chemical Treatment on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Coir Fibre-Polypropylene Composites","authors":"Judith Gisip","doi":"10.24191/srj.v20i1.20720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/srj.v20i1.20720","url":null,"abstract":"Research on natural fibres as reinforcement in polymer composite has increased in the past few years. Due to environmental concerns, researchers are substituting synthetic fibres with natural fibres as the main component in composites. Natural fibres have acceptable mechanical properties, material renewability, cost-effective, biodegradable and eco-friendly. This study aimed to determine the effect of chemical treatment on physical and mechanical properties of composites made from coir fibre bonded with polypropylene. Coir fibres were used as reinforcements while polypropylene was used as the matrix. Coir fibre-polypropylene composites were produced with different mixing ratios of 0:100, 10:90 and 30:70. The coir fibres were screened at 30 mesh and treated separately with alkaline and alkaline-silane. The effect of chemical treatment on water absorption, thickness swelling, bending and tensile were determined in accordance with ASTM standards (ASTM D570, ASTM D790 and ASTM D3039). Results revealed that coir fibres treated with alkaline-silane resulted in superior performance in physical and mechanical properties compared to untreated coir fibres and those that were treated with alkaline. The alkaline-silane treatment resulted in a reduced number of hydroxyl groups, thus, increasing the physical properties of the composites. Additionally, the treatment also increased the mechanical properties by improving the level of adhesion between the fibre and matrix. In conclusion, chemical treatment improves the strength and properties of coir fibre-polypropylene composites and can be used as a potential product for various industries.","PeriodicalId":21751,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135295070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-17DOI: 10.24191/srj.v20i1.20332
Norin Zamiah Kassim Shaari
Wastewater treatment is a method of ensuring that the water supply is clean and free from contaminants. Manganese is a pollutant that needs to be removed from the water as it is harmful and usually triggers concern about water quality and water distribution system issues. Besides the adsorption method, membrane technology is efficient due to its mild and environmentally friendly process. This research focused on the production of integral membranes from a blend of polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan/polysulfone/polyethylene glycol cross-linked with silica extracted from rice husk ash (RHA) by using the phase inversion method. The silica was incorporated into the membrane formulation through a sol-gel reaction. The goal of this research was to determine the potential utilization of silica from RHA in the membrane’s formulation to remove manganese ions from various concentrations of manganese solutions. The loadings of RHA were varied at 2, 3 and 5 % wt./wt. polymer. The formulated membranes were then characterized in terms of thermal stability by Thermogravimetric analysis, functional group by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and surface morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The performances of the membranes were tested through filtration of manganese ions solutions and antifouling analysis. The results showed that all membranes including membranes from the polymer blend were able to remove more than 94 % manganese ions. However, the membrane incorporated with 2 % RHA portrayed the best performance in terms of obtaining the highest flux for both water and manganese as feed solution respectively, which also resulted in the highest relative flux recovery ratio at 62.50 % from the antifouling analysis. These findings have proven the successful incorporation of RHA in the form of silica powder, which shows the potential utilization of RHA in membrane fabrication.
{"title":"Removal of Manganese Ion Using Integral Membrane Incorporated with Rice Husk Ash","authors":"Norin Zamiah Kassim Shaari","doi":"10.24191/srj.v20i1.20332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/srj.v20i1.20332","url":null,"abstract":"Wastewater treatment is a method of ensuring that the water supply is clean and free from contaminants. Manganese is a pollutant that needs to be removed from the water as it is harmful and usually triggers concern about water quality and water distribution system issues. Besides the adsorption method, membrane technology is efficient due to its mild and environmentally friendly process. This research focused on the production of integral membranes from a blend of polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan/polysulfone/polyethylene glycol cross-linked with silica extracted from rice husk ash (RHA) by using the phase inversion method. The silica was incorporated into the membrane formulation through a sol-gel reaction. The goal of this research was to determine the potential utilization of silica from RHA in the membrane’s formulation to remove manganese ions from various concentrations of manganese solutions. The loadings of RHA were varied at 2, 3 and 5 % wt./wt. polymer. The formulated membranes were then characterized in terms of thermal stability by Thermogravimetric analysis, functional group by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and surface morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The performances of the membranes were tested through filtration of manganese ions solutions and antifouling analysis. The results showed that all membranes including membranes from the polymer blend were able to remove more than 94 % manganese ions. However, the membrane incorporated with 2 % RHA portrayed the best performance in terms of obtaining the highest flux for both water and manganese as feed solution respectively, which also resulted in the highest relative flux recovery ratio at 62.50 % from the antifouling analysis. These findings have proven the successful incorporation of RHA in the form of silica powder, which shows the potential utilization of RHA in membrane fabrication.","PeriodicalId":21751,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134963650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-17DOI: 10.24191/srj.v20i1.20963
Normadyzah Ahmad
Activated carbon plays an important role in the industry due to its uniqueness and special characteristics. Originally known as a good adsorbent, activated carbon has a very large surface area and high micro-porosity. Activated carbon has been widely used in petroleum, pharmaceutical, textiles and many other industries. Activated carbon can be derived directly from charcoal through chemical or physical activation. Nonetheless, activated carbon can also be obtained from other carbon precursors, such as biowaste (agricultural, municipal and industries) and natural resources (seed, leaves, fruits and barks). Generally, activated carbon can derive from wastes through four steps; pre-processing of raw materials, thermal-conversion steps (pyrolysis or carbonization), activation, and modification. Both activation and modification were employed in the production of activated carbon to boost its adsorption performance. These steps can be divided into chemical and physical steps that help alter the physical structure of activated carbon and modify the surface chemical properties of activated carbon. Due to its reliability as an adsorbent, activated carbon has been widely used to remove pollutants in wastewater treatment and the demand for activated carbon has been increasing every year. This article reviews methods for preparing activated carbon from various precursors and discussed their performances. This review article aimed to provide recent information on efforts made by various researchers in activated carbon preparation.
{"title":"An Overview of Activated Carbon Preparation from Various Precursors","authors":"Normadyzah Ahmad","doi":"10.24191/srj.v20i1.20963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/srj.v20i1.20963","url":null,"abstract":"Activated carbon plays an important role in the industry due to its uniqueness and special characteristics. Originally known as a good adsorbent, activated carbon has a very large surface area and high micro-porosity. Activated carbon has been widely used in petroleum, pharmaceutical, textiles and many other industries. Activated carbon can be derived directly from charcoal through chemical or physical activation. Nonetheless, activated carbon can also be obtained from other carbon precursors, such as biowaste (agricultural, municipal and industries) and natural resources (seed, leaves, fruits and barks). Generally, activated carbon can derive from wastes through four steps; pre-processing of raw materials, thermal-conversion steps (pyrolysis or carbonization), activation, and modification. Both activation and modification were employed in the production of activated carbon to boost its adsorption performance. These steps can be divided into chemical and physical steps that help alter the physical structure of activated carbon and modify the surface chemical properties of activated carbon. Due to its reliability as an adsorbent, activated carbon has been widely used to remove pollutants in wastewater treatment and the demand for activated carbon has been increasing every year. This article reviews methods for preparing activated carbon from various precursors and discussed their performances. This review article aimed to provide recent information on efforts made by various researchers in activated carbon preparation.","PeriodicalId":21751,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research Journal","volume":"519 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134963653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-17DOI: 10.24191/srj.v20i1.21132
Mohamad Faizal Abd Rahman
This paper presents the spectroscopy analysis of manganese ions (Mn2+) to investigate the correlation between its concentration and optical absorbance at different wavelength spectra. This work was performed as a preliminary work to establish guidelines and references for future work in developing a monochromatic light-based colorimetric system for concentration measurement of Mn2+. The samples were prepared at the concentration range of 0.2–1.0 ppm using a colorimetric reagent (i.e., 0.1 % PAN solution) that produced an orange-based coloured solution. Qualitative analysis was performed to obtain the absorbance spectra, which are significant in identifying the suitable colour of monochromatic light (e.g., LED), as well as to predict the settling time for steady-state condition before the measurement could be taken. The results showed that for the range of concentration studied, the blue to cyan region gives the best absorbance with peak absorbance wavelength occurred at around 495 nm. Testing at the time interval between 30 and 90 min after sample preparation also gives the indication of the steady-state condition for a complete colorimetric reaction. Then, quantitative analysis was performed to obtain a standard calibration curve that relates optical absorbance and Mn2+ concentration. The curve is significant to serve as a standard reference for the results to be obtained during colorimetric system development. The calibration curve gives a good linearity at R2 = 0.99, thus verifying the sample preparation and measurement procedures, as well as instrumentation setting used in this work.
{"title":"Colorimetric-Based Concentration Measurement of Manganese Ions using Spectroscopy Approach","authors":"Mohamad Faizal Abd Rahman","doi":"10.24191/srj.v20i1.21132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/srj.v20i1.21132","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the spectroscopy analysis of manganese ions (Mn2+) to investigate the correlation between its concentration and optical absorbance at different wavelength spectra. This work was performed as a preliminary work to establish guidelines and references for future work in developing a monochromatic light-based colorimetric system for concentration measurement of Mn2+. The samples were prepared at the concentration range of 0.2–1.0 ppm using a colorimetric reagent (i.e., 0.1 % PAN solution) that produced an orange-based coloured solution. Qualitative analysis was performed to obtain the absorbance spectra, which are significant in identifying the suitable colour of monochromatic light (e.g., LED), as well as to predict the settling time for steady-state condition before the measurement could be taken. The results showed that for the range of concentration studied, the blue to cyan region gives the best absorbance with peak absorbance wavelength occurred at around 495 nm. Testing at the time interval between 30 and 90 min after sample preparation also gives the indication of the steady-state condition for a complete colorimetric reaction. Then, quantitative analysis was performed to obtain a standard calibration curve that relates optical absorbance and Mn2+ concentration. The curve is significant to serve as a standard reference for the results to be obtained during colorimetric system development. The calibration curve gives a good linearity at R2 = 0.99, thus verifying the sample preparation and measurement procedures, as well as instrumentation setting used in this work.","PeriodicalId":21751,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134963647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-17DOI: 10.24191/srj.v20i1.19060
Norin Zamiah Kassim Shaar
Chitosan is a polymer produced from chitin that is insoluble in neutral or basic pH conditions. Although chitosan has good biodegradability, non-toxicity, and biocompatibility properties, it has limited applications due to its low solubility in neutral or slightly alkaline conditions. Quaternization came out as a way of altering this natural polymer to enhance its solubility over a wide pH range and boost permanent positive charges. In this study, the quaternized chitosan (QCs) was prepared by using 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CHTAC) as the quaternizing agent, which was then formulated into the integral membrane with a blend of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polysulfone (PSF), and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). The membrane characterizations and performance analysis were done in terms of functional groups, surface charge, surface morphology, pure water flux analysis, and antifouling analysis. The results revealed that the incorporation of TEOS produced a dense membrane structure but did not help much in enhancing the hydrophilicity and the positive charge of membranes. Membrane from the polymer blend without TEOS was found to have better hydrophilicity, and antifouling characteristics in terms of relative flux recovery (RFR) and relative flux decay (RFD) and possessed a slightly negative charge. The dense structure of the membrane due to crosslinking process might result in a high degree of integral stability, with the additional benefit of providing more adsorption area for a potential application in the heavy metal ion removal process
{"title":"Evaluation of Crosslinking Degree on the Characteristics and Performance of Membranes Formulated from Quaternized Chitosan","authors":"Norin Zamiah Kassim Shaar","doi":"10.24191/srj.v20i1.19060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/srj.v20i1.19060","url":null,"abstract":"Chitosan is a polymer produced from chitin that is insoluble in neutral or basic pH conditions. Although chitosan has good biodegradability, non-toxicity, and biocompatibility properties, it has limited applications due to its low solubility in neutral or slightly alkaline conditions. Quaternization came out as a way of altering this natural polymer to enhance its solubility over a wide pH range and boost permanent positive charges. In this study, the quaternized chitosan (QCs) was prepared by using 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CHTAC) as the quaternizing agent, which was then formulated into the integral membrane with a blend of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polysulfone (PSF), and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). The membrane characterizations and performance analysis were done in terms of functional groups, surface charge, surface morphology, pure water flux analysis, and antifouling analysis. The results revealed that the incorporation of TEOS produced a dense membrane structure but did not help much in enhancing the hydrophilicity and the positive charge of membranes. Membrane from the polymer blend without TEOS was found to have better hydrophilicity, and antifouling characteristics in terms of relative flux recovery (RFR) and relative flux decay (RFD) and possessed a slightly negative charge. The dense structure of the membrane due to crosslinking process might result in a high degree of integral stability, with the additional benefit of providing more adsorption area for a potential application in the heavy metal ion removal process","PeriodicalId":21751,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research Journal","volume":"1 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134963651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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