Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1353/sor.2024.a923117
Arien Mack
ABSTRACT: Both not seeing what is perfectly visible and seeing something other than what is there are surprisingly common occurrences in our normal perceptual lives. One is a case of phenomenal invisibility, while the other is a case of misperception. When we do not see what is there or see something other than what is there, it is frequently the result of the same visual processes that are responsible for our seeing what is there. These phenomena are discussed, and the parallel between one of them, inattentional blindness, our failure to see what is there when we are not paying attention to it, is likened to our failure to see those we consider "other," revealing how our prejudices influence what we see and what we don't.
{"title":"Invisibility or Blindness? On Attention, the Unseen, and the Seen","authors":"Arien Mack","doi":"10.1353/sor.2024.a923117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2024.a923117","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Both not seeing what is perfectly visible and seeing something other than what is there are surprisingly common occurrences in our normal perceptual lives. One is a case of phenomenal invisibility, while the other is a case of misperception. When we do not see what is there or see something other than what is there, it is frequently the result of the same visual processes that are responsible for our seeing what is there. These phenomena are discussed, and the parallel between one of them, inattentional blindness, our failure to see what is there when we are not paying attention to it, is likened to our failure to see those we consider \"other,\" revealing how our prejudices influence what we see and what we don't.","PeriodicalId":21868,"journal":{"name":"Social Research: An International Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140404729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Many consumers suffer from present bias. To present-biased consumers, the long term is a foreign country, and they are not sure they will ever visit. If consumers suffer from present bias, there is room to rethink national policies in multiple domains. Regulatory mandates might turn out to be better than economic incentives. Fuel economy and energy efficiency mandates might produce billions of dollars in annual savings to present-biased consumers. The net benefits of mandates that simultaneously reduce internalities and externalities might exceed the net benefits of incentives that reduce externalities alone, even if mandates turn out to be a highly inefficient way of reducing externalities.
{"title":"Impatient Consumers","authors":"C. Sunstein","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4268689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4268689","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Many consumers suffer from present bias. To present-biased consumers, the long term is a foreign country, and they are not sure they will ever visit. If consumers suffer from present bias, there is room to rethink national policies in multiple domains. Regulatory mandates might turn out to be better than economic incentives. Fuel economy and energy efficiency mandates might produce billions of dollars in annual savings to present-biased consumers. The net benefits of mandates that simultaneously reduce internalities and externalities might exceed the net benefits of incentives that reduce externalities alone, even if mandates turn out to be a highly inefficient way of reducing externalities.","PeriodicalId":21868,"journal":{"name":"Social Research: An International Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75106075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1353/sor.2023.a907786
Uday S. Mehta
Abstract: Impatience is a defining aspect of the modern world and its identity, as is starkly exemplified in the emphasis on technology. Itis the central mode along which individual and social life areorganized. In contrast, for Mahatma Gandhi patience is the crucial category for healthy individual and social existence.
{"title":"Impatience and Modern Society","authors":"Uday S. Mehta","doi":"10.1353/sor.2023.a907786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2023.a907786","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Impatience is a defining aspect of the modern world and its identity, as is starkly exemplified in the emphasis on technology. Itis the central mode along which individual and social life areorganized. In contrast, for Mahatma Gandhi patience is the crucial category for healthy individual and social existence.","PeriodicalId":21868,"journal":{"name":"Social Research: An International Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135686872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1353/sor.2023.a907785
Arjun Appadurai
Abstract: Patience and impatience are not best treated as simple opposites of oneanother. Analyzed separately, they reveal different dimensions of disposition, worldlycircumstance, and ethical orientation. It is no surprise that they have produced differentlymeaningful worlds and different ideas about whether patience is a virtue or a crutch in aworld of unfair waiting. In those societies where some sort of idea of God remains theanchor for human life, patience remains a godlike virtue and impatience a symptom ofgreed, haste, or excessive ambition. Once capitalism becomes the dominant framework ofany society, patience is reserved for the masses, and speed and disruption become thehallmarks of the entrepreneurial masters of the universe. Institutions like universities andpolitical systems such as democracy, which thrive on deliberation, deferral, and debate, donot flourish in a world where impatience seems to have replaced patience as the best recipefor a humane life.
{"title":"Waiting for Patience: Guest Editor's Introduction","authors":"Arjun Appadurai","doi":"10.1353/sor.2023.a907785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2023.a907785","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Patience and impatience are not best treated as simple opposites of oneanother. Analyzed separately, they reveal different dimensions of disposition, worldlycircumstance, and ethical orientation. It is no surprise that they have produced differentlymeaningful worlds and different ideas about whether patience is a virtue or a crutch in aworld of unfair waiting. In those societies where some sort of idea of God remains theanchor for human life, patience remains a godlike virtue and impatience a symptom ofgreed, haste, or excessive ambition. Once capitalism becomes the dominant framework ofany society, patience is reserved for the masses, and speed and disruption become thehallmarks of the entrepreneurial masters of the universe. Institutions like universities andpolitical systems such as democracy, which thrive on deliberation, deferral, and debate, donot flourish in a world where impatience seems to have replaced patience as the best recipefor a humane life.","PeriodicalId":21868,"journal":{"name":"Social Research: An International Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135687658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1353/sor.2023.a907788
Cass R. Sunstein
Abstract: Many consumers suffer from present bias. To present-biased consumers, the long term is a foreign country, and they are not sure they will ever visit. If consumers suffer from present bias, there is room to rethink national policies in multiple domains. Regulatory mandates might turn out to be better than economic incentives. Fuel economy and energy efficiency mandates might produce billions of dollars in annual savings to present-biased consumers. The net benefits of mandates that simultaneously reduce internalities and externalities might exceed the net benefits of incentives that reduce externalities alone, even if mandates turn out to be a highly inefficient way of reducing externalities.
{"title":"Impatient Consumers","authors":"Cass R. Sunstein","doi":"10.1353/sor.2023.a907788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2023.a907788","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Many consumers suffer from present bias. To present-biased consumers, the long term is a foreign country, and they are not sure they will ever visit. If consumers suffer from present bias, there is room to rethink national policies in multiple domains. Regulatory mandates might turn out to be better than economic incentives. Fuel economy and energy efficiency mandates might produce billions of dollars in annual savings to present-biased consumers. The net benefits of mandates that simultaneously reduce internalities and externalities might exceed the net benefits of incentives that reduce externalities alone, even if mandates turn out to be a highly inefficient way of reducing externalities.","PeriodicalId":21868,"journal":{"name":"Social Research: An International Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135687662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1353/sor.2023.a907793
{"title":"Notes on Contributors","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/sor.2023.a907793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2023.a907793","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21868,"journal":{"name":"Social Research: An International Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135686870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1353/sor.2023.a907787
Noam Yuran
Abstract: Two critiques of mass media in the twentieth century gestured at its effects on the capacity of patience. Neil Postman's Amusing Ourselves to Death and Daniel Boorstin's The Image examine how the media changed our imagining of the world, the scope of its relevance for us, and our ways of being in it. This article follows their lead by inquiring how being online further undermines the capacity for patience, manifested most clearly in the self-generating rage characteristic of social networks' discourse. It refers this effect to three basic elements of the online world: the ubiquitous timeline format, the hybrid creature of written speech created by it, and digital objects that adapt themselves too closely to our needs, imaginings, and desires. All three foster a disruption of distances, where the remote and unfamiliar are experienced as unbearably close, a blurring of distinctions between inner life and external reality. A world composed of digital objects has lost what Hannah Arendt described as its power to "relate and separate people at the same time."
{"title":"Being Online","authors":"Noam Yuran","doi":"10.1353/sor.2023.a907787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2023.a907787","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Two critiques of mass media in the twentieth century gestured at its effects on the capacity of patience. Neil Postman's Amusing Ourselves to Death and Daniel Boorstin's The Image examine how the media changed our imagining of the world, the scope of its relevance for us, and our ways of being in it. This article follows their lead by inquiring how being online further undermines the capacity for patience, manifested most clearly in the self-generating rage characteristic of social networks' discourse. It refers this effect to three basic elements of the online world: the ubiquitous timeline format, the hybrid creature of written speech created by it, and digital objects that adapt themselves too closely to our needs, imaginings, and desires. All three foster a disruption of distances, where the remote and unfamiliar are experienced as unbearably close, a blurring of distinctions between inner life and external reality. A world composed of digital objects has lost what Hannah Arendt described as its power to \"relate and separate people at the same time.\"","PeriodicalId":21868,"journal":{"name":"Social Research: An International Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135686871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1353/sor.2023.a907783
Dolunay Bulut
Endangered Scholars Worldwide Dolunay Bulut Attacks on higher education communities are occurring at an alarming rate worldwide, threatening the safety and well-being of scholars, students, and academic staff, as well as the autonomy of higher education institutions. While we continue to publish regular updates in Social Research: An International Quarterly, in response to a global increase in threats to academic freedom, Endangered Scholars Worldwide (ESW) has expanded its presence as an online publication under the auspices of the New University in Exile Consortium (www.newuniversityinexileconsortium.org), sharing frequent updates on news and developing cases in contribution to the Consortium's efforts to create a supportive intellectual community for threatened, exiled scholars. For the most current information and ways in which you can be involved in our efforts to defend academic freedom and free expression, we invite you to visit our website www.endangeredscholarsworldwide.net or follow us at https://twitter.com/ESWNEWSCHOOL. If you are aware of a scholar or student whose case you believe we should investigate, please get in touch with us at esw@newschool.edu. Thank you for your unwavering support. SPECIAL DELIVERY Amidst a troubling global surge in violent and antidemocratic political movements, scholars, researchers, and students worldwide have become increasingly vulnerable. This dangerous trend, spanning from [End Page v] Ukraine to Afghanistan, Azerbaijan to Mali, has given rise to unprecedented levels of democratic regression. Democratic regress and its impact on academic freedom and autonomy of higher education have now reached critical proportions with the escalation of military conflict and government takeovers in the highly controversial and politically polarized Sahel region of Africa. Situated between the Sahara Desert to the north and tropical savannas to the south, the Sahel encompasses some of the world's most impoverished, ecologically fragile, and politically divided countries, and is a base for various radical Islamist terrorist organizations such as Boko Haram, Islamic State, and al-Qaeda. Although the protection and provision of education in the region during armed conflict has been on the UN's agenda since 2010, in the past few years the attacks on education by armed groups continued to escalate and intensify across the region, especially in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Chad, Sudan, and Nigeria. The success of military coup d'états in Mali, Burkina Faso, and most recently Niger, as well as thwarted coup attempts in several neigh-boring states such as Guinea Bissau and the Gambia, has led to the militarization of schools and the encroachment on educational institutions by rapidly consolidating autocratic governments. These circumstances have not only established deeply troubling precedents but also led to a significant reduction in student and teacher participation in schools. As of August 2023, over 11,000 schools are clo
{"title":"Endangered Scholars Worldwide","authors":"Dolunay Bulut","doi":"10.1353/sor.2023.a907783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2023.a907783","url":null,"abstract":"Endangered Scholars Worldwide Dolunay Bulut Attacks on higher education communities are occurring at an alarming rate worldwide, threatening the safety and well-being of scholars, students, and academic staff, as well as the autonomy of higher education institutions. While we continue to publish regular updates in Social Research: An International Quarterly, in response to a global increase in threats to academic freedom, Endangered Scholars Worldwide (ESW) has expanded its presence as an online publication under the auspices of the New University in Exile Consortium (www.newuniversityinexileconsortium.org), sharing frequent updates on news and developing cases in contribution to the Consortium's efforts to create a supportive intellectual community for threatened, exiled scholars. For the most current information and ways in which you can be involved in our efforts to defend academic freedom and free expression, we invite you to visit our website www.endangeredscholarsworldwide.net or follow us at https://twitter.com/ESWNEWSCHOOL. If you are aware of a scholar or student whose case you believe we should investigate, please get in touch with us at esw@newschool.edu. Thank you for your unwavering support. SPECIAL DELIVERY Amidst a troubling global surge in violent and antidemocratic political movements, scholars, researchers, and students worldwide have become increasingly vulnerable. This dangerous trend, spanning from [End Page v] Ukraine to Afghanistan, Azerbaijan to Mali, has given rise to unprecedented levels of democratic regression. Democratic regress and its impact on academic freedom and autonomy of higher education have now reached critical proportions with the escalation of military conflict and government takeovers in the highly controversial and politically polarized Sahel region of Africa. Situated between the Sahara Desert to the north and tropical savannas to the south, the Sahel encompasses some of the world's most impoverished, ecologically fragile, and politically divided countries, and is a base for various radical Islamist terrorist organizations such as Boko Haram, Islamic State, and al-Qaeda. Although the protection and provision of education in the region during armed conflict has been on the UN's agenda since 2010, in the past few years the attacks on education by armed groups continued to escalate and intensify across the region, especially in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Chad, Sudan, and Nigeria. The success of military coup d'états in Mali, Burkina Faso, and most recently Niger, as well as thwarted coup attempts in several neigh-boring states such as Guinea Bissau and the Gambia, has led to the militarization of schools and the encroachment on educational institutions by rapidly consolidating autocratic governments. These circumstances have not only established deeply troubling precedents but also led to a significant reduction in student and teacher participation in schools. As of August 2023, over 11,000 schools are clo","PeriodicalId":21868,"journal":{"name":"Social Research: An International Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135687660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1353/sor.2023.a907792
Rukmini Bhaya Nair
Abstract: The essaytraces an arc from atrue story of shipwreck involving the ships Patience and Deliverance in the seventeenth century to a twenty-first-century conversation between the artificial intelligence system ChatGPT and the author on the subjects of patience and narrative crisis. It is suggested that deliverance from crises isintegral to the conceptual structure of both patience and narrative. Features of patience as a "postcrisis virtue" are then sought to be captured within a triangulation of concepts: urgent patience (paradoxical and action-oriented), narrative patience (methodological and linguistic), and fake patience (mechanical and emotionless), leading on to a tentative listing of some features of a "slow criticism" attentive to the fractious anxieties of our times.
{"title":"All He Needed Was a Hull: Slow Criticism in Cancel Culture Times","authors":"Rukmini Bhaya Nair","doi":"10.1353/sor.2023.a907792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2023.a907792","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The essaytraces an arc from atrue story of shipwreck involving the ships Patience and Deliverance in the seventeenth century to a twenty-first-century conversation between the artificial intelligence system ChatGPT and the author on the subjects of patience and narrative crisis. It is suggested that deliverance from crises isintegral to the conceptual structure of both patience and narrative. Features of patience as a \"postcrisis virtue\" are then sought to be captured within a triangulation of concepts: urgent patience (paradoxical and action-oriented), narrative patience (methodological and linguistic), and fake patience (mechanical and emotionless), leading on to a tentative listing of some features of a \"slow criticism\" attentive to the fractious anxieties of our times.","PeriodicalId":21868,"journal":{"name":"Social Research: An International Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135686869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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