Pub Date : 2023-08-03DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems7030071
L. Knebl, A. Gattinger, W. Niether, C. Brock
A greenhouse experiment with sorghum sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor × Sorghum sudanense) and maize (Zea mays) was conducted to assess information on differences in their nitrogen and fertilizer utilization when used as energy crops. The aim was to contribute to the scarce data on sorghum sudangrass as an energy crop with regards to nitrogen derived from fertilizer (NdfF) in the plant’s biomass and fertilizer nitrogen utilization (FNU). Sorghum sudangrass and maize were each grown in eight bags of 45 L volume and harvested at maturity after 154 days. Each crop treatment was further divided in a control treatment (four bags each) that did not receive N fertilization and a fertilization treatment (four bags each) that received 1.76 g N, applying a 15N-labelled liquid ammonium nitrate fertilizer. Fertilization took place at the start of the experiment. After harvest, the whole plant was divided in the fractions “aboveground biomass” (ABM) and “stubble + rootstock” (S + R). Weight, N content and 15N content were recorded for each fraction. In addition, N content and 15N content were assessed in the soil before sowing and after harvest. The experiment showed that FNU of sorghum sudangrass (65%) was significantly higher than that of maize (49%). Both crops accumulated more soil N than fertilizer N. The share of fertilizer N on total N uptake was also higher with sorghum sudangrass (NdfF = 38%) compared to maize (NdfF = 34%). The observations made with our control plant (maize), showed that the results are plausible and comparable to other 15N studies on maize regarding yields, NdfF, and FNU, leading to the assumption that results on sorghum sudangrass are plausible as well. We therefore conclude that the results of our study can be used for the preliminary parametrization of sorghum sudangrass in soil organic matter (SOM) balance at field level.
{"title":"Uptake of Fertilizer Nitrogen and Soil Nitrogen by Sorghum Sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor × Sorghum sudanense) in a Greenhouse Experiment with 15N-Labelled Ammonium Nitrate","authors":"L. Knebl, A. Gattinger, W. Niether, C. Brock","doi":"10.3390/soilsystems7030071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems7030071","url":null,"abstract":"A greenhouse experiment with sorghum sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor × Sorghum sudanense) and maize (Zea mays) was conducted to assess information on differences in their nitrogen and fertilizer utilization when used as energy crops. The aim was to contribute to the scarce data on sorghum sudangrass as an energy crop with regards to nitrogen derived from fertilizer (NdfF) in the plant’s biomass and fertilizer nitrogen utilization (FNU). Sorghum sudangrass and maize were each grown in eight bags of 45 L volume and harvested at maturity after 154 days. Each crop treatment was further divided in a control treatment (four bags each) that did not receive N fertilization and a fertilization treatment (four bags each) that received 1.76 g N, applying a 15N-labelled liquid ammonium nitrate fertilizer. Fertilization took place at the start of the experiment. After harvest, the whole plant was divided in the fractions “aboveground biomass” (ABM) and “stubble + rootstock” (S + R). Weight, N content and 15N content were recorded for each fraction. In addition, N content and 15N content were assessed in the soil before sowing and after harvest. The experiment showed that FNU of sorghum sudangrass (65%) was significantly higher than that of maize (49%). Both crops accumulated more soil N than fertilizer N. The share of fertilizer N on total N uptake was also higher with sorghum sudangrass (NdfF = 38%) compared to maize (NdfF = 34%). The observations made with our control plant (maize), showed that the results are plausible and comparable to other 15N studies on maize regarding yields, NdfF, and FNU, leading to the assumption that results on sorghum sudangrass are plausible as well. We therefore conclude that the results of our study can be used for the preliminary parametrization of sorghum sudangrass in soil organic matter (SOM) balance at field level.","PeriodicalId":21908,"journal":{"name":"Soil Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42678532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, we aimed to compare the functional and taxonomic composition of soil microbial communities in different ecosystems, agricultural, natural grasslands, and old-growth forests, in the context of different environmental conditions. In this research, cultivable microbial quantification was performed by conventional plate-count techniques using different selective media. The taxonomic structure of microbe communities was evaluated using NGS metagenomic sequencing on the Illumina platform NovaSeq. The taxonomic analysis showed that individual land uses are characterized by the specific structure of communities; some taxonomic groups are specific only to agricultural, grassland, or forest ecosystems. After determining the abundance of functional groups of culturable microorganisms by the conventional plate-count method, statistically significant quantitative differences in physiological groups between the individual ecosystems were revealed. The metagenomic analysis revealed that different ecosystems are characterized by specific taxonomic groups of microorganisms and that general alpha diversity varies among individual land-use samples. Since the most unstable soil systems are agricultural, they are likely to suffer the most and will suffer more in the future from climate change than natural ones.
{"title":"Comparison of the Structure of Soil Microbial Communities of Different Ecosystems Using the Microbiome Sequencing Approach","authors":"Audrius Kačergius, Diana Sivojienė, Renata Gudiukaitė, Eugenija Bakšienė, Aistė Masevičienė, Lina Žičkienė","doi":"10.3390/soilsystems7030070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems7030070","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we aimed to compare the functional and taxonomic composition of soil microbial communities in different ecosystems, agricultural, natural grasslands, and old-growth forests, in the context of different environmental conditions. In this research, cultivable microbial quantification was performed by conventional plate-count techniques using different selective media. The taxonomic structure of microbe communities was evaluated using NGS metagenomic sequencing on the Illumina platform NovaSeq. The taxonomic analysis showed that individual land uses are characterized by the specific structure of communities; some taxonomic groups are specific only to agricultural, grassland, or forest ecosystems. After determining the abundance of functional groups of culturable microorganisms by the conventional plate-count method, statistically significant quantitative differences in physiological groups between the individual ecosystems were revealed. The metagenomic analysis revealed that different ecosystems are characterized by specific taxonomic groups of microorganisms and that general alpha diversity varies among individual land-use samples. Since the most unstable soil systems are agricultural, they are likely to suffer the most and will suffer more in the future from climate change than natural ones.","PeriodicalId":21908,"journal":{"name":"Soil Systems","volume":"188 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136384636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems7030069
A. Paulo, Nidia S. Caetano, P. Castro, A. Marques
Mining and industrial activity are contributing to the increase in heavy metal (HM) pollution in soils. Phytoremediation coupled to selected rhizosphere microbiota is an environmentally friendly technology designed to promote HM bioremediation in soils. In this study, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was used together with Rhizophagus irregularis, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and Cupriavidus sp. strain 1C2, a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), as a phytoremediation strategy to remove Zn and Cd from an industrial soil (599 mg Zn kg−1 and 1.2 mg Cd kg−1). The work aimed to understand if it is possible to gradually remediate the tested soil while simultaneously obtaining significant yields of biomass with further energetic values by comparison to the conventional growth of the plant in agricultural (non-contaminated) soil. The H. annuus biomass harvested in the contaminated industrial soil was 17% lower than that grown in the agricultural soil—corresponding to yields of 19, 620, 199 and 52 g m−2 of roots, stems, flowers and seeds. It was possible to remove ca. 0.04 and 0.91% of the Zn and Cd of the industrial soil, respectively, via the HM accumulation on the biomass produced. The survival of applied microbiota was indicated by a high root colonization rate of AMF (about 50% more than in non-inoculated agricultural soil) and identification of strain 1C2 in the rhizosphere at the end of the phytoremediation assay. In this study, a phytoremediation strategy encompassing the application of an energetic crop inoculated with known beneficial microbiota applied to a real contaminated soil was successfully tested, with the production of plant biomass with the potential for upstream energetic valorisation purposes.
采矿和工业活动是土壤重金属污染增加的原因之一。植物修复与选定的根际微生物群耦合是一种环境友好型技术，旨在促进HM在土壤中的生物修复。在本研究中，向日葵(Helianthus annuus L.)与丛枝菌根真菌(AMF) Rhizophagus irregularis和促进植物生长的根细菌(PGPR) Cupriavidus sp.菌株1C2一起作为植物修复策略，去除工业土壤中的Zn和Cd (599 mg Zn kg - 1和1.2 mg Cd kg - 1)。这项工作的目的是了解是否有可能逐步修复被测土壤，同时通过与农业(未污染)土壤中植物的常规生长相比，获得具有进一步能量价值的显著生物质产量。在污染的工业土壤中收获的黄杨生物量比在农业土壤中收获的生物量低17%，根、茎、花和种子的产量分别为19、620、199和52 g m−2。通过对所产生物量的HM积累，可分别去除工业土壤中约0.04%和0.91%的Zn和Cd。施用微生物群的存活率表明，AMF的根定植率很高(比未接种农业土壤高出约50%)，并且在植物修复试验结束时在根际鉴定出菌株1C2。在这项研究中，成功测试了一种植物修复策略，该策略包括将接种了已知有益微生物群的高能作物应用于实际污染土壤，并生产了具有上游能量增值潜力的植物生物量。
{"title":"Phytomanagement of Zn- and Cd-Contaminated Soil: Helianthus annuus Biomass Production and Metal Remediation Abilities with Plant-Growth-Promoting Microbiota Assistance","authors":"A. Paulo, Nidia S. Caetano, P. Castro, A. Marques","doi":"10.3390/soilsystems7030069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems7030069","url":null,"abstract":"Mining and industrial activity are contributing to the increase in heavy metal (HM) pollution in soils. Phytoremediation coupled to selected rhizosphere microbiota is an environmentally friendly technology designed to promote HM bioremediation in soils. In this study, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was used together with Rhizophagus irregularis, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and Cupriavidus sp. strain 1C2, a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), as a phytoremediation strategy to remove Zn and Cd from an industrial soil (599 mg Zn kg−1 and 1.2 mg Cd kg−1). The work aimed to understand if it is possible to gradually remediate the tested soil while simultaneously obtaining significant yields of biomass with further energetic values by comparison to the conventional growth of the plant in agricultural (non-contaminated) soil. The H. annuus biomass harvested in the contaminated industrial soil was 17% lower than that grown in the agricultural soil—corresponding to yields of 19, 620, 199 and 52 g m−2 of roots, stems, flowers and seeds. It was possible to remove ca. 0.04 and 0.91% of the Zn and Cd of the industrial soil, respectively, via the HM accumulation on the biomass produced. The survival of applied microbiota was indicated by a high root colonization rate of AMF (about 50% more than in non-inoculated agricultural soil) and identification of strain 1C2 in the rhizosphere at the end of the phytoremediation assay. In this study, a phytoremediation strategy encompassing the application of an energetic crop inoculated with known beneficial microbiota applied to a real contaminated soil was successfully tested, with the production of plant biomass with the potential for upstream energetic valorisation purposes.","PeriodicalId":21908,"journal":{"name":"Soil Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42204410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-27DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems7030068
S. Harper, N. Menzies
Background and Aims: In acidic soils, aluminum (Al) toxicity remains a critical crop limitation that can be ameliorated by organic amendments through Al complexation with high-molecular-weight carbon compounds, particularly fulvic and humic acids (FA and HA) However, no research discriminates between the direct effects of FA and HA on plant growth and the indirect effect that occurs through ameliorating Al toxicity. This study delineates the direct and indirect effects of FA and HA on plant growth. Methods: Eucalyptus and Hay FA and HA, and Al effects on maize (Zea mays) root growth were investigated using dilute nutrient solution. Five Al concentrations (0–270 µM) were combined with four organic acid (OA) treatments, including Nil-OA, FA40, and HA40 (each at 40 mg C L−1) and a combined treatment FA40HA40 (80 mg C L−1). Results: Eucalyptus FA and HA stimulated root growth by ~20% compared with root growth in the Nil-OA (17.4 cm). In the absence of Al, Hay FA and HA inhibited root growth (by ~20%) compared with the Nil-OA but the addition of Al resulted in stimulation of root growth. In the presence of FA and HA, root growth was not inhibited by nominally toxic monomeric Al (Al3+) concentrations (~20 µM Al). However, when expressed on a relative basis to remove the direct effect of the ligand, the response was consistent with Al toxicity. Conclusions: The effects of FA and HA were either inhibitory or stimulatory depending on the source while both sources of FA and HA mitigated Al toxicity through complexation. The study provides mechanistic data that highlights limitations of soil bioassays where the direct effects of organic ligands on root growth are confounded with the indirect effect of their reduction of Al toxicity. These two independent processes must be considered in evaluating the amelioration of Al by organic amendments.
背景与目的:在酸性土壤中，铝(Al)毒性仍然是一个关键的作物限制，可以通过有机修正，通过铝与高分子量碳化合物络合，特别是黄腐酸和腐植酸(FA和HA)，然而，没有研究区分FA和HA对植物生长的直接影响和通过改善铝毒性发生的间接影响。本研究描述了FA和HA对植物生长的直接和间接影响。方法:采用稀释营养液研究桉树和干草FA、HA和Al对玉米根系生长的影响。5种Al浓度(0-270µM)与4种有机酸(OA)处理，包括Nil-OA、FA40和HA40(各为40 mg C L−1)和FA40HA40 (80 mg C L−1)联合处理。结果:桉树FA和HA对根系生长的促进作用比在17.4 cm的il- oa中提高了约20%。在不添加Al的情况下，干草FA和HA对根系生长的抑制作用比Nil-OA低约20%，而添加Al对根系生长有促进作用。在FA和HA存在的情况下，名义上有毒的单体Al (Al3+)浓度(~20µM Al)不抑制根的生长。然而，当以相对基础表达以去除配体的直接作用时，反应与Al毒性一致。结论:FA和HA的作用根据来源的不同具有抑制或刺激作用，而FA和HA均通过络合作用减轻Al毒性。该研究提供了机制数据，突出了土壤生物测定的局限性，其中有机配体对根生长的直接影响与其减少铝毒性的间接影响相混淆。在评价有机改性对铝的改善作用时，必须考虑这两个独立的过程。
{"title":"Phytotoxic Effects of Al on Root Growth Are Confounded in the Presence of Fulvic and Humic Acids","authors":"S. Harper, N. Menzies","doi":"10.3390/soilsystems7030068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems7030068","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aims: In acidic soils, aluminum (Al) toxicity remains a critical crop limitation that can be ameliorated by organic amendments through Al complexation with high-molecular-weight carbon compounds, particularly fulvic and humic acids (FA and HA) However, no research discriminates between the direct effects of FA and HA on plant growth and the indirect effect that occurs through ameliorating Al toxicity. This study delineates the direct and indirect effects of FA and HA on plant growth. Methods: Eucalyptus and Hay FA and HA, and Al effects on maize (Zea mays) root growth were investigated using dilute nutrient solution. Five Al concentrations (0–270 µM) were combined with four organic acid (OA) treatments, including Nil-OA, FA40, and HA40 (each at 40 mg C L−1) and a combined treatment FA40HA40 (80 mg C L−1). Results: Eucalyptus FA and HA stimulated root growth by ~20% compared with root growth in the Nil-OA (17.4 cm). In the absence of Al, Hay FA and HA inhibited root growth (by ~20%) compared with the Nil-OA but the addition of Al resulted in stimulation of root growth. In the presence of FA and HA, root growth was not inhibited by nominally toxic monomeric Al (Al3+) concentrations (~20 µM Al). However, when expressed on a relative basis to remove the direct effect of the ligand, the response was consistent with Al toxicity. Conclusions: The effects of FA and HA were either inhibitory or stimulatory depending on the source while both sources of FA and HA mitigated Al toxicity through complexation. The study provides mechanistic data that highlights limitations of soil bioassays where the direct effects of organic ligands on root growth are confounded with the indirect effect of their reduction of Al toxicity. These two independent processes must be considered in evaluating the amelioration of Al by organic amendments.","PeriodicalId":21908,"journal":{"name":"Soil Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42514308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems7030066
Verena Brandmaier, Anna Altmanninger, F. Leisch, Edith Gruber, E. Takács, M. Mörtl, Szandra Klátyik, A. Székács, J. Zaller
Glyphosate is the most widely used active ingredient (AI) in thousands of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) worldwide. Short-term impacts of AIs or GBHs on earthworms are well known, but few studies have examined long-term legacy effects >3 months after application. In a pot experiment, we studied both short-term and long-term effects on deep burrowing earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) and soil functions. Therefore, the cover crop Sinapis alba was grown in soils with either 3.0% or 4.1% soil organic matter content (SOM) and either sprayed with a GBH (Touchdown Quattro, Roundup PowerFlex, or Roundup LB Plus) or the respective glyphosate AI (diammonium-, potassium-, or isopropylamine-salt) or hand weeded (control). Long-term effects showed increased earthworm activity under GBHs even 4 months after application, but similar activity under AIs and control. Another application of the same treatments 5 months after the previous one also increased earthworm activity under GBHs, especially at high SOM levels. Water infiltration after a simulated heavy rainfall was 50% lower, and leaching was 30% higher under GBH than under AI application or hand weeding. Individual GBHs and AIs varied in their effects and were influenced by SOM and soil moisture. Full disclosure of all ingredients in GBH formulations would be necessary to allow a comprehensive assessment of environmental risks.
{"title":"Glyphosate-Based Herbicide Formulations with Greater Impact on Earthworms and Water Infiltration than Pure Glyphosate","authors":"Verena Brandmaier, Anna Altmanninger, F. Leisch, Edith Gruber, E. Takács, M. Mörtl, Szandra Klátyik, A. Székács, J. Zaller","doi":"10.3390/soilsystems7030066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems7030066","url":null,"abstract":"Glyphosate is the most widely used active ingredient (AI) in thousands of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) worldwide. Short-term impacts of AIs or GBHs on earthworms are well known, but few studies have examined long-term legacy effects >3 months after application. In a pot experiment, we studied both short-term and long-term effects on deep burrowing earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) and soil functions. Therefore, the cover crop Sinapis alba was grown in soils with either 3.0% or 4.1% soil organic matter content (SOM) and either sprayed with a GBH (Touchdown Quattro, Roundup PowerFlex, or Roundup LB Plus) or the respective glyphosate AI (diammonium-, potassium-, or isopropylamine-salt) or hand weeded (control). Long-term effects showed increased earthworm activity under GBHs even 4 months after application, but similar activity under AIs and control. Another application of the same treatments 5 months after the previous one also increased earthworm activity under GBHs, especially at high SOM levels. Water infiltration after a simulated heavy rainfall was 50% lower, and leaching was 30% higher under GBH than under AI application or hand weeding. Individual GBHs and AIs varied in their effects and were influenced by SOM and soil moisture. Full disclosure of all ingredients in GBH formulations would be necessary to allow a comprehensive assessment of environmental risks.","PeriodicalId":21908,"journal":{"name":"Soil Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42533409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems7030067
W. Semida, Taia A. Abd El-Mageed, Mohammed A. H. Gyushi, Shimaa A. Abd El-Mageed, M. Rady, A. Abdelkhalik, O. Merah, Ayman El Sabagh, I. El-Metwally, M. Sadak, M. Abdelhamid
Water and salt stresses are among the most important global problems that limit the growth and production of several crops. The current study aims at the possibility of mitigating the effect of deficit irrigation of common bean plants growing in saline lands by foliar spraying with selenium via the assessment of growth, productivity, physiological, and biochemical measurements. In our study, two field-based trials were conducted in 2017 and 2018 to examine the influence of three selenium (Se) concentrations (0 (Se0), 25 (Se25), and 50 mg L−1 (Se50)) on common bean plants grown under full irrigation (I100 = 100% of the crop evapotranspiration; ETc) and deficit irrigation (I80 = 80% of ETc, and I60 = 60% of ETc). Bean plants exposed to water stress led to a notable reduction in growth, yield, water productivity (WP), water status, SPAD value, and chlorophyll a fluorescence features (Fv/Fm and PI). However, foliar spraying of selenium at 25 or 50 mg L−1 on stressed bean plants attenuated the harmful effects of water stress. The findings suggest that foliage application of 25 or 50 mg L−1 selenium to common bean plants grown under I80 resulted in a higher membrane stability index, relative water content, SPAD chlorophyll index, and better efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm, and PI). Water deficit at 20% increased the WP by 17%; however, supplementation of 25 or 50 mg L−1 selenium mediated further increases in WP up to 26%. Exogenous application of selenium (25 mg L−1 or 50 mg L−1) to water-stressed bean plants elevated the plant defense system component, given that it increased the free proline, ascorbic acid, and glutathione levels, as well as antioxidant enzymes (SOD, APX, GPX, and CAT). It was concluded that the application of higher levels (25 or/and 50 mg L−1) of Se improves plant water status as well as the growth and yield of common beans cultivated in saline soil.
{"title":"Exogenous Selenium Improves Physio-Biochemical and Performance of Drought-Stressed Phaseolus vulgaris Seeded in Saline Soil","authors":"W. Semida, Taia A. Abd El-Mageed, Mohammed A. H. Gyushi, Shimaa A. Abd El-Mageed, M. Rady, A. Abdelkhalik, O. Merah, Ayman El Sabagh, I. El-Metwally, M. Sadak, M. Abdelhamid","doi":"10.3390/soilsystems7030067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems7030067","url":null,"abstract":"Water and salt stresses are among the most important global problems that limit the growth and production of several crops. The current study aims at the possibility of mitigating the effect of deficit irrigation of common bean plants growing in saline lands by foliar spraying with selenium via the assessment of growth, productivity, physiological, and biochemical measurements. In our study, two field-based trials were conducted in 2017 and 2018 to examine the influence of three selenium (Se) concentrations (0 (Se0), 25 (Se25), and 50 mg L−1 (Se50)) on common bean plants grown under full irrigation (I100 = 100% of the crop evapotranspiration; ETc) and deficit irrigation (I80 = 80% of ETc, and I60 = 60% of ETc). Bean plants exposed to water stress led to a notable reduction in growth, yield, water productivity (WP), water status, SPAD value, and chlorophyll a fluorescence features (Fv/Fm and PI). However, foliar spraying of selenium at 25 or 50 mg L−1 on stressed bean plants attenuated the harmful effects of water stress. The findings suggest that foliage application of 25 or 50 mg L−1 selenium to common bean plants grown under I80 resulted in a higher membrane stability index, relative water content, SPAD chlorophyll index, and better efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm, and PI). Water deficit at 20% increased the WP by 17%; however, supplementation of 25 or 50 mg L−1 selenium mediated further increases in WP up to 26%. Exogenous application of selenium (25 mg L−1 or 50 mg L−1) to water-stressed bean plants elevated the plant defense system component, given that it increased the free proline, ascorbic acid, and glutathione levels, as well as antioxidant enzymes (SOD, APX, GPX, and CAT). It was concluded that the application of higher levels (25 or/and 50 mg L−1) of Se improves plant water status as well as the growth and yield of common beans cultivated in saline soil.","PeriodicalId":21908,"journal":{"name":"Soil Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46586374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-17DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems7030065
John Bethanis, E. Golia
A pot experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of polyethylene (PE), a broadly utilized polymer type, on soil properties and lettuce growth. Two Zn- and Cd-contaminated soil samples were obtained from urban and rural areas of Greece, respectively. PE fragments (<5 mm) were added at different concentrations (2.5%, 5% w/w). Lettuce seeds were then planted in the pots in a completely randomized experiment. Plant growth patterns and tissue metal accumulation were investigated. The presence of PE in soils resulted in a reduction in pH, significantly enhanced the organic matter content, and increased the cation-exchange capacity. The availability of both metals was also increased. Metal migration from soil to plant was determined using appropriate tools and indexes. A higher metal concentration was detected in lettuce roots compared with that in the edible leaves. The presence of PE MPs (2.5% w/w) increased the amount of available Zn more than that of Cd in highly contaminated soils. When PE MPs were added to agricultural soil, Zn concentrations increased in the plant leaves by 9.1% (2.5% w/w) and 21.1% (5% w/w). Considering that both metals and microplastics cannot be easily and quickly degraded, the fact that the less toxic metal is more available to plants is encouraging. Taking into account the physicochemical soil features, decision makers may be able to limit the risks to human health from the coexistence of heavy metals and microplastics in soils.
{"title":"Revealing the Combined Effects of Microplastics, Zn, and Cd on Soil Properties and Metal Accumulation by Leafy Vegetables: A Preliminary Investigation by a Laboratory Experiment","authors":"John Bethanis, E. Golia","doi":"10.3390/soilsystems7030065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems7030065","url":null,"abstract":"A pot experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of polyethylene (PE), a broadly utilized polymer type, on soil properties and lettuce growth. Two Zn- and Cd-contaminated soil samples were obtained from urban and rural areas of Greece, respectively. PE fragments (<5 mm) were added at different concentrations (2.5%, 5% w/w). Lettuce seeds were then planted in the pots in a completely randomized experiment. Plant growth patterns and tissue metal accumulation were investigated. The presence of PE in soils resulted in a reduction in pH, significantly enhanced the organic matter content, and increased the cation-exchange capacity. The availability of both metals was also increased. Metal migration from soil to plant was determined using appropriate tools and indexes. A higher metal concentration was detected in lettuce roots compared with that in the edible leaves. The presence of PE MPs (2.5% w/w) increased the amount of available Zn more than that of Cd in highly contaminated soils. When PE MPs were added to agricultural soil, Zn concentrations increased in the plant leaves by 9.1% (2.5% w/w) and 21.1% (5% w/w). Considering that both metals and microplastics cannot be easily and quickly degraded, the fact that the less toxic metal is more available to plants is encouraging. Taking into account the physicochemical soil features, decision makers may be able to limit the risks to human health from the coexistence of heavy metals and microplastics in soils.","PeriodicalId":21908,"journal":{"name":"Soil Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42353332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems7030064
C. Rodrigues, L. M. Brito, Leonel J. R. Nunes
This review article aims to acknowledge the multifaceted functions of soil, and given its status as the largest terrestrial carbon store, to reaffirm its previously established importance in carbon sequestration. The article outlines the key variables that affect soil’s ability to trap carbon and highlights the significance of soil in halting climate change. A bibliometric study of seven sets of keywords relating to the significance of soil in carbon sequestration for climate change mitigation laid the foundation for this review. The literature review that followed, which was based on the bibliometric analysis, concentrated on carbon sequestration and the impact of the key factors that affect the amount of organic carbon in soil, including (1) climatic conditions; (2) topography; (3) parent material; (4) organisms; and (5) soil qualities. The goal of this review article is to recognize the diverse roles of soil, while reasserting its well-documented significance in carbon sequestration. This is particularly important considering soil’s position as the largest terrestrial storehouse of carbon.
{"title":"Soil Carbon Sequestration in the Context of Climate Change Mitigation: A Review","authors":"C. Rodrigues, L. M. Brito, Leonel J. R. Nunes","doi":"10.3390/soilsystems7030064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems7030064","url":null,"abstract":"This review article aims to acknowledge the multifaceted functions of soil, and given its status as the largest terrestrial carbon store, to reaffirm its previously established importance in carbon sequestration. The article outlines the key variables that affect soil’s ability to trap carbon and highlights the significance of soil in halting climate change. A bibliometric study of seven sets of keywords relating to the significance of soil in carbon sequestration for climate change mitigation laid the foundation for this review. The literature review that followed, which was based on the bibliometric analysis, concentrated on carbon sequestration and the impact of the key factors that affect the amount of organic carbon in soil, including (1) climatic conditions; (2) topography; (3) parent material; (4) organisms; and (5) soil qualities. The goal of this review article is to recognize the diverse roles of soil, while reasserting its well-documented significance in carbon sequestration. This is particularly important considering soil’s position as the largest terrestrial storehouse of carbon.","PeriodicalId":21908,"journal":{"name":"Soil Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48441893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-22DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems7030063
S. Rayburg, M. Neave, Justin Thompson-Laing
Floodplain soils are subject to quasi-periodic flood disturbances. This flooding serves to enrich floodplain soils, increasing their fertility and often making them ideal locations for agriculture. However, what is less well understood is how the frequency of flooding impacts on soil fertility and the diversity of soil character. This study investigates how flood frequency influences the heterogeneity (assessed using 26 physical and geochemical soil properties) of floodplain soils in a semi-arid floodplain wetland system in New South Wales, Australia. The study includes an investigation of soil properties across four flood frequency (or disturbance frequency) categories ranging from frequent through to infrequent flood disturbance. Thirty samples were collected from each zone and the physical and geochemical soil data were analyzed using a suite of univariate and multivariate statistical tests. The results show that sites subject to an intermediate level of flood disturbance have a greater level of diversity in soil properties than those sites subject to frequent flood disturbances. These results reflect those of the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis, an ecological theory that posits the highest biological diversity will also be found in intermediately disturbed environments and suggests that there might be physical habitat drivers of biological diversity in intermediately disturbed floodplains.
{"title":"The Impact of Flood Frequency on the Heterogeneity of Floodplain Surface Soil Properties","authors":"S. Rayburg, M. Neave, Justin Thompson-Laing","doi":"10.3390/soilsystems7030063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems7030063","url":null,"abstract":"Floodplain soils are subject to quasi-periodic flood disturbances. This flooding serves to enrich floodplain soils, increasing their fertility and often making them ideal locations for agriculture. However, what is less well understood is how the frequency of flooding impacts on soil fertility and the diversity of soil character. This study investigates how flood frequency influences the heterogeneity (assessed using 26 physical and geochemical soil properties) of floodplain soils in a semi-arid floodplain wetland system in New South Wales, Australia. The study includes an investigation of soil properties across four flood frequency (or disturbance frequency) categories ranging from frequent through to infrequent flood disturbance. Thirty samples were collected from each zone and the physical and geochemical soil data were analyzed using a suite of univariate and multivariate statistical tests. The results show that sites subject to an intermediate level of flood disturbance have a greater level of diversity in soil properties than those sites subject to frequent flood disturbances. These results reflect those of the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis, an ecological theory that posits the highest biological diversity will also be found in intermediately disturbed environments and suggests that there might be physical habitat drivers of biological diversity in intermediately disturbed floodplains.","PeriodicalId":21908,"journal":{"name":"Soil Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45489930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-20DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems7020062
Martin Siedt, Eva-Maria Teggers, V. Linnemann, A. Schäffer, Joost T. van Dongen
With this study, we aim to relate the substrate quality of different organic materials derived from plant residues to the respiratory activity of soil microorganisms after amendment, the formation of oxygen gradients upon irrigation, and the leaching of macronutrients and metals in soil. Elemental analyses were performed to determine the chemical composition of wheat straw, green compost, and a biochar product, showing that carbon availability, C/N ratio, and metal contents varied markedly. Consequently, after application to well-aerated sandy loam soil at 1% w/w, only straw increased microbial activity substantially, and nitrate was depleted within one week. Upon intense irrigation of soil columns packed with differently amended soils, strong hypoxia formed only in straw–soil, where microbial oxygen demand for straw degradation was high. This was enhanced after the application of mineral fertilizers, and nitrate leaching was mitigated. With the decreasing redox potential in straw–soil, the leaching of Fe, Mn, Al, Ni, Co, and As was increased. However, nitrate from mineral fertilizer mitigated the reduction of redox potential and, thus, the leaching of these metals. Measuring oxygen at different depths revealed near anoxic conditions at −15 cm of straw–soil with NP-fertilizer applied within 12 h after the start of irrigation and remained for at least 60 h, while oxygen showed extensive fluctuations in the upper few centimeters. This study showed that organic soil amendments with high carbon availability induce microbial respiration to the extent that causes strong and long-lasting hypoxia upon irrigation, even in sandy soil, which leads to substantial effects on the mobility of nutrients and toxic metals. In contrast, organic soil amendments with low carbon availability did not cause such effects.
{"title":"Microbial Degradation of Plant Residues Rapidly Causes Long-Lasting Hypoxia in Soil upon Irrigation and Affects Leaching of Nitrogen and Metals","authors":"Martin Siedt, Eva-Maria Teggers, V. Linnemann, A. Schäffer, Joost T. van Dongen","doi":"10.3390/soilsystems7020062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems7020062","url":null,"abstract":"With this study, we aim to relate the substrate quality of different organic materials derived from plant residues to the respiratory activity of soil microorganisms after amendment, the formation of oxygen gradients upon irrigation, and the leaching of macronutrients and metals in soil. Elemental analyses were performed to determine the chemical composition of wheat straw, green compost, and a biochar product, showing that carbon availability, C/N ratio, and metal contents varied markedly. Consequently, after application to well-aerated sandy loam soil at 1% w/w, only straw increased microbial activity substantially, and nitrate was depleted within one week. Upon intense irrigation of soil columns packed with differently amended soils, strong hypoxia formed only in straw–soil, where microbial oxygen demand for straw degradation was high. This was enhanced after the application of mineral fertilizers, and nitrate leaching was mitigated. With the decreasing redox potential in straw–soil, the leaching of Fe, Mn, Al, Ni, Co, and As was increased. However, nitrate from mineral fertilizer mitigated the reduction of redox potential and, thus, the leaching of these metals. Measuring oxygen at different depths revealed near anoxic conditions at −15 cm of straw–soil with NP-fertilizer applied within 12 h after the start of irrigation and remained for at least 60 h, while oxygen showed extensive fluctuations in the upper few centimeters. This study showed that organic soil amendments with high carbon availability induce microbial respiration to the extent that causes strong and long-lasting hypoxia upon irrigation, even in sandy soil, which leads to substantial effects on the mobility of nutrients and toxic metals. In contrast, organic soil amendments with low carbon availability did not cause such effects.","PeriodicalId":21908,"journal":{"name":"Soil Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46883632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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