A. Damgaard, D. S. Bangert, D. J. Murray, R. Rubbo, G. Stout
This paper describes the evolution, laboratory testing, and field installation of a completion system developed to perforate, fracture stimulate, and isolate multiple zones in North Sea horizontal wells. This system is designed to reduce overall completion time and well control problems significantly and to allow selective zone control in production and restimulation phases. The field performance of this system is compared with that of previously used methods
{"title":"A unique method for perforating, fracturing, and completing horizontal wells","authors":"A. Damgaard, D. S. Bangert, D. J. Murray, R. Rubbo, G. Stout","doi":"10.2118/19282-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/19282-PA","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the evolution, laboratory testing, and field installation of a completion system developed to perforate, fracture stimulate, and isolate multiple zones in North Sea horizontal wells. This system is designed to reduce overall completion time and well control problems significantly and to allow selective zone control in production and restimulation phases. The field performance of this system is compared with that of previously used methods","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"61-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82249527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper introduced the pressure derivative in fracturing-pressure analysis. The derivative is shown to enhance the analysis capabilities significantly. The interpretation methodology is presented, and several field data sets and simulations are discussed to illustrate the technique
{"title":"Diagnosis and Evaluation of Fracturing Treatments","authors":"J. Ayoub, J. E. Brown, R. Barree, J. Elphick","doi":"10.2118/20581-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/20581-PA","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduced the pressure derivative in fracturing-pressure analysis. The derivative is shown to enhance the analysis capabilities significantly. The interpretation methodology is presented, and several field data sets and simulations are discussed to illustrate the technique","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"066 1","pages":"39-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89796507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Persulfates are commonly used as breakers for aqueous fluids viscosified with guar or cellulose derivatives. These breakers are necessary to minimize permeability damage to proppant packs at temperatures where there is little thermal degradation of the polymers. Unfortunately, dissolved persulfates are much too reactive, even at moderate temperatures (140 to 200{degrees} F), to be used at concentrations sufficient to degrade concentrated, high-molecular-weight polymers thoroughly. Technology described in this paper was used to produce a delayed breaker. The breaker is prepared by encapsulating ammonium persulfate (APS) with a water-resistant coating. The coating shields the fluid from the breaker so that high breaker concentrations can be added to the fluid without causing the premature loss of fluid properties, such as viscosity or fluid-loss control. Critical factors in the design of encapsulated breakers (such as coating barrier properties, release mechanisms, and reactive chemical properties) are discussed. The effects of encapsulated breaker on fluid rheology were compared for several encapsulated persulfates.
{"title":"Encapsulated Breaker for Aqueous Polymeric Fluids","authors":"J. Gulbis, M. T. King, G. W. Hawkins, H. Brannon","doi":"10.2118/19433-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/19433-PA","url":null,"abstract":"Persulfates are commonly used as breakers for aqueous fluids viscosified with guar or cellulose derivatives. These breakers are necessary to minimize permeability damage to proppant packs at temperatures where there is little thermal degradation of the polymers. Unfortunately, dissolved persulfates are much too reactive, even at moderate temperatures (140 to 200{degrees} F), to be used at concentrations sufficient to degrade concentrated, high-molecular-weight polymers thoroughly. Technology described in this paper was used to produce a delayed breaker. The breaker is prepared by encapsulating ammonium persulfate (APS) with a water-resistant coating. The coating shields the fluid from the breaker so that high breaker concentrations can be added to the fluid without causing the premature loss of fluid properties, such as viscosity or fluid-loss control. Critical factors in the design of encapsulated breakers (such as coating barrier properties, release mechanisms, and reactive chemical properties) are discussed. The effects of encapsulated breaker on fluid rheology were compared for several encapsulated persulfates.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"64 1","pages":"9-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89859526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When fracture proppants are subjected to cyclic loading, the conductivity of the fracture is reduced. This paper presents laboratory results to quantify the degradation of sand and intermediate-strength proppants (ISP's) as closure stress is loaded cyclically to the proppant. The results imply that, if a deep gas well is opened and then shut in repeatedly, permanent damage to the hydraulic fracture will occur.
{"title":"Flow Characteristics of Hydraulic Fracture Proppants Subjected to Repeated Production Cycles","authors":"S. Holditch, D. Blakeley","doi":"10.2118/19091-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/19091-PA","url":null,"abstract":"When fracture proppants are subjected to cyclic loading, the conductivity of the fracture is reduced. This paper presents laboratory results to quantify the degradation of sand and intermediate-strength proppants (ISP's) as closure stress is loaded cyclically to the proppant. The results imply that, if a deep gas well is opened and then shut in repeatedly, permanent damage to the hydraulic fracture will occur.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"99 1","pages":"15-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81469350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mathematical modeling and test data were used to predict the temperatures of valve and wellhead equipment in API fire testing. This paper reports that the thermal response of these systems is used to select critical parts for fire-resistant equipment. Conditions of internal components were found to be calculable on the basis of defined test criteria.
{"title":"Fire Testing of Valve and Wellhead Equipment to API Specifications","authors":"W. L. Guice, T. L. Shinn","doi":"10.2118/20880-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/20880-PA","url":null,"abstract":"Mathematical modeling and test data were used to predict the temperatures of valve and wellhead equipment in API fire testing. This paper reports that the thermal response of these systems is used to select critical parts for fire-resistant equipment. Conditions of internal components were found to be calculable on the basis of defined test criteria.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"4 1","pages":"107-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72990415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two integral equations are derived for the 3D problem of a pressurized plane crack in an infinite, fluid-saturated, poroelastic solid. These equations relate normal tractions and fluid pressures on the crack faces to crack openings and fluid injection rate per unit fracture area. An important application of these equations is the prediction of hydraulic fractures induced during waterflooding of reservoirs to enhance gas and oil recovery
{"title":"Integral equations for the problem of a 3D crack in an infinite, fluid-filled, poroelastic solid","authors":"M. Kurashige, R. Clifton","doi":"10.2118/19386-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/19386-PA","url":null,"abstract":"Two integral equations are derived for the 3D problem of a pressurized plane crack in an infinite, fluid-saturated, poroelastic solid. These equations relate normal tractions and fluid pressures on the crack faces to crack openings and fluid injection rate per unit fracture area. An important application of these equations is the prediction of hydraulic fractures induced during waterflooding of reservoirs to enhance gas and oil recovery","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"4 1","pages":"34-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87396041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Haarberg, Ingrid Selm, Dag B. Granbakken, T. Østvold, P. Read, T. Schmidt
This paper presents a reliable model for the solubility products of scale-forming minerals. Our model solubilities are in relatively good agreement ({plus minus}5% to 10%) with the most reliable solubilities in aqueous solutions of up to twice the seawater concentration at temperatures of 20 to 150{degrees} C and pressures up to 40 MPa. An equilibrium mode for the reactions responsible for scale formation is developed. The CO{sub 2} equilibria between the gas, oil, and water phases and in the water phase itself are considered. By combining a hydrodynamic model for the transport of water through an oil reservoir during waterflooding with the proposed equilibrium model, we can estimate the amount of precipitate formed in the reservoir.
{"title":"Scale Formation in Reservoir and Production Equipment During Oil Recovery: An Equilibrium Model","authors":"T. Haarberg, Ingrid Selm, Dag B. Granbakken, T. Østvold, P. Read, T. Schmidt","doi":"10.2118/19449-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/19449-PA","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a reliable model for the solubility products of scale-forming minerals. Our model solubilities are in relatively good agreement ({plus minus}5% to 10%) with the most reliable solubilities in aqueous solutions of up to twice the seawater concentration at temperatures of 20 to 150{degrees} C and pressures up to 40 MPa. An equilibrium mode for the reactions responsible for scale formation is developed. The CO{sub 2} equilibria between the gas, oil, and water phases and in the water phase itself are considered. By combining a hydrodynamic model for the transport of water through an oil reservoir during waterflooding with the proposed equilibrium model, we can estimate the amount of precipitate formed in the reservoir.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":"75-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84632324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reports on the flexible riser and mooring system (FRAMS) which provides a technically straightforward, commercially attractive method of developing small oil fields. A passively moored 60,000-deadweight-ton (60,000-DWT) tanker with deck-mounted equipment provides a swivelless well fluid and injection water path from and to the wellheads. The system can be disconnected rapidly in severe weather.
{"title":"FLEXIBLE RISER AND MOORING SYSTEM DEVELOPS SMALL OIL FIELDS IN THE NORTH SEA","authors":"A. M. Thompson, G. Holmes, P. Benstead","doi":"10.2118/20810-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/20810-PA","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports on the flexible riser and mooring system (FRAMS) which provides a technically straightforward, commercially attractive method of developing small oil fields. A passively moored 60,000-deadweight-ton (60,000-DWT) tanker with deck-mounted equipment provides a swivelless well fluid and injection water path from and to the wellheads. The system can be disconnected rapidly in severe weather.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"56 1","pages":"465-471"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80190582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes a newly developed, unique piston-gas-prover system and its advantages for on-site gas flowmeter calibration to improve measurement accuracy. The gas prover was tested at a natural gas flow calibration facility and at the Colorado Engineering Experimental Station Inc. (CEESI) to demonstrate its measurement performance, repeatability, and accuracy. The piston prover, with a design similar to that of an existing piston liquid prover, is bidirectional and uses a special piston to move gas through a calibrated section of know volume. It is constructed to perform on-site calibration of such flowmeters as gas turbin or orifice meters at operating conditions
{"title":"Portable Piston Gas Prover for Field Calibration of Flowmeters","authors":"V. C. Ting, J. C. Halpine","doi":"10.2118/19767-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/19767-PA","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a newly developed, unique piston-gas-prover system and its advantages for on-site gas flowmeter calibration to improve measurement accuracy. The gas prover was tested at a natural gas flow calibration facility and at the Colorado Engineering Experimental Station Inc. (CEESI) to demonstrate its measurement performance, repeatability, and accuracy. The piston prover, with a design similar to that of an existing piston liquid prover, is bidirectional and uses a special piston to move gas through a calibrated section of know volume. It is constructed to perform on-site calibration of such flowmeters as gas turbin or orifice meters at operating conditions","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"90 2 1","pages":"454-458"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90974685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In previous dynamic predictive models of beam-pump performance, drag forces on the rod string commonly are modeled by an input empirical drag coefficient multiplying the local rod velocity. This paper shows how forces on the rods and pump plunger can be modeled theoretically and calculated for viscous flow. Results of viscous-flow calculations to develop drag coefficients compare well with measured field data
{"title":"Modeling Forces on a Beam-Pump System During Pumping of Highly Viscous Crude","authors":"J. Lea","doi":"10.2118/20672-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/20672-PA","url":null,"abstract":"In previous dynamic predictive models of beam-pump performance, drag forces on the rod string commonly are modeled by an input empirical drag coefficient multiplying the local rod velocity. This paper shows how forces on the rods and pump plunger can be modeled theoretically and calculated for viscous flow. Results of viscous-flow calculations to develop drag coefficients compare well with measured field data","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"4 1","pages":"420-426"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75584803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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