In this paper results of studies of two onshore and two offshore pilot plants that use ceramic crossflow microfiltration (CCFM) to separate oil, grease, and suspended solids from produced water are discussed. The method is capable of producing permeate quality with {lt} =5 mg/L (detection limit) of dispersed oil and grease and {lt}1 mg/L of suspended solids.
{"title":"Removal of oil, grease, and suspended solids from produced water with ceramic crossflow microfiltration","authors":"A. Chen, J. T. Flynn, R. Cook, A. L. Casaday","doi":"10.2118/20291-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/20291-PA","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper results of studies of two onshore and two offshore pilot plants that use ceramic crossflow microfiltration (CCFM) to separate oil, grease, and suspended solids from produced water are discussed. The method is capable of producing permeate quality with {lt} =5 mg/L (detection limit) of dispersed oil and grease and {lt}1 mg/L of suspended solids.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"62 1","pages":"131-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88147980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fiberglass sucker rods are assuming a place in artificial-lift technology. This paper briefly describes the manufacturing process and gives some design and operational hints for practical applications. It also describes some mathematical modeling modifications needed for fiberglass wave-equation design programs.
{"title":"Application of Fiberglass Sucker Rods","authors":"S. G. Gibbs","doi":"10.2118/20151-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/20151-PA","url":null,"abstract":"Fiberglass sucker rods are assuming a place in artificial-lift technology. This paper briefly describes the manufacturing process and gives some design and operational hints for practical applications. It also describes some mathematical modeling modifications needed for fiberglass wave-equation design programs.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"4 1","pages":"147-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89930117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The San Andres formation is routinely stimulated with acid. Although numerous acidizing simulators are available to aid in treatment optimization, existing reactivity data were generated with quarried rock rather than formation samples. This paper presents reactivity data for five San Andres dolomite samples. These data can be used in most fracture-acidizing-design simulators to allow more accurate simulation of the acidizing process.
{"title":"Reactivity of San Andres Dolomite","authors":"M. Anderson","doi":"10.2118/20115-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/20115-PA","url":null,"abstract":"The San Andres formation is routinely stimulated with acid. Although numerous acidizing simulators are available to aid in treatment optimization, existing reactivity data were generated with quarried rock rather than formation samples. This paper presents reactivity data for five San Andres dolomite samples. These data can be used in most fracture-acidizing-design simulators to allow more accurate simulation of the acidizing process.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"26 1","pages":"227-232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78269339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1981, the authors utilized tubing conveyed perforating (TCP) as a perforating technique in its well completions. This paper draws conclusions on the benefits of utilizing a TCP technique as opposed to wireline perforating techniques. Based on the operating experience gained on a sample of some 75 TCP jobs, only less than 10 percent can be considered failures. The results achieved with varying amounts of underbalance are compared with published results. Although advantages can be gained with the TCP technique, it is only as successful as the weakest link will allow, in the chain of events leading to the final completion. Therefore, the application of TCP should be considered as a component part of an effective completion program.
{"title":"Tubing-conveyed perforating; Operating experience","authors":"G. Bowler","doi":"10.2118/17667-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/17667-PA","url":null,"abstract":"In 1981, the authors utilized tubing conveyed perforating (TCP) as a perforating technique in its well completions. This paper draws conclusions on the benefits of utilizing a TCP technique as opposed to wireline perforating techniques. Based on the operating experience gained on a sample of some 75 TCP jobs, only less than 10 percent can be considered failures. The results achieved with varying amounts of underbalance are compared with published results. Although advantages can be gained with the TCP technique, it is only as successful as the weakest link will allow, in the chain of events leading to the final completion. Therefore, the application of TCP should be considered as a component part of an effective completion program.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"124 1","pages":"195-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88210932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two-phase high-velocity dimensionless equations are derived to model the flow across the crushed zone of idealized perforated completions. The effects of GOR, perforation pressure, and size on pressure drop across perforations are investigated. In this paper a simplified form of the equations is proposed and used in the evaluation of a field test.
{"title":"A New Method To Predict Two-Phase Pressure Drop Across Perforations","authors":"G. Perez, B. G. Kelkar","doi":"10.2118/18248-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/18248-PA","url":null,"abstract":"Two-phase high-velocity dimensionless equations are derived to model the flow across the crushed zone of idealized perforated completions. The effects of GOR, perforation pressure, and size on pressure drop across perforations are investigated. In this paper a simplified form of the equations is proposed and used in the evaluation of a field test.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"65 1","pages":"93-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80211329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Development of a perforating tool making real-time downhole measurements during a perforating run, able to fire a number of guns at different depths or times. In addition to providing better control of the perforating process, the simultaneous downhole measurements can provide in a single trip a production log, conventional well tests before and after perforating, and a fill-up or slug test soon after perforating for underbalanced conditions. The completion can thus be evaluated in real time and any needed remedial reperforating can be performed while the gun is still in the hole.
{"title":"Analyses and Applications of Pressure, Flow Rate, and Temperature Measurements During a Perforating Run","authors":"S. Tariq, L. Ayestaran","doi":"10.2118/15475-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/15475-PA","url":null,"abstract":"Development of a perforating tool making real-time downhole measurements during a perforating run, able to fire a number of guns at different depths or times. In addition to providing better control of the perforating process, the simultaneous downhole measurements can provide in a single trip a production log, conventional well tests before and after perforating, and a fill-up or slug test soon after perforating for underbalanced conditions. The completion can thus be evaluated in real time and any needed remedial reperforating can be performed while the gun is still in the hole.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"88 1","pages":"83-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85385449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A plot of excess pressure vs. time can be used to predict fracture-growth patterns only when both the viscosity of the fluid in the fracture and the stress at the fracture tip remain constant. Laboratory data and field examples are used to explain how increased friction owing to viscous slurries affects the interpretation of fracturing pressures.
{"title":"The Effect of Viscous Fluid Properties on Excess Friction Pressures Measured During Hydraulic Fracture Treatments","authors":"S. Holditch, B. M. Robinson, J. Ely, Z. Rahim","doi":"10.2118/18208-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/18208-PA","url":null,"abstract":"A plot of excess pressure vs. time can be used to predict fracture-growth patterns only when both the viscosity of the fluid in the fracture and the stress at the fracture tip remain constant. Laboratory data and field examples are used to explain how increased friction owing to viscous slurries affects the interpretation of fracturing pressures.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"53 1","pages":"9-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77769852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a model for predicting the scaling tendencies of barium, strontium, and calcium sulfates resulting from the mixing of injected and formation waters and from temperature and pressure effects. The model also predicts competitive simultaneous coprecipitation of BaSO{sub 4}, CaSO{sub 4}, and SrSO{sub 4}, where sulfate is the common ion, reflecting the precipitation of more than one sulfate mineral. The supersaturations and amounts of precipitation of the sulfates are calculated from their solubilities, which in turn are calculated by the Pitzer equation for electrolyte ion activity coefficients.
{"title":"Prediction of sulfate scaling tendency in oilfield operations","authors":"M. Yuan, A. C. Todd","doi":"10.2118/18484-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/18484-PA","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a model for predicting the scaling tendencies of barium, strontium, and calcium sulfates resulting from the mixing of injected and formation waters and from temperature and pressure effects. The model also predicts competitive simultaneous coprecipitation of BaSO{sub 4}, CaSO{sub 4}, and SrSO{sub 4}, where sulfate is the common ion, reflecting the precipitation of more than one sulfate mineral. The supersaturations and amounts of precipitation of the sulfates are calculated from their solubilities, which in turn are calculated by the Pitzer equation for electrolyte ion activity coefficients.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"63-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86449797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Description of a research project conducted at Chevron USA Inc.'s Venice, L.A., facility to ascertain that the flow condition inside a nominal 16-in; (406 mm) custody-transfer orifice meter was in compliance with American Gas Assn. (AGA) requirements. The test successfully demonstrated the techniques and equipment developed for determining actual flow distribution inside orifice meters in the field under normal operating conditions. This technology can be used to detect detrimental flow profiles and to verify compliance with AGA requirements on flow conditions in custody-transfer orifice meters.
{"title":"Velocity Profile Survey in a 16-in. Custody-Transfer Orifice Meter for Natural Gas","authors":"Joseph Shen","doi":"10.2118/19075-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/19075-PA","url":null,"abstract":"Description of a research project conducted at Chevron USA Inc.'s Venice, L.A., facility to ascertain that the flow condition inside a nominal 16-in; (406 mm) custody-transfer orifice meter was in compliance with American Gas Assn. (AGA) requirements. The test successfully demonstrated the techniques and equipment developed for determining actual flow distribution inside orifice meters in the field under normal operating conditions. This technology can be used to detect detrimental flow profiles and to verify compliance with AGA requirements on flow conditions in custody-transfer orifice meters.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"130 1","pages":"40-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76747111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The equilibrium-acid-fracturing technique was developed to stimulate wells in the Wasson San Andres Denver Production Unit. This new treatment technique maximizes acid contact time with the fracture faces while allowing control of the created fracture dimensions. Maximum acid contact time is essential to create highly conductive etched pathways on the fracture faces of cool dolomite formations that react slowly with acid. Control of fracture dimensions is important in the San Andres Denver Unit because fractures tend to grow uncontained in at least one vertical direction and the oil column is bounded by permeable gas-bearing intervals above and permeable water-bearing intervals below. With this technique, a fracture of desired dimensions is created by injection of acid at fracturing rates. The volume of acid required to create the desired fracture dimensions is determined by a 2D fracture-geometry program with design parameters determined from fracture field testing and laboratory testing. Injection is then continued at reduced rates that maintain equilibrium with the fluid leakoff rate from the created fracture faces. Maintaining equilibrium between injection and leakoff allows the created fracture to be held open without significant further fracture extension. Equilibrium is achieved in the field by maintaining the injection pressure below the fracturemore » extension pressure but above the fracture closure pressure determined by fracture field testing. This paper presents the background and theory of this technique along with design procedures, field examples, results, and conclusions. Results of the equilibrium-acid-fracture treatments and other acid stimulations performed in the Denver Unit are also compared.« less
为了对Wasson San Andres Denver生产单元的油井进行增产，开发了平衡酸压裂技术。这种新的处理技术在控制裂缝尺寸的同时，最大限度地延长了酸与裂缝面的接触时间。最大酸接触时间对于在与酸反应缓慢的冷白云岩地层裂缝面上形成高导电性蚀刻通道至关重要。在San Andres Denver单元，裂缝尺寸的控制非常重要，因为裂缝倾向于在至少一个垂直方向上不受控制地生长，并且油柱的上部为可渗透含气层段，下部为可渗透含水层段。使用该技术，可以通过以压裂速率注入酸来形成所需尺寸的裂缝。形成所需裂缝尺寸所需的酸体积由2D裂缝几何程序确定，该程序的设计参数由裂缝现场测试和实验室测试确定。然后继续以较低的速度注入，以保持与新裂缝面流体泄漏速率的平衡。保持注入和泄漏之间的平衡，可以在不进一步扩大裂缝的情况下保持裂缝的张开。平衡实现在该领域保持注射压力低于fracturemore»扩展压力,但在裂缝闭合压力取决于骨折实地测试。本文介绍了该技术的背景和理论，以及设计过程、现场实例、结果和结论。还比较了在丹佛单元进行的平衡酸压裂和其他酸增产的效果。«少
{"title":"Equilibrium Acid Fracturing: A New Fracture Acidizing Technique for Carbonate Formations","authors":"S. Tinker","doi":"10.2118/18883-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/18883-PA","url":null,"abstract":"The equilibrium-acid-fracturing technique was developed to stimulate wells in the Wasson San Andres Denver Production Unit. This new treatment technique maximizes acid contact time with the fracture faces while allowing control of the created fracture dimensions. Maximum acid contact time is essential to create highly conductive etched pathways on the fracture faces of cool dolomite formations that react slowly with acid. Control of fracture dimensions is important in the San Andres Denver Unit because fractures tend to grow uncontained in at least one vertical direction and the oil column is bounded by permeable gas-bearing intervals above and permeable water-bearing intervals below. With this technique, a fracture of desired dimensions is created by injection of acid at fracturing rates. The volume of acid required to create the desired fracture dimensions is determined by a 2D fracture-geometry program with design parameters determined from fracture field testing and laboratory testing. Injection is then continued at reduced rates that maintain equilibrium with the fluid leakoff rate from the created fracture faces. Maintaining equilibrium between injection and leakoff allows the created fracture to be held open without significant further fracture extension. Equilibrium is achieved in the field by maintaining the injection pressure below the fracturemore » extension pressure but above the fracture closure pressure determined by fracture field testing. This paper presents the background and theory of this technique along with design procedures, field examples, results, and conclusions. Results of the equilibrium-acid-fracture treatments and other acid stimulations performed in the Denver Unit are also compared.« less","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"491 1","pages":"25-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82741024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：