Several oil wells producing water have been stimulated successfully with multistages of mud acid, nitrogen foam, and water-zone diverting agents. This procedure has improved well performance significantly while having little or no effect on post-treatment water production. The diverters' effectiveness was analyzed with radioactive tracers, gamma spectroscopy logs, and surface pressure equipment. Results indicate that water-zone diverters and nitrogen foam are effective diverters when used in matrix acid stimulations. Case histories and associated data are included in this paper
{"title":"Case Study on the Effectiveness of Nitrogen Foams and Water Zone Diverting Agents in Multistage Matrix Acid Treatments","authors":"D. Kennedy, F. W. Kitziger, B. E. Hall","doi":"10.2118/20621-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/20621-PA","url":null,"abstract":"Several oil wells producing water have been stimulated successfully with multistages of mud acid, nitrogen foam, and water-zone diverting agents. This procedure has improved well performance significantly while having little or no effect on post-treatment water production. The diverters' effectiveness was analyzed with radioactive tracers, gamma spectroscopy logs, and surface pressure equipment. Results indicate that water-zone diverters and nitrogen foam are effective diverters when used in matrix acid stimulations. Case histories and associated data are included in this paper","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"9 1","pages":"203-211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85261214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a finite-difference representation of the wave equation developed for diagnostic analyses of sucker rod pumping systems. A consistent method of computing the viscous damping term associated with the damped-wave equation is also presented
{"title":"An improved finite-difference calculation of downhole dynamometer cards for sucker-rod pumps","authors":"T. Everitt, J. W. Jennings","doi":"10.2118/18189-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/18189-PA","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a finite-difference representation of the wave equation developed for diagnostic analyses of sucker rod pumping systems. A consistent method of computing the viscous damping term associated with the damped-wave equation is also presented","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"11 1","pages":"121-127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74307810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes a new formulation of nonlinear soil mechanics and multiphase thermal flow. The nonlinearites of the soil behavior and their interactions with fluid flow causing shear failure of the soil are the dominant features of the process. The numerical formulation of the coupled flow/stress solution model includes nonlinear compressibility and flow properties as functions of pressure, stress, and temperature; nonlinear, incremental, thermal poroelastic stress analysis; and shear or tensile failure and its effects on transport properties, porosity, and stress. An efficient sequential numerical scheme was developed. It is mass conservative and applicable to external coupling of existing simulators. The 1D examples show some startling new features of reservoir mechanics in unconsolidated media.
{"title":"Physics and modeling of thermal flow and soil mechanics in unconsolidated porous media","authors":"A. Settari","doi":"10.2118/18420-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/18420-PA","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a new formulation of nonlinear soil mechanics and multiphase thermal flow. The nonlinearites of the soil behavior and their interactions with fluid flow causing shear failure of the soil are the dominant features of the process. The numerical formulation of the coupled flow/stress solution model includes nonlinear compressibility and flow properties as functions of pressure, stress, and temperature; nonlinear, incremental, thermal poroelastic stress analysis; and shear or tensile failure and its effects on transport properties, porosity, and stress. An efficient sequential numerical scheme was developed. It is mass conservative and applicable to external coupling of existing simulators. The 1D examples show some startling new features of reservoir mechanics in unconsolidated media.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"28 1","pages":"47-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85051624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Barium sulfate scale occurrence is a severe production problem in North Sea oil operations. Barium sulfate is often accompanied by strontium sulfate to form a completely mixed scale called (Ba,Sr)SO{sub 4} solid solution. This paper describes a laboratory study carried out at 70{degrees} C to examine (Ba,Sr)SO{sub 4} solid-solution scale formation in porous media and the formation damage resulting from the mixing of two incompatible waters. The paper is a continuation of the previously reported room-temperature work. Results of experiments carried out at the elevated temperatures again demonstrate that substantial scale deposition can occur in a rock core and can cause considerable decline of rock permeability as a result of concurrent flowing of two incompatible waters.
{"title":"Barium and Strontium Sulfate Solid-Solution Scale Formation at Elevated Temperatures","authors":"A. Todd, M. Yuan","doi":"10.2118/19762-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/19762-PA","url":null,"abstract":"Barium sulfate scale occurrence is a severe production problem in North Sea oil operations. Barium sulfate is often accompanied by strontium sulfate to form a completely mixed scale called (Ba,Sr)SO{sub 4} solid solution. This paper describes a laboratory study carried out at 70{degrees} C to examine (Ba,Sr)SO{sub 4} solid-solution scale formation in porous media and the formation damage resulting from the mixing of two incompatible waters. The paper is a continuation of the previously reported room-temperature work. Results of experiments carried out at the elevated temperatures again demonstrate that substantial scale deposition can occur in a rock core and can cause considerable decline of rock permeability as a result of concurrent flowing of two incompatible waters.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"27 1","pages":"85-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87966545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Cameron, D. Katz, J. E. Hull, D. Barker, M. Eiser
The sour-gas wells in the Big Escambia Creek (BEC) field of South Alabama have a production environment that consists of 280{degrees} F, 21% H{sub 2}S, 40% CO{sub 2}, and up to 190,000 ppm chlorides in the produced water. The highly corrosive conditions demand the ultimate in a corrosion mitigation program to produce these wells safely and economically. This paper describes the background, technical development, and results of the downhole and gathering-system corrosion inhibition and monitoring programs: continuous downhole inhibition by means of annular injection of a water-dispersible inhibitor in the most aggressive wells; downhole batch treatments with nitrified tubing displacements of an oil-soluble inhibitor in the remaining wells; continuous injection of a water-dispersible inhibitor in the gathering lines to augment the batch treatments and in selected highly corrosive wells; monitoring of inhibitor residuals and plotting of trends to ensure the effectiveness of downhole treatments and to optimize injection rates; and flowline calipers and hydrotests to monitor the gathering-line inhibition programs. The paper also describes the computerized approach used in designing, calculating, and updating both the continuous downhole injection system and the nitrified batch treatments. The success of the inhibition and monitoring program is demonstrated by the tubing life achieved, fieldmore » data on inhibitor residuals, and flowline and downhole calipers. The technical data presented will aid in the design and implementation of successful inhibition program for highly corrosive production.« less
南阿拉巴马州Big Escambia Creek (BEC)油田的酸气井的生产环境包括280°F, 21%的H{sub 2}S, 40%的CO{sub 2}，以及高达190,000 ppm的氯化物。高腐蚀性条件要求最终的腐蚀缓解方案，以安全经济地生产这些井。本文介绍了井下和集输系统缓蚀和监测方案的背景、技术发展和成果:在最具侵蚀性的井中，通过环空注入水分散型缓蚀剂，实现井下连续缓蚀;在剩余井中采用硝化油管置换油溶性抑制剂进行井下批量处理;在集输管线中连续注入水分散抑制剂，以增加间歇处理，并在选定的高腐蚀性井中;监测抑制剂残留并绘制趋势图，以确保井下处理的有效性，并优化注入速率;以及用于监控集输管线抑制程序的流量卡尺和水压测试。本文还介绍了用于设计、计算和更新连续井下注入系统和硝化间歇处理的计算机方法。通过油管寿命、fieldmore抑制剂残留数据、流线和井下卡尺数据，可以证明抑制和监测方案的成功。所提供的技术数据将有助于设计和实施成功的高腐蚀性生产的抑制方案。«少
{"title":"Successful inhibition of deep, hot, sour-gas wells","authors":"G. Cameron, D. Katz, J. E. Hull, D. Barker, M. Eiser","doi":"10.2118/20766-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/20766-PA","url":null,"abstract":"The sour-gas wells in the Big Escambia Creek (BEC) field of South Alabama have a production environment that consists of 280{degrees} F, 21% H{sub 2}S, 40% CO{sub 2}, and up to 190,000 ppm chlorides in the produced water. The highly corrosive conditions demand the ultimate in a corrosion mitigation program to produce these wells safely and economically. This paper describes the background, technical development, and results of the downhole and gathering-system corrosion inhibition and monitoring programs: continuous downhole inhibition by means of annular injection of a water-dispersible inhibitor in the most aggressive wells; downhole batch treatments with nitrified tubing displacements of an oil-soluble inhibitor in the remaining wells; continuous injection of a water-dispersible inhibitor in the gathering lines to augment the batch treatments and in selected highly corrosive wells; monitoring of inhibitor residuals and plotting of trends to ensure the effectiveness of downhole treatments and to optimize injection rates; and flowline calipers and hydrotests to monitor the gathering-line inhibition programs. The paper also describes the computerized approach used in designing, calculating, and updating both the continuous downhole injection system and the nitrified batch treatments. The success of the inhibition and monitoring program is demonstrated by the tubing life achieved, fieldmore » data on inhibitor residuals, and flowline and downhole calipers. The technical data presented will aid in the design and implementation of successful inhibition program for highly corrosive production.« less","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"39 1","pages":"100-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83864180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Measurements of nine electrical and mechanical parameters were made on conventional and special-geometry units during operation of beam-pump/sucker rod systems in oil and natural gas wells. All quantities were measured simultaneously and computer-recorded for a variety of pumping conditions. In this paper, using this data, the authors compared measured dynamic gearbox torques with calculated values, illustrating how calculation techniques model dynamically measured data. Calculated efficiencies indicating losses through the units from polished rod to the gearbox are shown to be necessary for adjusting gearbox torque calculations to measured values. Also, torque/speed curves are shown at the motor sheave. These data are corrected for inertial effects and plotted vs. motor manufacturers' published curves. Possibilities for future work incorporating these measurement techniques while the unit is in operation were discussed. In general, the data show how dynamically measured beam-pump data compare with conventional calculation techniques.
{"title":"Dynamic measurements of beam-pump parameters","authors":"J. Lea, J. Bowen","doi":"10.2118/18187-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/18187-PA","url":null,"abstract":"Measurements of nine electrical and mechanical parameters were made on conventional and special-geometry units during operation of beam-pump/sucker rod systems in oil and natural gas wells. All quantities were measured simultaneously and computer-recorded for a variety of pumping conditions. In this paper, using this data, the authors compared measured dynamic gearbox torques with calculated values, illustrating how calculation techniques model dynamically measured data. Calculated efficiencies indicating losses through the units from polished rod to the gearbox are shown to be necessary for adjusting gearbox torque calculations to measured values. Also, torque/speed curves are shown at the motor sheave. These data are corrected for inertial effects and plotted vs. motor manufacturers' published curves. Possibilities for future work incorporating these measurement techniques while the unit is in operation were discussed. In general, the data show how dynamically measured beam-pump data compare with conventional calculation techniques.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"36 1","pages":"113-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81980570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The prediction of friction pressures for proppant-laden fracturing fluids requires estimatons of both the base-gel friction factor and the effect of proppant on fluid rheology. This paper introduces two new expressions, each theoretically based with constants determined from data, that address these two issues for hydroxypropyl guar (HPG)-based fracturing fluids in laminar and turbulent flow. The paper first introduces a new expression for the turbulent friction factor of HPG base gels. This implicit expression for the friction factor is more theoretically correct and requires one less empirical constant than explicit forms currently used
{"title":"A new method for predicting friction pressures and rheology of proppant-laden fracturing fluids","authors":"R. Keck, W. Nehmer, G. Strumolo","doi":"10.2118/19771-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/19771-PA","url":null,"abstract":"The prediction of friction pressures for proppant-laden fracturing fluids requires estimatons of both the base-gel friction factor and the effect of proppant on fluid rheology. This paper introduces two new expressions, each theoretically based with constants determined from data, that address these two issues for hydroxypropyl guar (HPG)-based fracturing fluids in laminar and turbulent flow. The paper first introduces a new expression for the turbulent friction factor of HPG base gels. This implicit expression for the friction factor is more theoretically correct and requires one less empirical constant than explicit forms currently used","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"21-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91102401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Operators performing workovers on gas-storage wells in the eastern regions of the U.S. have improved operations and reduced expenses by using GP's to control wells while work is in progress. A large number of the gas-storage wells were drilled in the 1950's and 1960's and have nonstandard equipment that limits the use of other well-control methods during the initial stages of workover. The GP is a highly viscous fluid that can be crosslinked to form a viscous plug. GP's can be tailored to break back to a less viscous fluid for removal, or they can be broken by acid. Using this type plug can eliminate the need for various packers, bridge plugs, and associated surface equipment usually needed to control or kill a well while remedial workovers are performed. This paper describes chemistry, operating ranges (temperature), and application procedures pertinent to GP's. Also presented are field case histories where GP's were successfully used to plug a well for running casing inspection logs, to plug a ell to permit replacement of tubing and wellhead equipment, and to kill a well temporarily to replace an old wellhead and then place a mechanical plug for a cement squeeze job or additional workover operations.
{"title":"Temporary chemical block brings efficiency and economy to eastern U.S. workover operations","authors":"J. Terracina, Mccabe, J. W. Cramer, J. E. Legenza","doi":"10.2118/19326-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/19326-PA","url":null,"abstract":"Operators performing workovers on gas-storage wells in the eastern regions of the U.S. have improved operations and reduced expenses by using GP's to control wells while work is in progress. A large number of the gas-storage wells were drilled in the 1950's and 1960's and have nonstandard equipment that limits the use of other well-control methods during the initial stages of workover. The GP is a highly viscous fluid that can be crosslinked to form a viscous plug. GP's can be tailored to break back to a less viscous fluid for removal, or they can be broken by acid. Using this type plug can eliminate the need for various packers, bridge plugs, and associated surface equipment usually needed to control or kill a well while remedial workovers are performed. This paper describes chemistry, operating ranges (temperature), and application procedures pertinent to GP's. Also presented are field case histories where GP's were successfully used to plug a well for running casing inspection logs, to plug a ell to permit replacement of tubing and wellhead equipment, and to kill a well temporarily to replace an old wellhead and then place a mechanical plug for a cement squeeze job or additional workover operations.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"17 3 1","pages":"70-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83429077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes the additive interaction and/or compatibility of various resin-coated proppants (RCP's) with low-, neutral-, and high-pH water-based fracturing fluids. Solutions are provided for those fluids exhibiting compatibility problems with RCP's.
{"title":"Compatibility of Resin-Coated Proppants With Crosslinked Fracturing Fluids","authors":"K. Nimerick, S. Mcconnell, M. Samuelson","doi":"10.2118/20639-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/20639-PA","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the additive interaction and/or compatibility of various resin-coated proppants (RCP's) with low-, neutral-, and high-pH water-based fracturing fluids. Solutions are provided for those fluids exhibiting compatibility problems with RCP's.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"65 1","pages":"29-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84429317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Minimizing or removing formation damage is a major objective in completion and stimulation operations. Formation damage is minimized by selection of nondamaging fluid systems and operations on the basis of petrographic analysis and field experience. A technique know as the capillary suction time (CST) test, adopted from the drilling-fluid industry, provides a quick and inexpensive method for qualitative selection or screening of the least damaging fluid system for a particular formation. The CST test is a fundamental filtration method for determining the electrolyte concentration that will produce the maximum inhibiting effect on formation. The method uses an instrument to measure the time required for a liquid to travel a calibrated distance on a standard porous filter paper. The CST procedure currently is used very successfully to select completion fluids and to evaluate stimulation-fluid additives. This paper explains the procedure, discusses limitations of the test, and presents laboratory and field data to sto show the value of the technique.
{"title":"Minimize formation damage by rapid, inexpensive method of completion- and stimulation-fluid selection","authors":"D. Underdown, M. Conway","doi":"10.2118/19432-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/19432-PA","url":null,"abstract":"Minimizing or removing formation damage is a major objective in completion and stimulation operations. Formation damage is minimized by selection of nondamaging fluid systems and operations on the basis of petrographic analysis and field experience. A technique know as the capillary suction time (CST) test, adopted from the drilling-fluid industry, provides a quick and inexpensive method for qualitative selection or screening of the least damaging fluid system for a particular formation. The CST test is a fundamental filtration method for determining the electrolyte concentration that will produce the maximum inhibiting effect on formation. The method uses an instrument to measure the time required for a liquid to travel a calibrated distance on a standard porous filter paper. The CST procedure currently is used very successfully to select completion fluids and to evaluate stimulation-fluid additives. This paper explains the procedure, discusses limitations of the test, and presents laboratory and field data to sto show the value of the technique.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"41 1","pages":"56-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88461138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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