Sociological Science最新文献

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Yes, Denmark Is a More Educationally Mobile Society than the United States: Rejoinder to Kristian Karlson 是的，丹麦是一个比美国更具教育流动性的社会:对克里斯蒂安·卡尔森的反驳

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Sociological Science

Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.15195/v8.a18

S. Andrade, J. Thomsen

In this rejoinder to Kristian Bernt Karlson (KBK), we maintain that there are substantial differences in intergenerational educational mobility between Denmark and the United States. In fact, when we include additional parental information from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) for the United States, as suggested by KBK, the gap between Denmark and the United States increases. To confirm our findings, we show that the same conclusion about markedly higher educational mobility in Denmark holds when data from the General Social Survey are substituted for the NLSY97.

在对克里斯蒂安·伯恩特·卡尔森(KBK)的反驳中，我们认为丹麦和美国在代际教育流动性方面存在实质性差异。事实上，当我们将美国1997年全国青年纵向调查(NLSY97)中额外的父母信息包括在内时，正如KBK所建议的那样，丹麦和美国之间的差距扩大了。为了证实我们的发现，我们表明，当用综合社会调查的数据代替NLSY97的数据时，丹麦教育流动性明显更高的结论也成立。

引用次数: 1

The Rise of the Nones across the United States, 1973 to 2018: State-Level Trends of Religious Affiliation and Participation in the General Social Survey 1973年至2018年美国非信徒的崛起:宗教归属和参与综合社会调查的州级趋势

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Sociological Science

Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.15195/v8.a21

D. Wiertz, Chaeyoon Lim

: Although there has been a fast rise in the share of Americans reporting no religion, it is unclear whether this trend has affected different parts of the country equally. Against this backdrop, we apply dynamic multilevel regression and poststratiﬁcation (Dynamic MRP) to General Social Survey data over the period 1973 to 2018 to estimate state-level religious trends. We validate our estimates against external benchmarks, ﬁnding that they perform well in terms of predictive accuracy. Substantively, we ﬁnd steeper increases in the share of religious nones in states that had more nones to begin with. Moreover, whereas state-level increases in the share of religious nones are strongly linked to declines in occasional church attendance and moderate religious identiﬁcation, the associations with trends in regular attendance and strong identiﬁcation are much weaker. States have thus not only diverged in their share of religious nones but also experienced different degrees of religious polarization.

尽管自称无宗教信仰的美国人比例迅速上升，但尚不清楚这一趋势对美国不同地区的影响是否相同。在此背景下，我们对1973年至2018年的综合社会调查数据应用动态多层次回归和后分层(dynamic MRP)来估计国家层面的宗教趋势。我们根据外部基准验证我们的估计，发现它们在预测准确性方面表现良好。实际上，我们发现，在那些一开始就没有宗教信仰的州，没有宗教信仰的人的比例增加得更快。此外，尽管州级无宗教信仰者比例的增加与偶尔去教堂做礼拜和适度宗教认同的下降密切相关，但与定期去教堂做礼拜和强烈宗教认同的趋势的联系要弱得多。因此，各州不仅在宗教无信仰者的比例上存在分歧，而且还经历了不同程度的宗教两极分化。

引用次数: 5

A Model-Based Method for Detecting Persistent Cultural Change Using Panel Data. 基于模型的面板数据持续文化变化检测方法。

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Sociological Science

Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-03-22 DOI: 10.15195/v8.a5

Stephen Vaisey, Kevin Kiley

Recent work argues that changes in people's responses to the same question over time should be thought of as reflecting a fixed baseline subject to temporary local influences, rather than durable changes in response to new information. Distinguishing between these two individual-level process-a settled dispositions model and an active updating model-is important because these individual-level processes underlie different theories of population-level social change. This article introduces an alternative method for adjudicating between these two models based on structural equation modeling. This model provides a close fit to the theoretical models outlined in previous work. Applying this method to more than 500 questions in the General Social Survey's three-wave panels, we find even stronger evidence than previous work that most survey responses reflect settled dispositions developed prior to adulthood.

最近的研究认为，随着时间的推移，人们对同一问题的反应的变化应该被认为是反映了一个固定的基线，受到暂时的当地影响，而不是对新信息的反应的持久变化。区分这两种个人层面的过程——固定倾向模型和主动更新模型——是很重要的，因为这些个人层面的过程构成了不同的人口层面社会变化理论的基础。本文介绍了一种基于结构方程建模的在这两种模型之间进行判定的替代方法。该模型与先前工作中概述的理论模型非常吻合。将这种方法应用于综合社会调查的三波面板中的500多个问题，我们发现比以前的工作更有力的证据表明，大多数调查回答反映了成年前形成的稳定性格。

引用次数: 15

Crisis and Uncertainty: Did the Great Recession Reduce the Diversity of New Faculty? 危机与不确定性:大衰退是否降低了新教师的多样性?

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Sociological Science

Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.15195/v8.a15

Kwan Woo Kim, Alexandra Kalev, F. Dobbin, Gal Deutsch

The demographic composition of the U.S. professoriate affects student composition and, thus, the pipeline for professional and managerial jobs. Amid concern about the effects of the COVID-19 crisis on the labor market, much remains unknown about how economic downturns affect faculty hiring and the demographic makeup of hires. We examine the effects of the Great Recession on faculty hiring. That crisis walloped the U.S. academic labor market. Tenure-track hires in four-year colleges and universities declined by 25 percent between 2007 and 2009, recovering slowly through 2015. Hires of black, Hispanic, and Asian American faculty declined disproportionately. Public institutions and research-oriented institutions, which faced the greatest resource challenges and uncertainty about the future, made the biggest cuts in the hiring of people of color. Our findings suggest that financial uncertainty led to a reversal in progress on faculty diversity. Faculty and administrators making hiring decisions in the years following the COVID-19 crisis should be aware of this pattern.

美国教授的人口构成影响了学生的构成，从而影响了专业和管理工作的渠道。在人们担心COVID-19危机对劳动力市场的影响之际，关于经济衰退如何影响教师招聘和雇员的人口构成，还有很多未知之处。我们研究了大衰退对教师招聘的影响。那场危机重创了美国的学术劳动力市场。从2007年到2009年，四年制学院和大学聘用的终身教授数量下降了25%，直到2015年才缓慢恢复。非裔、西班牙裔和亚裔教师的雇佣比例大幅下降。公共机构和研究型机构面临着最大的资源挑战和未来的不确定性，它们在雇用有色人种方面的削减幅度最大。我们的研究结果表明，财政不确定性导致了教师多样性进展的逆转。在COVID-19危机后的几年里，做出招聘决定的教师和管理人员应该意识到这种模式。

引用次数: 4

The Toll of Turnover: Network Instability, Well-Being, and Academic Effort in 56 Middle Schools 离职的代价:56所中学的网络不稳定性、幸福感和学业努力

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Sociological Science

Pub Date : 2020-12-18 DOI: 10.15195/v7.a28

Hana Shepherd, A. Reich

This article examines whether network instability—namely, the extent of turnover in a person’s social network over time—is a distinct social process that affects individual well-being. Using a unique two-wave network data set collected in a field experiment that involved more than 21,100 students across 56 middle schools, we find a strong negative association between network instability and well-being and academic effort at the individual level, independent of other types of network change effects. We assess whether the negative effect of network instability remains when the source of instability is exogenous, the result of participation in the randomized intervention. Network instability leads to negative consequences even in this context, negatively impacting students who directly participated in the intervention. For nonintervention students in treatment schools, the intervention stabilized their social networks. We discuss the implications of these findings for studies of social networks and collective action.

本文考察了网络不稳定性——即一个人的社会网络随时间变化的程度——是否是一个影响个人福祉的独特社会过程。通过对56所中学21,100多名学生的实地实验收集的独特的双波网络数据集，我们发现在个人层面上，网络不稳定性与幸福感和学业努力之间存在强烈的负相关，独立于其他类型的网络变化效应。我们评估了当网络不稳定的来源是外生的，即参与随机干预的结果时，网络不稳定的负面影响是否仍然存在。即使在这种情况下，网络不稳定也会导致负面后果，对直接参与干预的学生产生负面影响。在接受治疗的学校里，没有干预的学生，干预稳定了他们的社会网络。我们讨论了这些发现对社会网络和集体行动研究的影响。

引用次数: 1

Racial and Gender Disparities among Evicted Americans 被驱逐美国人的种族和性别差异

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Sociological Science

Pub Date : 2020-12-16 DOI: 10.15195/v7.a27

P. Hepburn, Renee Louis, Matthew Desmond

Drawing on millions of court records of eviction cases filed between 2012 and 2016 in 39 states, this study documents the racial and gender demographics of America's evicted population. Black renters received a disproportionate share of eviction filings and experienced the highest rates of eviction filing and eviction judgment. Black and Latinx female renters faced higher eviction rates than their male counterparts. Black and Latinx renters were also more likely to be serially filed against for eviction at the same address. These findings represent the most comprehensive investigation to date of racial and gender disparities among evicted renters in the United States.

根据2012年至2016年在39个州提交的数百万起驱逐案件的法庭记录，这项研究记录了美国被驱逐人口的种族和性别人口统计数据。黑人租房者收到了不成比例的驱逐申请，经历了最高的驱逐申请和驱逐判决率。黑人和拉丁裔女性租房者比男性租房者面临更高的驱逐率。黑人和拉丁裔租房者也更有可能在同一地址被连续起诉驱逐。这些发现是迄今为止对美国被驱逐租房者中种族和性别差异最全面的调查。

引用次数: 55

Threshold Models of Collective Behavior II: The Predictability Paradox and Spontaneous Instigation 集体行为的阈值模型Ⅱ：可预测性悖论与自发灌输

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Sociological Science

Pub Date : 2020-12-08 DOI: 10.15195/v7.a26

M. Macy, A. Evtushenko

Collective behavior can be notoriously hard to predict. We revisited a possible explanation suggested by Granovetter’s classic threshold model: collective behavior can unexpectedly fail, despite a group’s strong interest in the outcome, because of the sensitivity of cascades to small random perturbations in group composition and the distribution of thresholds. Paradoxically, we found that a small amount of randomness in individual behavior can make collective behavior less sensitive to these perturbations and therefore more predictable. We also examined conditions in which collective behavior unexpectedly succeeds despite the group’s weak interest in the outcome. In groups with an otherwise intractable start-up problem, individual randomness can lead to spontaneous instigation, making outcomes more sensitive to the strength of collective interests and therefore more predictable. These effects of chance behavior become much more pronounced as group size increases. Although randomness is often assumed to be a theoretically unimportant residual category, our findings point to the need to bring individual idiosyncrasy back into the study of collective behavior.

众所周知，集体行为很难预测。我们重新审视了Granovetter经典阈值模型提出的一个可能的解释:尽管一个群体对结果有强烈的兴趣，但集体行为可能会意外失败，因为级联对群体组成和阈值分布中的小随机扰动的敏感性。矛盾的是，我们发现个体行为中的少量随机性可以使集体行为对这些扰动不那么敏感，因此更容易预测。我们还研究了集体行为出人意料地成功的情况，尽管这个群体对结果的兴趣很弱。在面临难以解决的创业问题的群体中，个体的随机性可能导致自发的煽动，使结果对集体利益的力量更敏感，因此更容易预测。随着群体规模的增加，偶然性行为的影响变得更加明显。虽然随机性通常被认为是一个理论上不重要的残余类别，但我们的研究结果指出，有必要将个体特质带回集体行为的研究中。

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引用次数: 7

The Inheritance of Race Revisited: Childhood Wealth and Income and Black–White Disadvantages in Adult Life Chances 重新审视种族继承:童年财富和收入与成年生活机会中的黑人-白人劣势

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Sociological Science

Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.15195/v7.a25

David J. Brady, Ryan Finnigan, U. Kohler, Joscha Legewie

Vast racial inequalities continue to prevail across the United States and are closely linked to economic resources. One particularly prominent argument contends that childhood wealth accounts for black–white (BW) disadvantages in life chances. This article analyzes how much childhood wealth and childhood income mediate BW disadvantages in adult life chances with Panel Study of Income Dynamics and Cross-National Equivalent File data on children from the 1980s and 1990s who were 30+ years old in 2015. Compared with previous research, we exploit longer panel data, more comprehensively assess adult life chances with 18 outcomes, and measure income and wealth more rigorously. We find large BW disadvantages in most outcomes. Childhood wealth and income mediate a substantial share of most BW disadvantages, although there are several significant BW disadvantages even after adjusting for childhood wealth and income. The evidence mostly contradicts the prominent claim that childhood wealth is more important than childhood income. Indeed, the analyses mostly show that childhood income explains more of BW disadvantages and has larger standardized coefficients than childhood wealth. We also show how limitations in prior wealth research explain why our conclusions differ. Replication with the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and a variety of robustness checks support these conclusions.

巨大的种族不平等现象继续在美国盛行，并与经济资源密切相关。一个特别突出的论点认为，童年时期的财富导致了黑人和白人在生活机会方面的劣势。本文通过收入动态小组研究和2015年30岁以上的20世纪80年代和90年代儿童的跨国家等效文件数据，分析了童年财富和童年收入在多大程度上介导了成年生活机会中的BW劣势。与之前的研究相比，我们利用了更长的面板数据，更全面地评估了18种结果的成人生活机会，并更严格地衡量了收入和财富。我们发现在大多数结果中存在较大的BW缺点。儿童时期的财富和收入在大多数BW不利因素中占很大比例，尽管即使在调整了儿童时期的财产和收入后，也存在一些显著的BW不利因素。这些证据大多与儿童财富比儿童收入更重要的突出说法相矛盾。事实上，分析大多表明，儿童时期的收入比儿童时期的财富更能解释BW的劣势，并且具有更大的标准化系数。我们还展示了先前财富研究的局限性如何解释我们的结论不同的原因。与全国青年纵向调查和各种稳健性检查的复制支持了这些结论。

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引用次数: 11

Concept Class Analysis: A Method for Identifying Cultural Schemas in Texts 概念类分析:一种识别语篇文化图式的方法

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Sociological Science

Pub Date : 2020-11-09 DOI: 10.15195/v7.a23

Marshall A. Taylor, Dustin S. Stoltz

Recent methodological work at the intersection of culture, cognition, and computational methods has drawn attention to how cultural schemas can be 'recovered' from social survey data. Defining cultural schemas as slowly learned, implicit, and unevenly distributed relational memory structures, researchers show how schemas—or rather, the downstream consequences of people drawing upon them—can be operationalized and measured from domain-specific survey modules. Respondents can then be sorted into 'classes' on the basis of the schema to which their survey response patterns best align. In this article, we extend this 'schematic class analysis' method to text data. We introduce concept class analysis (CoCA): a hybrid model that combines word embeddings and correlational class analysis to group documents across a corpus by the similarity of schemas recovered from them. We introduce the CoCA model, illustrate its validity and utility using simulations, and conclude with considerations for future research and applications.

最近在文化、认知和计算方法交叉方面的方法学工作引起了人们对如何从社会调查数据中“恢复”文化图式的关注。研究人员将文化图式定义为学习缓慢、隐含且分布不均的关系记忆结构，展示了图式——或者更确切地说，人们利用它们的下游后果——是如何从特定领域的调查模块中操作和衡量的。然后，可以根据他们的调查响应模式最符合的模式，将受访者分类为“类”。在本文中，我们将这种“原理图类分析”方法扩展到文本数据。我们介绍了概念类分析（CoCA）：一种混合模型，它结合了单词嵌入和相关类分析，通过从语料库中恢复的模式的相似性来对文档进行分组。我们介绍了CoCA模型，通过仿真说明了它的有效性和实用性，并总结了对未来研究和应用的考虑。

引用次数: 16

Microaggressions in the United States 美国的微侵犯

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Sociological Science

Pub Date : 2020-11-02 DOI: 10.15195/v7.a22

K. Douds, M. Hout

'Microaggressions' is the term scholars and cultural commentators use to describe the ways that racism and other systems of oppression are upheld in everyday interactions. Although prior research has documented the types of microaggressions that individuals experience, we have lacked representative data on the prevalence of microaggressions in the general population. We introduce and evaluate five new survey items from the 2018 General Social Survey intended to capture five types of microaggressions. We assess the prevalence of each microaggression as well as a constructed microaggression scale across a key set of sociodemographic characteristics. We find that black Americans experience more microaggressions than other racialized groups, twice the rate of the general public for some types. Younger people report more microaggressions than older people. Women are more likely to report some types of microaggressions, and men others. Experiencing microaggressions is associated with an array of negative physical and mental health outcomes.

“微侵犯”是学者和文化评论家用来描述种族主义和其他压迫制度在日常交往中得到维护的方式的术语。虽然先前的研究已经记录了个体经历的微侵犯类型，但我们缺乏关于微侵犯在一般人群中流行程度的代表性数据。我们引入并评估了2018年综合社会调查中的五个新调查项目，旨在捕捉五种类型的微侵犯。我们评估了每种微攻击的流行程度，并构建了一套基于关键社会人口学特征的微攻击量表。我们发现美国黑人比其他种族群体遭受更多的微侵犯，在某些类型中是普通大众的两倍。年轻人报告的微侵犯行为比老年人多。女性更有可能报告某些类型的微侵犯，而男性更有可能报告其他类型的微侵犯。经历微侵犯与一系列负面的身心健康结果有关。

引用次数: 10

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