The poor dispersion of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and weak interfacial adhesion of fabric and resin matrix seriously affect the tribological performance of fabric‐reinforcement resin composites. Tannic acid (TA), a plant‐derived compound, which is similar to mussel‐inspired polydopamine, can adhere to various substrates under a weak basic buffer solution. Therefore, in this work, TA‐modified MWCNTs were incorporated into TA functionalized fabric composite to improve the tribological performance of the fabric composite. The results indicate that the MWCNTs and fabric were successfully modified with TA. The wear tests revealed that the TA‐MWCNTs reinforcement TA‐fabric resin composites exhibited the best tribological performance, in which the friction coefficient and volume wear rate decreased by 16.9% and 40%, respectively, compared with pristine fabric composite. The favorable interfacial bonding between fabric and resin is beneficial to the friction force transfer to the load‐bearing fabric, decreasing the stress focus and thus reducing the damage to composite materials. Meanwhile, the good dispersion of MWCNTs contributes to the excellent lubrication performance. This simple and eco‐friendly method of treating fillers with TA provides a new approach to achieve high‐performance tribological materials.
多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）分散性差，织物与树脂基体的界面粘附性弱，严重影响了织物增强树脂复合材料的摩擦学性能。单宁酸（TA）是一种植物源化合物，类似于贻贝启发的多巴胺，在弱碱性缓冲溶液下可粘附在各种基材上。因此，在这项工作中，将 TA 改性的 MWCNT 加入 TA 功能化织物复合材料中，以改善织物复合材料的摩擦学性能。结果表明，TA 成功改性了 MWCNTs 和织物。磨损试验表明，TA-MWCNTs 增强 TA 树脂织物复合材料的摩擦学性能最好，与原始织物复合材料相比，摩擦系数和体积磨损率分别降低了 16.9% 和 40%。织物与树脂之间良好的界面结合有利于摩擦力传递到承载织物上，减少应力集中，从而降低对复合材料的损伤。同时，MWCNTs 的良好分散性也有助于实现优异的润滑性能。这种用 TA 处理填料的方法既简单又环保，为实现高性能摩擦学材料提供了一种新方法。
{"title":"The enhanced tribological performance of fabric‐reinforced resin composites by biomimetic surface modification of fillers","authors":"Fengxiang Cao, Zhen Fang, Zhuhui Qiao","doi":"10.1002/sia.7310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.7310","url":null,"abstract":"The poor dispersion of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and weak interfacial adhesion of fabric and resin matrix seriously affect the tribological performance of fabric‐reinforcement resin composites. Tannic acid (TA), a plant‐derived compound, which is similar to mussel‐inspired polydopamine, can adhere to various substrates under a weak basic buffer solution. Therefore, in this work, TA‐modified MWCNTs were incorporated into TA functionalized fabric composite to improve the tribological performance of the fabric composite. The results indicate that the MWCNTs and fabric were successfully modified with TA. The wear tests revealed that the TA‐MWCNTs reinforcement TA‐fabric resin composites exhibited the best tribological performance, in which the friction coefficient and volume wear rate decreased by 16.9% and 40%, respectively, compared with pristine fabric composite. The favorable interfacial bonding between fabric and resin is beneficial to the friction force transfer to the load‐bearing fabric, decreasing the stress focus and thus reducing the damage to composite materials. Meanwhile, the good dispersion of MWCNTs contributes to the excellent lubrication performance. This simple and eco‐friendly method of treating fillers with TA provides a new approach to achieve high‐performance tribological materials.","PeriodicalId":22062,"journal":{"name":"Surface and Interface Analysis","volume":"132 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140826675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modern society's keen regard for aesthetics made hair products an integral part of a multi‐billion‐dollar cosmetic industry. Hair care products (e.g., shampoos and conditioners) and chemical treatments (e.g., bleaching and permanent waving) result in various effects on the morphological attributes of hair. Generally, water adsorbed on the hair surface is known to significantly dictate the hair's mechanical characteristics (smoothness and friction), and hair's macroscopic wettability has been commonly used to indicate its surface properties. However, an approach to selectively characterize the hydration water in the hair surface is required to accurately understand the intermolecular events between the hair and its vicinal water. In this paper, we successfully obtained the infrared (IR) absorption spectra of the hydration water of human hair. We employed the multivariate curve resolution‐alternating least square (MCR‐ALS) method to separate the hydration and bulk water spectra from the whole spectra. Comparing the IR spectra of the hydration water of chemically untreated and bleached hair samples, we conclude that water molecules form strong hydrogen bonds with the bleached hair surface due to the destruction of the hair's hydrophobic outer layer and the consequent formation of hydrophilic residues.
{"title":"Analysis of the hydration water on the surface of human hair using a combination of infrared absorption vibrational spectroscopy and multivariate curve resolution","authors":"Shunta Chikami, Shoichi Maeda, Glenn Villena Latag, Riko Kaizu, Noriyuki Tanji, Mikako Ezure, Shinobu Nagase, Tomohiro Hayashi","doi":"10.1002/sia.7316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.7316","url":null,"abstract":"Modern society's keen regard for aesthetics made hair products an integral part of a multi‐billion‐dollar cosmetic industry. Hair care products (e.g., shampoos and conditioners) and chemical treatments (e.g., bleaching and permanent waving) result in various effects on the morphological attributes of hair. Generally, water adsorbed on the hair surface is known to significantly dictate the hair's mechanical characteristics (smoothness and friction), and hair's macroscopic wettability has been commonly used to indicate its surface properties. However, an approach to selectively characterize the hydration water in the hair surface is required to accurately understand the intermolecular events between the hair and its vicinal water. In this paper, we successfully obtained the infrared (IR) absorption spectra of the hydration water of human hair. We employed the multivariate curve resolution‐alternating least square (MCR‐ALS) method to separate the hydration and bulk water spectra from the whole spectra. Comparing the IR spectra of the hydration water of chemically untreated and bleached hair samples, we conclude that water molecules form strong hydrogen bonds with the bleached hair surface due to the destruction of the hair's hydrophobic outer layer and the consequent formation of hydrophilic residues.","PeriodicalId":22062,"journal":{"name":"Surface and Interface Analysis","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140808956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pulsed anodization of a nearly equiatomic NiTi alloy in HNO3 leads to the formation of a nearly Ni‐free oxide layer, resulting in the suppression of Ni‐ion release from the alloy surface. The core technology involves introduction of a lower‐voltage period, which promostes chemical reactions between the alloy and electrolyte, to obtain a surface layer with better corrosion protection. In this study, a higher voltage of 3.5 V was applied, and the lower voltage was varied within 0–3.5 V. As the lower voltage was increased, nanometer‐sized pores present on the anodized surface gradually expanded, while the layer thickness decreased. Although the corrosion protectivity of the layer did not change significantly during the electrochemical experiments, the amount of Ni‐ion released into the physiological solution significantly decreased when the voltage was below 1.8 V. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses revealed the presence of Ni (OH)2 on the topmost surface, and its concentration decreased at a voltage <1.8 V. Lower voltages affected the concentration of Ni (OH)2 on the topmost surface and thus considerably influenced the Ni‐ion release behavior. These findings will contribute to the production of NiTi alloys with improved biocompatibility.
在 HNO3 中对接近等原子的镍钛合金进行脉冲阳极氧化，可形成几乎不含镍的氧化层，从而抑制镍离子从合金表面释放。核心技术包括引入较低的电压期，促进合金与电解质之间的化学反应，以获得具有更好腐蚀保护性能的表面层。在这项研究中，施加了 3.5 V 的较高电压，低电压在 0-3.5 V 范围内变化。随着低电压的升高，阳极氧化表面上的纳米级孔隙逐渐扩大，而层厚度则逐渐减小。X 射线光电子能谱分析表明，最顶层表面存在 Ni (OH)2，其浓度在电压为 1.8 V 时有所下降。较低的电压会影响最顶层表面的镍（OH）2 浓度，从而大大影响镍离子的释放行为。这些发现将有助于生产具有更好生物相容性的镍钛合金。
{"title":"Characteristic variations in a pulsed‐anodized NiTi alloy surface by the lower voltage setting","authors":"Ryota Kawakami, Yuya Matsui, Akihiro Tsuruta, Masatoshi Sakairi, Naofumi Ohtsu","doi":"10.1002/sia.7315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.7315","url":null,"abstract":"Pulsed anodization of a nearly equiatomic NiTi alloy in HNO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> leads to the formation of a nearly Ni‐free oxide layer, resulting in the suppression of Ni‐ion release from the alloy surface. The core technology involves introduction of a lower‐voltage period, which promostes chemical reactions between the alloy and electrolyte, to obtain a surface layer with better corrosion protection. In this study, a higher voltage of 3.5 V was applied, and the lower voltage was varied within 0–3.5 V. As the lower voltage was increased, nanometer‐sized pores present on the anodized surface gradually expanded, while the layer thickness decreased. Although the corrosion protectivity of the layer did not change significantly during the electrochemical experiments, the amount of Ni‐ion released into the physiological solution significantly decreased when the voltage was below 1.8 V. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses revealed the presence of Ni (OH)<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> on the topmost surface, and its concentration decreased at a voltage <1.8 V. Lower voltages affected the concentration of Ni (OH)<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> on the topmost surface and thus considerably influenced the Ni‐ion release behavior. These findings will contribute to the production of NiTi alloys with improved biocompatibility.","PeriodicalId":22062,"journal":{"name":"Surface and Interface Analysis","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140808914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marine biofouling poses a major challenge to ship navigation and hinders the development of the shipping industry. Urgent action is required to tackle this problem through the implementation of innovative strategies. Antimicrobial peptides have garnered considerable attention due to their outstanding effectiveness, wide range of activity, and eco-friendly characteristics. This study involved grafting the antibacterial peptide andricin 01 (AIGHCLGATL) onto the surface of an aluminum alloy, thereby creating a modified surface with antibacterial properties. In summary, amino groups were introduced onto the surface of aluminum alloys through the silanization process using (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES), and then the peptides were covalently immobilized on the treated surface using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. The successful modification of the peptide was confirmed by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The antimicrobial peptide-modified aluminum alloy surfaces exhibited significant bactericidal activity, killing 75.3% of Bacillus sp. and 85.5% of Escherichia coli, while achieving antifouling efficiencies of 88.6% and 90.7% against Bacillus sp. and E. coli, respectively. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations showed that the inserted of the peptides into the phospholipid membrane caused a change in the local membrane curvature, which eventually led to membrane rupture. These results provide valuable information for the application of antimicrobial peptides in the field of antifouling and the elucidation of antifouling mechanisms.
{"title":"Experimental and molecular dynamics simulation study on antifouling performance of antimicrobial peptide-modified aluminum alloy surfaces","authors":"Wencheng Liu, Tong Lou, Xiuqin Bai, Xiaoyan He, Chengqing Yuan","doi":"10.1002/sia.7311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.7311","url":null,"abstract":"Marine biofouling poses a major challenge to ship navigation and hinders the development of the shipping industry. Urgent action is required to tackle this problem through the implementation of innovative strategies. Antimicrobial peptides have garnered considerable attention due to their outstanding effectiveness, wide range of activity, and eco-friendly characteristics. This study involved grafting the antibacterial peptide <i>andricin 01</i> (AIGHCLGATL) onto the surface of an aluminum alloy, thereby creating a modified surface with antibacterial properties. In summary, amino groups were introduced onto the surface of aluminum alloys through the silanization process using (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES), and then the peptides were covalently immobilized on the treated surface using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. The successful modification of the peptide was confirmed by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The antimicrobial peptide-modified aluminum alloy surfaces exhibited significant bactericidal activity, killing 75.3% of <i>Bacillus</i> sp. and 85.5% of <i>Escherichia coli</i>, while achieving antifouling efficiencies of 88.6% and 90.7% against <i>Bacillus</i> sp. and <i>E. coli</i>, respectively. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations showed that the inserted of the peptides into the phospholipid membrane caused a change in the local membrane curvature, which eventually led to membrane rupture. These results provide valuable information for the application of antimicrobial peptides in the field of antifouling and the elucidation of antifouling mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":22062,"journal":{"name":"Surface and Interface Analysis","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140588307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beatriz Mendoza‐Sánchez, Vincent Fernandez, Pascal Bargiela, Neal Fairley, Jonas Baltrusaitis
Strategies to deal with sample charging effects on X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra are presented. These strategies combine charge compensation (or lack of) via a flow of electrons and an electrical connection (or lack of) of samples to the ground. Practical examples involving samples with a range of different electrical properties, sample structure/composition and sensitivity to X‐rays, illustrate the correlation between sample properties, measurement strategies, and the resulting XPS data. The most appropriate measurement strategy for a particular sample is also recommended. We highlight the crucial importance of appropriate XPS data acquisition to obtain a correct data interpretation.
本文介绍了处理样品充电对 X 射线光电子能谱 (XPS) 光谱影响的策略。这些策略结合了通过电子流和样品与地面的电连接（或不连接）进行电荷补偿（或缺乏电荷补偿）的方法。实际示例涉及一系列具有不同电特性、样品结构/组成和对 X 射线敏感性的样品，说明了样品特性、测量策略和所得 XPS 数据之间的相互关系。此外，还推荐了最适合特定样品的测量策略。我们强调了适当的 XPS 数据采集对于获得正确的数据解释的重要性。
{"title":"Surface science insight note: Charge compensation and charge correction in X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy","authors":"Beatriz Mendoza‐Sánchez, Vincent Fernandez, Pascal Bargiela, Neal Fairley, Jonas Baltrusaitis","doi":"10.1002/sia.7309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.7309","url":null,"abstract":"Strategies to deal with sample charging effects on X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra are presented. These strategies combine charge compensation (or lack of) via a flow of electrons and an electrical connection (or lack of) of samples to the ground. Practical examples involving samples with a range of different electrical properties, sample structure/composition and sensitivity to X‐rays, illustrate the correlation between sample properties, measurement strategies, and the resulting XPS data. The most appropriate measurement strategy for a particular sample is also recommended. We highlight the crucial importance of appropriate XPS data acquisition to obtain a correct data interpretation.","PeriodicalId":22062,"journal":{"name":"Surface and Interface Analysis","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140588375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alloying elements segregating to grain boundaries (GBs) is vital in determining structural stability and mechanical properties of alloys, especially in high‐entropy alloys (HEAs) that consist of multiple elements. However, some details remain unclear, such as the process of varied atoms (Cr and Co) cosegregation to GBs in FeNiCrCo alloy. Therefore, the competition and cooperation between Fe, Ni, Cr, and Co atoms segregating to GBs of FeNiCrCo alloy were investigated via molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. Five [110] symmetric tilt GBs of FeNiCrCo were applied to study the relation between the tendency of atomic segregation especially Cr and Co and GB characters including GB energy and GB excess free volume (GB excess volume). A competitive segregation phenomenon between Cr and Co atoms was discovered, which could be dominated by GB excess volume and different atomic radii among components.
{"title":"Competitive segregation to grain boundaries between Cr and Co in FeNiCrCo alloy","authors":"Weiwei Zhang, Li Huang, Jing Liang, Yanchao Li, Wei Bai, Benqi Jiao, Dongxiao Kan, Jianfeng Li, Wen Zhang","doi":"10.1002/sia.7307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.7307","url":null,"abstract":"Alloying elements segregating to grain boundaries (GBs) is vital in determining structural stability and mechanical properties of alloys, especially in high‐entropy alloys (HEAs) that consist of multiple elements. However, some details remain unclear, such as the process of varied atoms (Cr and Co) cosegregation to GBs in FeNiCrCo alloy. Therefore, the competition and cooperation between Fe, Ni, Cr, and Co atoms segregating to GBs of FeNiCrCo alloy were investigated via molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. Five [110] symmetric tilt GBs of FeNiCrCo were applied to study the relation between the tendency of atomic segregation especially Cr and Co and GB characters including GB energy and GB excess free volume (GB excess volume). A competitive segregation phenomenon between Cr and Co atoms was discovered, which could be dominated by GB excess volume and different atomic radii among components.","PeriodicalId":22062,"journal":{"name":"Surface and Interface Analysis","volume":"49 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140588498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Weijie Yu, Qiuping Mei, Weijiu Huang, Junjun Wang, Yongyao Su
The poor high‐temperature tribological performance of diamond‐like carbon (DLC) films severely limits their applications. To address this issue, silicon (Si) doped DLC films with Si content ranging from 0 to 11.52 at.% were synthesized utilizing the plasma‐assisted reactive magnetron sputtering technique. The influence of Si incorporation on the microstructure and mechanical properties was meticulously investigated by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), nanoindentation, and scratch testing. To ascertain the tribological behavior of the Si‐DLC films under elevated temperature conditions, in situ high‐temperature tests were conducted, spanning temperatures from ambient to 500°C. The findings indicated that distinct lubrication mechanisms prevail for Si‐DLC films with varying Si content across different temperature domains. As the test temperature and Si content increased, the lubrication mechanism exhibited a gradual transitions from high‐temperature induced graphitization to a particle wear regime dominated by SiC and formed SiO2 abrasive phases. The comprehensive performance of the films peaked at a Si content of 4.72 at.%, suggesting an optimal composition for high‐temperature applications. It is postulated that the in‐depth investigation presented herein holds considerable value for the design and fabrication of DLC films intended for use in high‐temperature settings, potentially unlocking their full potential in such demanding environments.
{"title":"Tailoring the mechanical and high‐temperature tribological properties of Si‐DLC films by controlling the Si content","authors":"Weijie Yu, Qiuping Mei, Weijiu Huang, Junjun Wang, Yongyao Su","doi":"10.1002/sia.7308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.7308","url":null,"abstract":"The poor high‐temperature tribological performance of diamond‐like carbon (DLC) films severely limits their applications. To address this issue, silicon (Si) doped DLC films with Si content ranging from 0 to 11.52 at.% were synthesized utilizing the plasma‐assisted reactive magnetron sputtering technique. The influence of Si incorporation on the microstructure and mechanical properties was meticulously investigated by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), nanoindentation, and scratch testing. To ascertain the tribological behavior of the Si‐DLC films under elevated temperature conditions, in situ high‐temperature tests were conducted, spanning temperatures from ambient to 500°C. The findings indicated that distinct lubrication mechanisms prevail for Si‐DLC films with varying Si content across different temperature domains. As the test temperature and Si content increased, the lubrication mechanism exhibited a gradual transitions from high‐temperature induced graphitization to a particle wear regime dominated by SiC and formed SiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> abrasive phases. The comprehensive performance of the films peaked at a Si content of 4.72 at.%, suggesting an optimal composition for high‐temperature applications. It is postulated that the in‐depth investigation presented herein holds considerable value for the design and fabrication of DLC films intended for use in high‐temperature settings, potentially unlocking their full potential in such demanding environments.","PeriodicalId":22062,"journal":{"name":"Surface and Interface Analysis","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140588501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chromium‐based coatings have been of interest to researchers for the last two decades because of their extraordinary properties like high hardness, high wear, and corrosion resistance properties. However, it is in practice and research to increase the properties of Cr‐based coatings for high‐temperature applications. Numerous dopants like silicon (Si), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), aluminum (Al), and zirconium (Zr) have been used together with Cr to achieve enhanced properties. The plasma‐based sputtering process is one of the popular and reliable techniques to deposit thin film coatings. The substrate material, processed gas and pressure, substrate temperature, film thickness, and so on also play a significant role in varying the properties and microstructure of the deposited film. Several researchers have deposited Cr/CrN‐based thin films via the chemical vapor deposition technique (CVD) and physical vapor deposition technique (PVD) to study their properties and behavior at room temperature as well as for high‐temperature applications. This work reflects the review of work done to deposit Cr/CrN‐based coatings deposited via PVD: more specifically sputtering technique. The effect of doping in the CrN matrix and variation in sputtering parameters on the properties of CrN‐based coatings have also been studied.
{"title":"The effect of sputtering parameters and doping on the properties of CrN‐based coatings—A critical review","authors":"Sunil Kumar Tiwari, Akula Umamaheswara Rao, Archana Singh Kharb, Devesh Kumar Avasthi, Piyush Chandra Verma, Amit Kumar Chawla","doi":"10.1002/sia.7306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.7306","url":null,"abstract":"Chromium‐based coatings have been of interest to researchers for the last two decades because of their extraordinary properties like high hardness, high wear, and corrosion resistance properties. However, it is in practice and research to increase the properties of Cr‐based coatings for high‐temperature applications. Numerous dopants like silicon (Si), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), aluminum (Al), and zirconium (Zr) have been used together with Cr to achieve enhanced properties. The plasma‐based sputtering process is one of the popular and reliable techniques to deposit thin film coatings. The substrate material, processed gas and pressure, substrate temperature, film thickness, and so on also play a significant role in varying the properties and microstructure of the deposited film. Several researchers have deposited Cr/CrN‐based thin films via the chemical vapor deposition technique (CVD) and physical vapor deposition technique (PVD) to study their properties and behavior at room temperature as well as for high‐temperature applications. This work reflects the review of work done to deposit Cr/CrN‐based coatings deposited via PVD: more specifically sputtering technique. The effect of doping in the CrN matrix and variation in sputtering parameters on the properties of CrN‐based coatings have also been studied.","PeriodicalId":22062,"journal":{"name":"Surface and Interface Analysis","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140323001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vincent Fernandez, Olivier Renault, Neal Fairley, Jonas Baltrusaitis
X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provides quantitative information from photoemission peaks and shapes observed within the background due to the inelastic scattering of photoelectrons. To quantify the signal, both photoemission peaks and background in spectra must be adjusted for instrumental transmission variations that are a consequence of changes in efficiency when recording electrons with different kinetic energy. While it is generally assumed that correcting spectroscopic data for transmission is a necessary part of quantification by XPS, there are consequences for the quantification of spectra measured using an instrument for which transmission has significant curvature. In this Insight, the implications of curvature in transmission characteristics are discussed and a method based on XPS microscopy is proposed that ensures the transmission response of an instrument is free from significant curvature. An example of an instrument for which a flat transmission response is presented is achieved through collecting spectra using lens modes designed to measure stigmatic images.
X 射线光电子能谱（XPS）可从光电子非弹性散射造成的背景中观察到的光发射峰和形状提供定量信息。为了量化信号，必须对光谱中的光发射峰和背景进行调整，以适应仪器透射率的变化，这是记录不同动能电子时效率变化的结果。虽然人们普遍认为根据透射率校正光谱数据是 XPS 定量的必要部分，但使用透射率具有明显曲率的仪器测量光谱时，会产生一些量化后果。在本《洞察》中，讨论了透射特性中曲率的影响，并提出了一种基于 XPS 显微镜的方法，以确保仪器的透射响应没有明显的曲率。通过使用设计用于测量残像的透镜模式收集光谱，介绍了一个实现平坦透射响应的仪器示例。
{"title":"Surface science insight note: Optimizing XPS instrument performance for quantification of spectra","authors":"Vincent Fernandez, Olivier Renault, Neal Fairley, Jonas Baltrusaitis","doi":"10.1002/sia.7296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.7296","url":null,"abstract":"X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provides quantitative information from photoemission peaks and shapes observed within the background due to the inelastic scattering of photoelectrons. To quantify the signal, both photoemission peaks and background in spectra must be adjusted for instrumental transmission variations that are a consequence of changes in efficiency when recording electrons with different kinetic energy. While it is generally assumed that correcting spectroscopic data for transmission is a necessary part of quantification by XPS, there are consequences for the quantification of spectra measured using an instrument for which transmission has significant curvature. In this <jats:italic>Insight</jats:italic>, the implications of curvature in transmission characteristics are discussed and a method based on XPS microscopy is proposed that ensures the transmission response of an instrument is free from significant curvature. An example of an instrument for which a flat transmission response is presented is achieved through collecting spectra using lens modes designed to measure stigmatic images.","PeriodicalId":22062,"journal":{"name":"Surface and Interface Analysis","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140147268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, instrument manufacturers have been providing laboratory-based HAXPES (hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) instruments that have monochromated silver Lα, chromium Kα and gallium Kα X-ray sources. To be more than a qualitative tool, two things are required: calibration of the signal intensity as a function of kinetic energy (spectrometer response function) and relative sensitivity factors. This is now possible because of routines being available to generate the spectrometer response functions for dual Al Kα/Ag Lα X-ray sources and the availability of Cant average matrix relative sensitivity factors (AMRSFs). However, to improve accuracy when using the Cant AMRSF care needs to be taken in the definition of the peak areas being used. This is because they need to include the total intrinsic signal that often extends beyond the main peak. This is a particular challenge when quantifying using the Al 1s peak generated with Ag Lα X-rays as some of the intrinsic signal overlaps with the Al KLL Auger peak. When materials include both aluminium and silicon atoms, the Si 2s and 2p peaks sit upon extended signals coming from the Al 2s and 2s peaks, respectively. Thus, quantification should be limited to using the main peak area, which necessitates different relative sensitivity factors (RSFs). Using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and sapphire (Al2O3) as model systems, experimental RSFs have been determined for use with the main peaks for O 1s, Al 1s, Al2s Al 2p, Si 1s, Si 2s and Si 2p subshells normalized to the RSF of the carbon 1s main peak.
近年来，仪器制造商一直在提供基于实验室的 HAXPES（硬 X 射线光电子能谱）仪器，这些仪器具有单色银 Lα、铬 Kα 和镓 Kα X 射线源。要使其不仅仅是一种定性工具，还需要两方面的条件：校准作为动能函数的信号强度（光谱仪响应函数）和相对灵敏度系数。由于有了可生成 Al Kα/Ag Lα 双 X 射线源光谱仪响应函数的例程，以及 Cant 平均矩阵相对灵敏度系数（AMRSF）的可用性，现在校准已经成为可能。不过，为了提高使用 Cant AMRSF 时的准确性，在定义使用的峰面积时需要注意。这是因为它们需要包括通常超出主峰范围的总内在信号。在使用 Ag Lα X 射线产生的 Al 1s 峰进行量化时，这是一个特殊的挑战，因为部分本征信号与 Al KLL 奥杰峰重叠。当材料同时包含铝原子和硅原子时，硅 2s 峰和 2p 峰分别位于来自铝 2s 峰和 2s 峰的扩展信号上。因此，定量应仅限于使用主峰面积，这就需要使用不同的相对灵敏度系数（RSF）。以聚二甲基硅氧烷 (PDMS) 和蓝宝石 (Al2O3) 为模型系统，确定了用于 O 1s、Al 1s、Al 2s、Al 2p、Si 1s、Si 2s 和 Si 2p 子壳主峰的实验 RSF，并将其归一化为碳 1s 主峰的 RSF。
{"title":"Quantification of aluminium and silicon-containing materials using Ag Lα X-rays","authors":"Stuart R. Leadley","doi":"10.1002/sia.7301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.7301","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, instrument manufacturers have been providing laboratory-based HAXPES (hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) instruments that have monochromated silver Lα, chromium Kα and gallium Kα X-ray sources. To be more than a qualitative tool, two things are required: calibration of the signal intensity as a function of kinetic energy (spectrometer response function) and relative sensitivity factors. This is now possible because of routines being available to generate the spectrometer response functions for dual Al Kα/Ag Lα X-ray sources and the availability of Cant average matrix relative sensitivity factors (AMRSFs). However, to improve accuracy when using the Cant AMRSF care needs to be taken in the definition of the peak areas being used. This is because they need to include the total <i>intrinsic</i> signal that often extends beyond the main peak. This is a particular challenge when quantifying using the Al 1s peak generated with Ag Lα X-rays as some of the <i>intrinsic</i> signal overlaps with the Al KLL Auger peak. When materials include both aluminium and silicon atoms, the Si 2s and 2p peaks sit upon extended signals coming from the Al 2s and 2s peaks, respectively. Thus, quantification should be limited to using the main peak area, which necessitates different relative sensitivity factors (RSFs). Using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and sapphire (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) as model systems, experimental RSFs have been determined for use with the main peaks for O 1s, Al 1s, Al2s Al 2p, Si 1s, Si 2s and Si 2p subshells normalized to the RSF of the carbon 1s main peak.","PeriodicalId":22062,"journal":{"name":"Surface and Interface Analysis","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140147305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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