Pub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.34259/ijew.19.610374378
Muhammad Bais, Abdul Basit, M. Sadiq, Israr Ahmad
Power Generators of high KVA rating especially that of hydropower plant are very much prone to the ground faults. Stator ground faults are the most common winding failure in generators. During stator ground faults, short circuit currents flow from the damaged phase to ground through the stator core. Experience has shown that stator ground fault damages are proportional to phase-to-ground fault current as well as fault duration. For that reason, Generator Neutral Grounding must be applied in order to; I. Limit phase-to-ground fault current. II. Provide a means of stator ground fault detection. There are various generator grounding classes and types available. In this paper, high-resistance grounding has been chosen. High-resistance generator neutral grounding scheme based on a grounding transformer with a secondary resistor The advantage of the distribution transformer resistor combination is that the resistor used in the secondary is of comparatively low ohmic value and of rugged construction as compared to obtaining the same result by installing a highohmic, low-current resistor directly in the generator neutral. This research introduces some important and applicable practices which came from few years of practical as well as theoretical studies and discussions with some national and international power system experts. The research was made on the hydro power plants installed at Tarbela generating unit. The important parameters concerning the high impedance grounding of the generator were calculated. These results will be a kind of ready references for neutral grounding transformer design calculations and analysis. Keywords— NGT (Neutral Grounding Transformer), KVA Rating (Kilo Volt Amperes), Secondary Resistor, Tarbela Generating Unit.
{"title":"Design and Analysis of Neutral Grounding Transformer for Hydro Alternators","authors":"Muhammad Bais, Abdul Basit, M. Sadiq, Israr Ahmad","doi":"10.34259/ijew.19.610374378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.19.610374378","url":null,"abstract":"Power Generators of high KVA rating especially that of hydropower plant are very much prone to the ground faults. Stator ground faults are the most common winding failure in generators. During stator ground faults, short circuit currents flow from the damaged phase to ground through the stator core. Experience has shown that stator ground fault damages are proportional to phase-to-ground fault current as well as fault duration. For that reason, Generator Neutral Grounding must be applied in order to; I. Limit phase-to-ground fault current. II. Provide a means of stator ground fault detection. There are various generator grounding classes and types available. In this paper, high-resistance grounding has been chosen. High-resistance generator neutral grounding scheme based on a grounding transformer with a secondary resistor The advantage of the distribution transformer resistor combination is that the resistor used in the secondary is of comparatively low ohmic value and of rugged construction as compared to obtaining the same result by installing a highohmic, low-current resistor directly in the generator neutral. This research introduces some important and applicable practices which came from few years of practical as well as theoretical studies and discussions with some national and international power system experts. The research was made on the hydro power plants installed at Tarbela generating unit. The important parameters concerning the high impedance grounding of the generator were calculated. These results will be a kind of ready references for neutral grounding transformer design calculations and analysis. Keywords— NGT (Neutral Grounding Transformer), KVA Rating (Kilo Volt Amperes), Secondary Resistor, Tarbela Generating Unit.","PeriodicalId":221480,"journal":{"name":"International journal of Engineering Works","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133432023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.34259/ijew.19.610379386
Abd Ur-Rehman, Z. Rehman
{"title":"Potential Assessment of Biogas and its Social Values in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","authors":"Abd Ur-Rehman, Z. Rehman","doi":"10.34259/ijew.19.610379386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.19.610379386","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":221480,"journal":{"name":"International journal of Engineering Works","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129370004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-04DOI: 10.34259/ijew.19.610360364
Asif Ijaz, S. Z. Farooqui
Energy is a prerequisite for sustainable development in todays world. Pakistan is a developing country in the South East Asia with a population of more than 210 million. Pakistan is highly dependent on imported oil and gas since a long time. The share of installed renewable energy capacity uptil now is 6%. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. KP is blessed with a significant amount of renewable energy potential which includes hydroelectric, solar, wind and biomass. This paper starts with Pakistan’s energy scenario including the current energy supply and demand gap. It is then followed by a discussion on the renewable energy potential across KP. Hydropower alone has a total potential of around 25000 MW. Average daily solar radiation for KP is found to be 4.99kWh/m/day It was found that daily solar radiation remains high in the summer season from April-July and then falls in the winter season. In KP, Mardan receives the highest daily solar radiation in June and Chitral receives the lowest daily solar radiation in December. The province is also blessed with biomass. KP has total livestock population of 43 million including cows, buffaloes, sheep and goats. Waste from animals can be converted into biogas which can be used for cooking and heating purposes. Some parts of the province like Malakand, Buner, Haripur have also some wind potential which is enough to provide electricity to the nearby villages and communites. The paper then discusses reasons for energy shortfall followed by short term and long term measures that can be adopted by KP government to tackle energy crisis. Keywords— renewable energy, hydroelectric, solar energy, wind energy, biomass, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
{"title":"Renewable Energy Potential in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","authors":"Asif Ijaz, S. Z. Farooqui","doi":"10.34259/ijew.19.610360364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.19.610360364","url":null,"abstract":"Energy is a prerequisite for sustainable development in todays world. Pakistan is a developing country in the South East Asia with a population of more than 210 million. Pakistan is highly dependent on imported oil and gas since a long time. The share of installed renewable energy capacity uptil now is 6%. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. KP is blessed with a significant amount of renewable energy potential which includes hydroelectric, solar, wind and biomass. This paper starts with Pakistan’s energy scenario including the current energy supply and demand gap. It is then followed by a discussion on the renewable energy potential across KP. Hydropower alone has a total potential of around 25000 MW. Average daily solar radiation for KP is found to be 4.99kWh/m/day It was found that daily solar radiation remains high in the summer season from April-July and then falls in the winter season. In KP, Mardan receives the highest daily solar radiation in June and Chitral receives the lowest daily solar radiation in December. The province is also blessed with biomass. KP has total livestock population of 43 million including cows, buffaloes, sheep and goats. Waste from animals can be converted into biogas which can be used for cooking and heating purposes. Some parts of the province like Malakand, Buner, Haripur have also some wind potential which is enough to provide electricity to the nearby villages and communites. The paper then discusses reasons for energy shortfall followed by short term and long term measures that can be adopted by KP government to tackle energy crisis. Keywords— renewable energy, hydroelectric, solar energy, wind energy, biomass, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","PeriodicalId":221480,"journal":{"name":"International journal of Engineering Works","volume":"12 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114024912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-04DOI: 10.34259/ijew.19.610347353
Muhammad Zahoor
{"title":"Improved Steiner Tree Scheme Applied to Wireless Sensor Networks for Path and Energy Optimization","authors":"Muhammad Zahoor","doi":"10.34259/ijew.19.610347353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.19.610347353","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":221480,"journal":{"name":"International journal of Engineering Works","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127433282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-04DOI: 10.34259/ijew.19.610339346
Sahibzada Imad ud din, Asif Ali, S. Z. Farooqui
Solar-biomass hybrid tunnel dryer has been designed to dry different kinds of agricultural products.The dryer is comprised of three major parts, solar collector(inside the drying chamber), backup heating stove and an additional collector connected to the drying chamber through PVC pipes. This study presents the performance evaluation of the dryer. Collector average efficiency was found to be 29.7% and the drying efficiency for the system was 22.8%. The tunnel dryer was run on solar energy and solar-biomass energy for different set of tests. Different types of vegetables and fruits were dried in the tunnel dryer. A total of 7 solar-biomass hybrid tunnel dryer were constructed out of which 6 were installed in Swat KP Pakistan (Regions: Chikrae, Tal sar, Badalae, Jarro, Charbagh and Khwazakhela). Swat being the most effective area in respect of producing fruits. The post harvest losses are high. The total capacity of the dryer was found to be 75Kg. Keywords— Solar drying, Solar-biomass dryer, Hybrid Drying, Temperature, Relative Humidity
{"title":"Extensive Performance Evaluation Of a 75Kg Solar-Biomass Hybrid Tunnel Dryer with Several Types of Agricultural Products","authors":"Sahibzada Imad ud din, Asif Ali, S. Z. Farooqui","doi":"10.34259/ijew.19.610339346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.19.610339346","url":null,"abstract":"Solar-biomass hybrid tunnel dryer has been designed to dry different kinds of agricultural products.The dryer is comprised of three major parts, solar collector(inside the drying chamber), backup heating stove and an additional collector connected to the drying chamber through PVC pipes. This study presents the performance evaluation of the dryer. Collector average efficiency was found to be 29.7% and the drying efficiency for the system was 22.8%. The tunnel dryer was run on solar energy and solar-biomass energy for different set of tests. Different types of vegetables and fruits were dried in the tunnel dryer. A total of 7 solar-biomass hybrid tunnel dryer were constructed out of which 6 were installed in Swat KP Pakistan (Regions: Chikrae, Tal sar, Badalae, Jarro, Charbagh and Khwazakhela). Swat being the most effective area in respect of producing fruits. The post harvest losses are high. The total capacity of the dryer was found to be 75Kg. Keywords— Solar drying, Solar-biomass dryer, Hybrid Drying, Temperature, Relative Humidity","PeriodicalId":221480,"journal":{"name":"International journal of Engineering Works","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114559856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-04DOI: 10.34259/ijew.19.610333338
N. Ullah, Naeem Arbab, Uzair Muhammad, T. Ahmed, Nisar Ahmed
In this paper various control schemes used for the enhancement of tranisent have been studied. There are two main control schemes used for transient stability enhancement: Prevntive controle scheme and Emergency control scheme. In this paper the main focus is on emergency control scheme. Further various emergency schemes have been presented in this paper like fast valving, braking resistors, fast valving in coordination with braking resistor, HVDC link for the improvement of transient stability. At the end of this paper a new control scheme has also been proposed in which PMU’s are used in coordination with HVDC link for the improvement of transient stability. PMU’s are used for the continuous monitoring of the system parameters. Keywords— HVDC link, Emergency control scheme, PMU, MPC, SIME.
{"title":"Analysis Stduy of Different Control Schemes Used For The Improvement Of Transient Stability: A Review","authors":"N. Ullah, Naeem Arbab, Uzair Muhammad, T. Ahmed, Nisar Ahmed","doi":"10.34259/ijew.19.610333338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.19.610333338","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper various control schemes used for the enhancement of tranisent have been studied. There are two main control schemes used for transient stability enhancement: Prevntive controle scheme and Emergency control scheme. In this paper the main focus is on emergency control scheme. Further various emergency schemes have been presented in this paper like fast valving, braking resistors, fast valving in coordination with braking resistor, HVDC link for the improvement of transient stability. At the end of this paper a new control scheme has also been proposed in which PMU’s are used in coordination with HVDC link for the improvement of transient stability. PMU’s are used for the continuous monitoring of the system parameters. Keywords— HVDC link, Emergency control scheme, PMU, MPC, SIME.","PeriodicalId":221480,"journal":{"name":"International journal of Engineering Works","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130973445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-04DOI: 10.34259/ijew.19.610324332
Wajid Ali, M. Asif
{"title":"Analysis of Electricity from Municiple solid waste of Peshawar City by Utilized plasma Arc Gasification Technique","authors":"Wajid Ali, M. Asif","doi":"10.34259/ijew.19.610324332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.19.610324332","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":221480,"journal":{"name":"International journal of Engineering Works","volume":"213 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132081112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-04DOI: 10.34259/ijew.19.610354359
Marva Hadia, Isb Pakistan Nust
{"title":"Modelling and Optimization of Small Scale Solar Organic Rankine Cycle for Islamabad, Pakistan","authors":"Marva Hadia, Isb Pakistan Nust","doi":"10.34259/ijew.19.610354359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.19.610354359","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":221480,"journal":{"name":"International journal of Engineering Works","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125022026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-22DOI: 10.34259/ijew.19.609314323
M. Haseeb, Saddam Ali, S. Saher
The incessant depletion of world energy resources and the global environmental deterioration are a good indicator of banishing the conventional energy extraction technologies in favor of renewable and sustainable options. Pakistan being an agrarian society is home to one of the largest proportion of population dependent on agricultural products and livestock to make ends meet. Fortuitously this also provides an abundant resource for biomass which can be utilized for generating biogas energy. In the era of renewable energy boom, the resource has poignantly not been fully utilized. Whatever portion of the biogas energy has been tapped is not proliferating across the country owing to the lack of knowledge about the impacts of this precious resource. This research endeavor attempted to investigate the impact the biogas technology is imposing on the households that have adopted it. A total of 162 households composed of both adopters and non adopters of the technology were surveyed in the Dera Ismail Khan District of Pakistan in addition to the meetings and discussions with the relevant stakeholders. Resultantly the factors vastly impacting the adoption of the biogas technology were uncovered. Accordingly the apprehensions and misconceptions of the households not employing the technology despite possessing the resources necessary also came to surface. It was found out that the technology had profound impacts on the environment, education, and the health of the adopting families. However the age, education level, and gender of the target population did not bear any correlation with the decision to adopt the technology itself. The major barrier to the adoption of the technology in the target area was the high upfront costs of the technology, and low awareness about the technology’s installation, and maintenance. Keywords— Biogas, Social impact, Livelihoods, rural development, Environment
{"title":"Analysis of Biogas Technology Adoption at Household Level and its Impact on Sustainable Livelihoods","authors":"M. Haseeb, Saddam Ali, S. Saher","doi":"10.34259/ijew.19.609314323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.19.609314323","url":null,"abstract":"The incessant depletion of world energy resources and the global environmental deterioration are a good indicator of banishing the conventional energy extraction technologies in favor of renewable and sustainable options. Pakistan being an agrarian society is home to one of the largest proportion of population dependent on agricultural products and livestock to make ends meet. Fortuitously this also provides an abundant resource for biomass which can be utilized for generating biogas energy. In the era of renewable energy boom, the resource has poignantly not been fully utilized. Whatever portion of the biogas energy has been tapped is not proliferating across the country owing to the lack of knowledge about the impacts of this precious resource. This research endeavor attempted to investigate the impact the biogas technology is imposing on the households that have adopted it. A total of 162 households composed of both adopters and non adopters of the technology were surveyed in the Dera Ismail Khan District of Pakistan in addition to the meetings and discussions with the relevant stakeholders. Resultantly the factors vastly impacting the adoption of the biogas technology were uncovered. Accordingly the apprehensions and misconceptions of the households not employing the technology despite possessing the resources necessary also came to surface. It was found out that the technology had profound impacts on the environment, education, and the health of the adopting families. However the age, education level, and gender of the target population did not bear any correlation with the decision to adopt the technology itself. The major barrier to the adoption of the technology in the target area was the high upfront costs of the technology, and low awareness about the technology’s installation, and maintenance. Keywords— Biogas, Social impact, Livelihoods, rural development, Environment","PeriodicalId":221480,"journal":{"name":"International journal of Engineering Works","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131332277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-17DOI: 10.34259/ijew.19.609300304
M. F. Ullah, Sheraz Abbas, Faizullah Jan, Zeeshan Khan, M. Khubaib
After maize and sugar cane, rice was ranked as third position as a horticultural commodity. At global level, majority of Asian countries produce and consume the rice. Disposing of rice husk is a big problem and needs attention. In the present study, three different techniques were compared for converting rice husk (RH) into rice husk ash (RHA). The RHA obtained by combustion in drum for 24 hours yielded maximum quantity 97.703 % of SiO2. Therefore, this method was adopted for further studies on samples collected from different regions (Charsada, Swat and Buner) of Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. By comparing the contents of SiO2 obtained from combustion technique, the Charsada sample containing 97.073% of SiO2 was found best. Keywords— Rice husk ash, Silica, Waste, SCM, XRF.
{"title":"Evaluating the Effect of Different Burning Techniques on the Chemical Composition","authors":"M. F. Ullah, Sheraz Abbas, Faizullah Jan, Zeeshan Khan, M. Khubaib","doi":"10.34259/ijew.19.609300304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34259/ijew.19.609300304","url":null,"abstract":"After maize and sugar cane, rice was ranked as third position as a horticultural commodity. At global level, majority of Asian countries produce and consume the rice. Disposing of rice husk is a big problem and needs attention. In the present study, three different techniques were compared for converting rice husk (RH) into rice husk ash (RHA). The RHA obtained by combustion in drum for 24 hours yielded maximum quantity 97.703 % of SiO2. Therefore, this method was adopted for further studies on samples collected from different regions (Charsada, Swat and Buner) of Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. By comparing the contents of SiO2 obtained from combustion technique, the Charsada sample containing 97.073% of SiO2 was found best. Keywords— Rice husk ash, Silica, Waste, SCM, XRF.","PeriodicalId":221480,"journal":{"name":"International journal of Engineering Works","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128881490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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