The light-emitting-diode (LED) revolution has drastically decreased the quality of the United States’ night sky. LEDs are brighter than the sodium doublet lighting fixtures they are replacing, causing an increase in light pollution. Emerging technology promises to replace high-color-temperature LED lighting with lower-color-temperature lighting that reduces light pollution. High-color-temperature, or “cool-lighting” causes unnecessary amounts of light pollution that decreases humanity's connection with the cosmos through stargazing. Policy implementations can increase public awareness of how LEDs affect light pollution through research grants and tax incentive structures. The federal government can directly decrease the United States’ luminous footprint by funding research on warm-light LED development , regulating LED lighting on federal projects to only use low-color-temperature LED fixtures and offering incentives to communities to reduce their light pollution through the tax code.
{"title":"Protection of Dark-Sky Areas in the United States Through Development and Implementation of Warm-Light LED Fixtures","authors":"Jacob P. Willis","doi":"10.38126/jspg220111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38126/jspg220111","url":null,"abstract":"The light-emitting-diode (LED) revolution has drastically decreased the quality of the United States’ night sky. LEDs are brighter than the sodium doublet lighting fixtures they are replacing, causing an increase in light pollution. Emerging technology promises to replace high-color-temperature LED lighting with lower-color-temperature lighting that reduces light pollution. High-color-temperature, or “cool-lighting” causes unnecessary amounts of light pollution that decreases humanity's connection with the cosmos through stargazing. Policy implementations can increase public awareness of how LEDs affect light pollution through research grants and tax incentive structures. The federal government can directly decrease the United States’ luminous footprint by funding research on warm-light LED development , regulating LED lighting on federal projects to only use low-color-temperature LED fixtures and offering incentives to communities to reduce their light pollution through the tax code.","PeriodicalId":222224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Science Policy & Governance","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129096141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The United States (U.S.) is poised for a new wave of industrialization as it prepares to scale up domestic semiconductor manufacturing and widely implement clean energy infrastructure. With widespread application spaces beyond clean energy, such as communication, computing, healthcare, national security, and transportation, the scope of these endeavors is expected to be massive and long-term. The success of these initiatives is highly dependent on the non-renewable minerals used in critical technologies necessitating the adaptation of current business and legislative models to accommodate future long-term extraction and implementation needs. Without these adaptations, advancements will likely be made at the expense of taxpayers, vulnerable communities, and ecological preservation efforts. Here we propose policy recommendations to the U.S. federal government to minimize environmental and socio-economic harm resulting from metal mining and promote integration of circular economy principles in electronic product design. These recommendations are expected to have both domestic and international impacts in reducing harmful waste and increasing product longevity. Furthermore, these recommendations align with ensuring long-term U.S. leadership in the semiconductor and clean energy industries.
{"title":"End-to-End Lifecycle Considerations for Minerals Powering Critical Technologies","authors":"A. Cleri, R. Spangler, Emilee Fortier","doi":"10.38126/jspg220106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38126/jspg220106","url":null,"abstract":"The United States (U.S.) is poised for a new wave of industrialization as it prepares to scale up domestic semiconductor manufacturing and widely implement clean energy infrastructure. With widespread application spaces beyond clean energy, such as communication, computing, healthcare, national security, and transportation, the scope of these endeavors is expected to be massive and long-term. The success of these initiatives is highly dependent on the non-renewable minerals used in critical technologies necessitating the adaptation of current business and legislative models to accommodate future long-term extraction and implementation needs. Without these adaptations, advancements will likely be made at the expense of taxpayers, vulnerable communities, and ecological preservation efforts. Here we propose policy recommendations to the U.S. federal government to minimize environmental and socio-economic harm resulting from metal mining and promote integration of circular economy principles in electronic product design. These recommendations are expected to have both domestic and international impacts in reducing harmful waste and increasing product longevity. Furthermore, these recommendations align with ensuring long-term U.S. leadership in the semiconductor and clean energy industries.","PeriodicalId":222224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Science Policy & Governance","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129961286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The space elevator is a hypothetical concept for placing satellites in orbit around Earth that would result in dramatic cost savings over traditional rocket launches. The space elevator would work by placing a counterweight in space that is tethered to the Earth's surface and held in place by the centrifugal force of the Earth's rotation. Technical challenges, particularly those related to the tether material, have prevented a space elevator from getting past the design stage. Should future advances in materials science allow the space elevator to be built, consideration should be paid to the geopolitical influence that a real space elevator might have. Its unique combination of cost, wartime utility, and vulnerability mean that a peaceful consortium of nations working together should be considered as a potential management model.
{"title":"International opportunities and technical challenges for the space elevator","authors":"Christiana Johnson","doi":"10.38126/jspg220107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38126/jspg220107","url":null,"abstract":"The space elevator is a hypothetical concept for placing satellites in orbit around Earth that would result in dramatic cost savings over traditional rocket launches. The space elevator would work by placing a counterweight in space that is tethered to the Earth's surface and held in place by the centrifugal force of the Earth's rotation. Technical challenges, particularly those related to the tether material, have prevented a space elevator from getting past the design stage. Should future advances in materials science allow the space elevator to be built, consideration should be paid to the geopolitical influence that a real space elevator might have. Its unique combination of cost, wartime utility, and vulnerability mean that a peaceful consortium of nations working together should be considered as a potential management model.","PeriodicalId":222224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Science Policy & Governance","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122834468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Major funding agencies in India mainly determine the national research agenda. They remain essential stakeholders in research assessment and fund a significant number of projects across the nation. The Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India convened a workshop on April 21, 2022 to understand how the funding agencies assess research projects, where these agencies stand in addressing the inherent challenges of evaluating impactful research, and how to ensure a responsible research culture. The workshop had two objectives: to understand the current research assessment practices of India’s funding agencies and to explore the adoption of broad-based assessment criteria beyond journal-based matrices, incorporating national priorities, Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) targets, and the societal impact of research into the research assessment frameworks. This report discusses the workshop's objective and structure, each component of the workshop and its intended outcomes, and policy recommendations for funding agencies in the research ecosystem. The intended audiences for this report are funding agencies, constituents of national and state universities, internal funding committees, and those who want to acquire a broader perspective on existing research assessment practices, look beyond the quantitative journal indicator-based metrics and make existing assessment practices more effective and inclusive. This report aims to assist in developing research assessment agendas that balance local relevance and globalization.
{"title":"Workshop on Research Assessment Practices in Indian Funding Agencies","authors":"Bhattacharjee Suchiradipta, Moumita Koley, Jahnab Bharadwa","doi":"10.38126/jspg220110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38126/jspg220110","url":null,"abstract":"Major funding agencies in India mainly determine the national research agenda. They remain essential stakeholders in research assessment and fund a significant number of projects across the nation. The Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India convened a workshop on April 21, 2022 to understand how the funding agencies assess research projects, where these agencies stand in addressing the inherent challenges of evaluating impactful research, and how to ensure a responsible research culture. The workshop had two objectives: to understand the current research assessment practices of India’s funding agencies and to explore the adoption of broad-based assessment criteria beyond journal-based matrices, incorporating national priorities, Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) targets, and the societal impact of research into the research assessment frameworks. This report discusses the workshop's objective and structure, each component of the workshop and its intended outcomes, and policy recommendations for funding agencies in the research ecosystem.\u0000\u0000The intended audiences for this report are funding agencies, constituents of national and state universities, internal funding committees, and those who want to acquire a broader perspective on existing research assessment practices, look beyond the quantitative journal indicator-based metrics and make existing assessment practices more effective and inclusive. This report aims to assist in developing research assessment agendas that balance local relevance and globalization.","PeriodicalId":222224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Science Policy & Governance","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124461668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
New York’s lack of comprehensive, interdisciplinary and standardized K-12 climate education curricula highlights a gap in the state’s climate action plan. Education plays a key role in building climate literacy and encouraging sustainable behaviors. The climate crisis is complex and requires engaging students in systems thinking to gain a holistic understanding of its root causes, global impacts, and solutions, including preparing students to enter the growing green jobs sector. Existing learning standards and proposed legislation do not address these needs. Compulsory climate education across New York is necessary to prepare students for a climate-altered society, engage youth in climate discussions, model state leadership and support economic competitiveness. Teachers, students, and parents want climate education, but gaps in New York’s education policies have left educators without the resources or bandwidth to teach it. Analysis of gaps in New York state policy, existing literature, and model programs, suggests that to increase student climate literacy, the state legislature should amend its education laws and create a K-12 climate education mandate with the following key components:
{"title":"Climate Education Policy in New York: Preparing Students for a Climate-Altered World","authors":"Elise Birkett, Emily Fano, Alicia Alonso, Isabel Avina","doi":"10.38126/jspg220102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38126/jspg220102","url":null,"abstract":"New York’s lack of comprehensive, interdisciplinary and standardized K-12 climate education curricula highlights a gap in the state’s climate action plan. Education plays a key role in building climate literacy and encouraging sustainable behaviors. The climate crisis is complex and requires engaging students in systems thinking to gain a holistic understanding of its root causes, global impacts, and solutions, including preparing students to enter the growing green jobs sector. Existing learning standards and proposed legislation do not address these needs. Compulsory climate education across New York is necessary to prepare students for a climate-altered society, engage youth in climate discussions, model state leadership and support economic competitiveness. Teachers, students, and parents want climate education, but gaps in New York’s education policies have left educators without the resources or bandwidth to teach it. Analysis of gaps in New York state policy, existing literature, and model programs, suggests that to increase student climate literacy, the state legislature should amend its education laws and create a K-12 climate education mandate with the following key components:","PeriodicalId":222224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Science Policy & Governance","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130485199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cover Memo for Winter Standard Issue 2022","authors":"Sam Rayburn","doi":"10.38126/jspg2201cm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38126/jspg2201cm","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":222224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Science Policy & Governance","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116193043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The internet and social media carry vast amounts of new information every second. To make these flows manageable, platforms engage in content moderation, using algorithms and humans to decide which content to recommend and which to remove. These decisions have profound effects on our elections, democratic debate, and human well-being. The U.S. government cannot directly regulate these decisions due to the scale of the content and the First Amendment. Rather than focusing exclusively on whether or what content gets moderated, policy-makers should focus on ensuring that incentives and processes create an information infrastructure that can support a robust democracy. These policies are most likely to be content-neutral. Three content-neutral mechanisms are promising targets for policy: process, transparency, and de-amplification.
{"title":"Supporting Democracy through Content-Neutral Social Media Policies","authors":"Christopher L. Quarles","doi":"10.38126/jspg220108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38126/jspg220108","url":null,"abstract":"The internet and social media carry vast amounts of new information every second. To make these flows manageable, platforms engage in content moderation, using algorithms and humans to decide which content to recommend and which to remove. These decisions have profound effects on our elections, democratic debate, and human well-being. The U.S. government cannot directly regulate these decisions due to the scale of the content and the First Amendment. Rather than focusing exclusively on whether or what content gets moderated, policy-makers should focus on ensuring that incentives and processes create an information infrastructure that can support a robust democracy. These policies are most likely to be content-neutral. Three content-neutral mechanisms are promising targets for policy: process, transparency, and de-amplification.","PeriodicalId":222224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Science Policy & Governance","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126072778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ready access to synthetic DNA has enabled vast progress in health and biotechnology in recent decades. However, it also makes it easier for malicious actors to develop biological weapons that threaten public health. Thus, it is crucial to regulate who can order synthetic DNA of pathogens from commercial providers. Some synthetic DNA providers screen customers and ordered sequences; however, there is no federal legislation addressing the responsibilities of these companies. Voluntary compliance with the screening Guidance issued by the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is not sustainable, as it disadvantages companies who screen against those who do not. Here, we consider two policy solutions. Option 1 is to mandate minimum screening standards for all US-based synthetic DNA providers. This regulatory burden may weaken the US DNA synthesis sector, so we recommend Option 2, which requires government-funded researchers to only use synthetic DNA from accredited screening-compliant providers.
{"title":"Deploying Digital Detection of Dangerous DNA","authors":"Hanna Pálya, Oscar Delaney","doi":"10.38126/jspg210306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38126/jspg210306","url":null,"abstract":"Ready access to synthetic DNA has enabled vast progress in health and biotechnology in recent decades. However, it also makes it easier for malicious actors to develop biological weapons that threaten public health. Thus, it is crucial to regulate who can order synthetic DNA of pathogens from commercial providers. Some synthetic DNA providers screen customers and ordered sequences; however, there is no federal legislation addressing the responsibilities of these companies. Voluntary compliance with the screening Guidance issued by the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is not sustainable, as it disadvantages companies who screen against those who do not. Here, we consider two policy solutions. Option 1 is to mandate minimum screening standards for all US-based synthetic DNA providers. This regulatory burden may weaken the US DNA synthesis sector, so we recommend Option 2, which requires government-funded researchers to only use synthetic DNA from accredited screening-compliant providers.","PeriodicalId":222224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Science Policy & Governance","volume":"26 1-4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127460943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An ongoing mental healthcare crisis has been exacerbated by COVID-19, particularly for youth. However, one unexpected effect of this pandemic is that access to digital mental healthcare has rapidly expanded. We argue that eHealth interventions, including telehealth and mobile interventions (mHealth), can effectively address mental health challenges, reduce costs for individuals and institutions, and broadly expand access to mental healthcare. For the promise of eHealth to be fully realized, FDA regulation must thoughtfully balance the promotion of evidence-based interventions with broad public accessibility. Furthermore, youth involvement throughout the design process and consideration of youth-specific needs when establishing regulations are critical to the success of eHealth in addressing youth mental health in the United States.
{"title":"Youth-focused Design and Regulation in eHealth Can Help Address the Mental Healthcare Crisis","authors":"Melissa L Gasser, Carly E. Gray, Katherine Seldin","doi":"10.38126/jspg210304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38126/jspg210304","url":null,"abstract":"An ongoing mental healthcare crisis has been exacerbated by COVID-19, particularly for youth. However, one unexpected effect of this pandemic is that access to digital mental healthcare has rapidly expanded. We argue that eHealth interventions, including telehealth and mobile interventions (mHealth), can effectively address mental health challenges, reduce costs for individuals and institutions, and broadly expand access to mental healthcare. For the promise of eHealth to be fully realized, FDA regulation must thoughtfully balance the promotion of evidence-based interventions with broad public accessibility. Furthermore, youth involvement throughout the design process and consideration of youth-specific needs when establishing regulations are critical to the success of eHealth in addressing youth mental health in the United States.","PeriodicalId":222224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Science Policy & Governance","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130648309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Dortche, Grace McCarthy, S. Banbury, Isabel Yannatos
Existing health disparities in the United States are partially driven by the way healthcare is delivered. There is interest in using Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven software as medical devices (SaMD) to aid in healthcare delivery and reduce health disparities. However, AI-driven tools have the potential to codify bias in healthcare settings. Some AI-driven SaMDs have displayed substandard performance among racial and ethnic minorities. Auditing these tools for biased output can help produce more equitable outcomes across populations. However, there are currently no explicit Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations that examine bias in AI software in healthcare. Therefore, we propose the FDA develop a distinct regulatory process for AI-driven SaMDs that includes assessing equitable output across populations and avoiding potential health disparity exacerbation. This change could help prevent AI-driven health disparities nationwide.
{"title":"Promoting Health Equity through Improved Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Medical Devices","authors":"K. Dortche, Grace McCarthy, S. Banbury, Isabel Yannatos","doi":"10.38126/jspg210302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38126/jspg210302","url":null,"abstract":"Existing health disparities in the United States are partially driven by the way healthcare is delivered. There is interest in using Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven software as medical devices (SaMD) to aid in healthcare delivery and reduce health disparities. However, AI-driven tools have the potential to codify bias in healthcare settings. Some AI-driven SaMDs have displayed substandard performance among racial and ethnic minorities. Auditing these tools for biased output can help produce more equitable outcomes across populations. However, there are currently no explicit Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations that examine bias in AI software in healthcare. Therefore, we propose the FDA develop a distinct regulatory process for AI-driven SaMDs that includes assessing equitable output across populations and avoiding potential health disparity exacerbation. This change could help prevent AI-driven health disparities nationwide.","PeriodicalId":222224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Science Policy & Governance","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114681998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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