The diagnosis of new variants and monitoring their potential effects on diagnosis, therapeutics, and vaccines by genomic sequencing is essential to manage global public crises. In the current study, spike-genome next-generation sequencing was generated from 492 SARS-CoV-2 isolates to evaluate the mutations in Turkey from April 2021 to February 2022. The variant analysis was performed using (Coronavirus Antiviral and Resistance Database (CoV-RDB) by Stanford University). We revealed that the lineages Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Delta (B.1.617.2), Eta (B.1.525), variant of interest (VOI), lota (B.1.526), Zeta (P.2), Omicron (B.1.1.529), and Omicron BA.1 (B.1.1.529.1) were in the circulation in Turkey during the given period. The most common lineages were B.1.1.7, B.1.617.2, B.1.1.529, and B.1.1.529.1 SARS-CoV-2 variant circulation in Turkey seems highly heterogenetic; however, quite similar to the global epidemiologic analysis. The existence of globally circulating variants in the same chronological order in Turkey can be a guide for precautions, treatment, and vaccine options to be taken in the future.
{"title":"Circulating Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Variants between April 2021 and February 2022 in Turkey","authors":"M. Sayan, A. Arıkan, Murat Isbilen","doi":"10.1155/2022/4677720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4677720","url":null,"abstract":"The diagnosis of new variants and monitoring their potential effects on diagnosis, therapeutics, and vaccines by genomic sequencing is essential to manage global public crises. In the current study, spike-genome next-generation sequencing was generated from 492 SARS-CoV-2 isolates to evaluate the mutations in Turkey from April 2021 to February 2022. The variant analysis was performed using (Coronavirus Antiviral and Resistance Database (CoV-RDB) by Stanford University). We revealed that the lineages Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Delta (B.1.617.2), Eta (B.1.525), variant of interest (VOI), lota (B.1.526), Zeta (P.2), Omicron (B.1.1.529), and Omicron BA.1 (B.1.1.529.1) were in the circulation in Turkey during the given period. The most common lineages were B.1.1.7, B.1.617.2, B.1.1.529, and B.1.1.529.1 SARS-CoV-2 variant circulation in Turkey seems highly heterogenetic; however, quite similar to the global epidemiologic analysis. The existence of globally circulating variants in the same chronological order in Turkey can be a guide for precautions, treatment, and vaccine options to be taken in the future.","PeriodicalId":22481,"journal":{"name":"The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology = Journal Canadien des Maladies Infectieuses et de la Microbiologie Médicale","volume":"115 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75250655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background Occupational exposure to blood and body fluids has become a serious public health problem for healthcare workers and is a major risk for the transmission of various infections such as human immune-deficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to determine the career time and previous one-year global pooled prevalence of occupational exposure to blood and body fluids among healthcare workers. Methods For the review, the articles published in English were searched using the electronic databases (SCOPUS/Science Direct, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, DOAJ, and MedNar) with a combination of Boolean logic operators (AND, OR, and NOT), Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), and keywords. A quality assessment was conducted to determine the relevance of the articles using JBI critical appraisal tools. Furthermore, several steps of assessment and evaluation were taken to select and analyze the relevant articles. Results Of the 3912 articles identified through the electronic database search, 33 that met the inclusion criteria were included in the final analysis. The current study found that the global pooled prevalence of blood and body fluids among healthcare workers during career time and in the previous one year accounted for 56.6% (95% CI: 47.3, 65.4) and 39.0% (95% CI: 32.7, 45.7), respectively. Based on subgroup analysis by publication year, survey year, and World Health Organization regions, the highest prevalence of blood and body fluid exposure in the last 12 months was observed among articles published between 2004 and 2008 (66.3%), conducted between 2003 and 2008 (66.6%), and conducted in the Southeast Asia Region (46.9%). The highest career time prevalence was 60.6%, 71.0%, and 68.4% for articles published between 2015 and 2020, conducted between 2015 and 2019, and reported in the African region, respectively. Conclusion The current study revealed a high prevalence of occupational exposure to blood and body fluids among healthcare workers and suggests the need to improve occupational health and safety services in healthcare systems globally.
职业接触血液和体液已成为卫生保健工作者面临的严重公共卫生问题，是传播各种感染(如人类免疫缺陷病毒、乙型肝炎病毒和丙型肝炎病毒)的主要风险。本系统综述和荟萃分析旨在确定卫生保健工作者职业时间和前一年职业暴露于血液和体液的全球总流行率。方法使用电子数据库(SCOPUS/Science Direct、PubMed、Web of Science、Google Scholar、CINAHL、MEDLINE、Cochrane Library、DOAJ和MedNar)，结合布尔逻辑运算符(and、OR和NOT)、医学主题词(MeSH)和关键词对已发表的英文文章进行检索。使用JBI关键评估工具进行质量评估以确定文章的相关性。此外，还采取了几个评估和评价步骤，对相关文章进行了选择和分析。结果在电子数据库检索到的3912篇文章中，有33篇符合纳入标准的文章被纳入最终分析。目前的研究发现，卫生保健工作者在职业期间和前一年的全球血液和体液总流行率分别占56.6%(95%置信区间:47.3、65.4)和39.0%(95%置信区间:32.7、45.7)。根据按出版年份、调查年份和世界卫生组织区域进行的亚组分析，在2004年至2008年期间发表的文章(66.3%)、2003年至2008年期间进行的文章(66.6%)和东南亚区域进行的文章(46.9%)中，过去12个月血液和体液接触的流行率最高。在2015年至2019年期间发表的文章中，最高的职业时间患病率分别为60.6%，71.0%和68.4%，并分别在非洲地区报告。目前的研究表明，卫生保健工作者中职业接触血液和体液的比例很高，这表明有必要改善全球卫生保健系统的职业卫生和安全服务。
{"title":"Global Occupational Exposure to Blood and Body Fluids among Healthcare Workers: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"D. Mengistu, Gebisa Dirirsa, Elsai Mati, Dinku Mekbib Ayele, Kefelegn Bayu, Wegene Deriba, Fekade Ketema Alemu, Yohannes Mulugeta Demmu, Yohanis Alemeshet Asefa, Abraham Geremew","doi":"10.1155/2022/5732046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5732046","url":null,"abstract":"Background Occupational exposure to blood and body fluids has become a serious public health problem for healthcare workers and is a major risk for the transmission of various infections such as human immune-deficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to determine the career time and previous one-year global pooled prevalence of occupational exposure to blood and body fluids among healthcare workers. Methods For the review, the articles published in English were searched using the electronic databases (SCOPUS/Science Direct, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, DOAJ, and MedNar) with a combination of Boolean logic operators (AND, OR, and NOT), Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), and keywords. A quality assessment was conducted to determine the relevance of the articles using JBI critical appraisal tools. Furthermore, several steps of assessment and evaluation were taken to select and analyze the relevant articles. Results Of the 3912 articles identified through the electronic database search, 33 that met the inclusion criteria were included in the final analysis. The current study found that the global pooled prevalence of blood and body fluids among healthcare workers during career time and in the previous one year accounted for 56.6% (95% CI: 47.3, 65.4) and 39.0% (95% CI: 32.7, 45.7), respectively. Based on subgroup analysis by publication year, survey year, and World Health Organization regions, the highest prevalence of blood and body fluid exposure in the last 12 months was observed among articles published between 2004 and 2008 (66.3%), conducted between 2003 and 2008 (66.6%), and conducted in the Southeast Asia Region (46.9%). The highest career time prevalence was 60.6%, 71.0%, and 68.4% for articles published between 2015 and 2020, conducted between 2015 and 2019, and reported in the African region, respectively. Conclusion The current study revealed a high prevalence of occupational exposure to blood and body fluids among healthcare workers and suggests the need to improve occupational health and safety services in healthcare systems globally.","PeriodicalId":22481,"journal":{"name":"The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology = Journal Canadien des Maladies Infectieuses et de la Microbiologie Médicale","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72903416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, tick-borne illnesses have been trending upward and are an increasing source of risk to people's health in the United States. This is due to range expansion in tick habitats as a result of climate change. Thus, it is imperative to find a practical and cost-efficient way of managing tick populations. Prescribed burns are a common form of land management that can be cost-efficient if properly managed and can be applied across large amounts of land. In this study, we present a compartmental model for ticks carrying Lyme disease and uniquely incorporate the effects of prescribed fire using an impulsive system to investigate the effects of prescribed fire intensity (high and low) and the duration between burns. Our study found that fire intensity has a larger impact in reducing tick population than the frequency between burns. Furthermore, burning at high intensity is preferable to burning at low intensity whenever possible, although high-intensity burns may be unrealistic due to environmental factors. Annual burns resulted in the most significant reduction in infectious nymphs, which are the primary carriers of Lyme disease.
{"title":"Baptism of Fire: Modeling the Effects of Prescribed Fire on Lyme Disease","authors":"Emily Guo, F. Agusto","doi":"10.1155/2022/5300887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5300887","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, tick-borne illnesses have been trending upward and are an increasing source of risk to people's health in the United States. This is due to range expansion in tick habitats as a result of climate change. Thus, it is imperative to find a practical and cost-efficient way of managing tick populations. Prescribed burns are a common form of land management that can be cost-efficient if properly managed and can be applied across large amounts of land. In this study, we present a compartmental model for ticks carrying Lyme disease and uniquely incorporate the effects of prescribed fire using an impulsive system to investigate the effects of prescribed fire intensity (high and low) and the duration between burns. Our study found that fire intensity has a larger impact in reducing tick population than the frequency between burns. Furthermore, burning at high intensity is preferable to burning at low intensity whenever possible, although high-intensity burns may be unrealistic due to environmental factors. Annual burns resulted in the most significant reduction in infectious nymphs, which are the primary carriers of Lyme disease.","PeriodicalId":22481,"journal":{"name":"The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology = Journal Canadien des Maladies Infectieuses et de la Microbiologie Médicale","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79232943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Semati, Azimeh Zare, M. Zare, A. Mirahmadizadeh, M. Ebrahimi
Background Using time series and spatiotemporal analyses, this study aimed to establish an Early Warning System (EWS) for COVID-19 in Fars province Iran. Methods A EWS was conducted on (i) daily basis city-level time series data including 53 554 cases recorded during 18 February–30 September 2020, which were applied to forecast COVID-19 cases during 1 October–14 November 2020, and (ii) the spatiotemporal analysis, which was conducted on the forecasted cases to predict spatiotemporal outbreaks of COVID-19. Results A total of 55 369 cases were forecasted during 1 October–14 November 2020, most of which (26.9%) occurred in Shiraz. In addition, 65.80% and 34.20% of the cases occurred in October and November, respectively. Four significant spatiotemporal outbreaks were predicted, with the Most Likely Cluster (MLC) occurring in ten cities during 2–22 October (P < 0.001 for all). Moreover, subgroup analysis demonstrated that Zarrindasht was the canon of the epidemic on 6 October (P=0.04). As a part of EWS, the epidemic was triggered from Jahrom, involving the MLC districts in the center, west, and south parts of the province. Then, it showed a tendency to move towards Zarrindasht in the south and progress to Lar in the southernmost part. Afterwards, it simultaneously progressed to Fasa and Sepidan in the central and northwestern parts of the province, respectively. Conclusion EWS, which was established based on the current protocol, alarmed policymakers and health managers on the progression of the epidemic and on where and when to implement medical facilities. These findings can be used to tailor province-level policies to servile the ongoing epidemic in the area; however, governmental level effort is needed to control the epidemic at a larger scale in the future.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal Study of COVID-19 in Fars Province, Iran, October-November 2020: Establishment of Early Warning System","authors":"A. Semati, Azimeh Zare, M. Zare, A. Mirahmadizadeh, M. Ebrahimi","doi":"10.1155/2022/4965411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4965411","url":null,"abstract":"Background Using time series and spatiotemporal analyses, this study aimed to establish an Early Warning System (EWS) for COVID-19 in Fars province Iran. Methods A EWS was conducted on (i) daily basis city-level time series data including 53 554 cases recorded during 18 February–30 September 2020, which were applied to forecast COVID-19 cases during 1 October–14 November 2020, and (ii) the spatiotemporal analysis, which was conducted on the forecasted cases to predict spatiotemporal outbreaks of COVID-19. Results A total of 55 369 cases were forecasted during 1 October–14 November 2020, most of which (26.9%) occurred in Shiraz. In addition, 65.80% and 34.20% of the cases occurred in October and November, respectively. Four significant spatiotemporal outbreaks were predicted, with the Most Likely Cluster (MLC) occurring in ten cities during 2–22 October (P < 0.001 for all). Moreover, subgroup analysis demonstrated that Zarrindasht was the canon of the epidemic on 6 October (P=0.04). As a part of EWS, the epidemic was triggered from Jahrom, involving the MLC districts in the center, west, and south parts of the province. Then, it showed a tendency to move towards Zarrindasht in the south and progress to Lar in the southernmost part. Afterwards, it simultaneously progressed to Fasa and Sepidan in the central and northwestern parts of the province, respectively. Conclusion EWS, which was established based on the current protocol, alarmed policymakers and health managers on the progression of the epidemic and on where and when to implement medical facilities. These findings can be used to tailor province-level policies to servile the ongoing epidemic in the area; however, governmental level effort is needed to control the epidemic at a larger scale in the future.","PeriodicalId":22481,"journal":{"name":"The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology = Journal Canadien des Maladies Infectieuses et de la Microbiologie Médicale","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86275373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hitesh Singh, Nisha R Dahiya, M. Yadav, N. Sehrawat
COVID-19 is a respiration-related disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 and was identified in China's Wuhan city. More than 223 countries are affected by the disease worldwide. The new variants of the COVID-19 virus are causing problems, from average to life-threatening pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Presently, there are 170 vaccine candidates, out of which 10 have been approved by the WHO for vaccination, such as Ad26.COV2.S, Pfizer/BioNTech, COVISHIELD, Covovax, Moderna, KoviVac, and some other vaccines to combat the deadly SARS-CoV-2 infection. From all these vaccines, Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna are showing the highest efficacy against COVID-19. These vaccines are highly efficient against COVID-19 disease, but their potentiality against new variants remains a question. COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective at preventing severe illnesses, hospitalizations, and death. The antibodies elicited by earlier infection or vaccination are the key for possible protection against SARS-CoV-2. The problem has been exacerbated by new information from Africa on the origins of the novel contagious SARS-CoV-2 strain. These new strains occur due to unique mutations in the spike protein, which modify SARS-CoV-2 transmission and infection capabilities, limiting the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccination. Hence, there is a need to find a potential vaccine against it.
{"title":"Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 New Variants and Their Clinical Significance","authors":"Hitesh Singh, Nisha R Dahiya, M. Yadav, N. Sehrawat","doi":"10.1155/2022/7336309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7336309","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 is a respiration-related disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 and was identified in China's Wuhan city. More than 223 countries are affected by the disease worldwide. The new variants of the COVID-19 virus are causing problems, from average to life-threatening pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Presently, there are 170 vaccine candidates, out of which 10 have been approved by the WHO for vaccination, such as Ad26.COV2.S, Pfizer/BioNTech, COVISHIELD, Covovax, Moderna, KoviVac, and some other vaccines to combat the deadly SARS-CoV-2 infection. From all these vaccines, Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna are showing the highest efficacy against COVID-19. These vaccines are highly efficient against COVID-19 disease, but their potentiality against new variants remains a question. COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective at preventing severe illnesses, hospitalizations, and death. The antibodies elicited by earlier infection or vaccination are the key for possible protection against SARS-CoV-2. The problem has been exacerbated by new information from Africa on the origins of the novel contagious SARS-CoV-2 strain. These new strains occur due to unique mutations in the spike protein, which modify SARS-CoV-2 transmission and infection capabilities, limiting the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccination. Hence, there is a need to find a potential vaccine against it.","PeriodicalId":22481,"journal":{"name":"The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology = Journal Canadien des Maladies Infectieuses et de la Microbiologie Médicale","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75063563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Acinetobacter baumannii is an aggressive opportunistic bacterial pathogen that causes severe nosocomial infections, especially among burn patients. An increasing number of hospitals-acquired infections have been reported all over the world. However, little attention has been paid to the relatedness between A. baumannii isolates from different hospital environments and patients. In this study, 27 isolates were collected from the Burn and Plastic Surgery Hospital of Al Sulaymaniyah City, Iraq, from January through December 2019 (11 from patients and 16 from the wards environment), identified to species level as A. baumannii using Vitek 2 system and molecular detection of 16S rRNA gene, and then confirmed by targeting the blaOXA-51 gene. Moreover, the isolates were characterized by means of automated antimicrobial susceptibility assay, antimicrobial-resistant patterns, a phenotypic method using a combined disk test, and molecular methods for the detection of class A and C β-lactamase genes, and finally, the genetic relatedness was classified. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that 63% (17/27) of the retrieved A. baumannii isolates were extensively drug-resistant to 8/9 antimicrobial classes. Furthermore, 37% (10/27) of the isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant; 8 isolates exhibited similar resistant patterns and the other two isolates showed 2 different patterns, while resistance was greater in isolates from patients than from the ward environment. Combined disk test showed that two isolates contained extended-spectrum β-lactamase. All isolates carried blaTEM-1, and two copies of the blaCTX-1 gene were indicated in one isolate, while blaSHV was absent in all isolates. Twenty-four isolates carried the blaAmpC gene; among them, 3 isolates harbored the insertion sequence ISAba-1 upstream to the gene. Using Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus PCR, the isolates were clustered into 6 distinct types; among them, two clusters, each of four strains, were classified to contain isolates from both patients and environments. The clusters of similar genotypes were found in inpatients as well as the environments of different wards during time periods, suggesting transmission within the hospital. Identification of possible infection sources and controlling the transmission of these aggressive resistance strains should be strictly conducted.
{"title":"Dissemination and Genetic Relatedness of Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates from a Burn Hospital in Iraq","authors":"Aras A. K Shali, P. Jalal, Sehand K Arif","doi":"10.1155/2022/8243192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8243192","url":null,"abstract":"Acinetobacter baumannii is an aggressive opportunistic bacterial pathogen that causes severe nosocomial infections, especially among burn patients. An increasing number of hospitals-acquired infections have been reported all over the world. However, little attention has been paid to the relatedness between A. baumannii isolates from different hospital environments and patients. In this study, 27 isolates were collected from the Burn and Plastic Surgery Hospital of Al Sulaymaniyah City, Iraq, from January through December 2019 (11 from patients and 16 from the wards environment), identified to species level as A. baumannii using Vitek 2 system and molecular detection of 16S rRNA gene, and then confirmed by targeting the blaOXA-51 gene. Moreover, the isolates were characterized by means of automated antimicrobial susceptibility assay, antimicrobial-resistant patterns, a phenotypic method using a combined disk test, and molecular methods for the detection of class A and C β-lactamase genes, and finally, the genetic relatedness was classified. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that 63% (17/27) of the retrieved A. baumannii isolates were extensively drug-resistant to 8/9 antimicrobial classes. Furthermore, 37% (10/27) of the isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant; 8 isolates exhibited similar resistant patterns and the other two isolates showed 2 different patterns, while resistance was greater in isolates from patients than from the ward environment. Combined disk test showed that two isolates contained extended-spectrum β-lactamase. All isolates carried blaTEM-1, and two copies of the blaCTX-1 gene were indicated in one isolate, while blaSHV was absent in all isolates. Twenty-four isolates carried the blaAmpC gene; among them, 3 isolates harbored the insertion sequence ISAba-1 upstream to the gene. Using Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus PCR, the isolates were clustered into 6 distinct types; among them, two clusters, each of four strains, were classified to contain isolates from both patients and environments. The clusters of similar genotypes were found in inpatients as well as the environments of different wards during time periods, suggesting transmission within the hospital. Identification of possible infection sources and controlling the transmission of these aggressive resistance strains should be strictly conducted.","PeriodicalId":22481,"journal":{"name":"The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology = Journal Canadien des Maladies Infectieuses et de la Microbiologie Médicale","volume":"172 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76955282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. R. Bhatta, Sumnima Koirala, Abha Baral, N. Amatya, Sulochana Parajuli, R. Shrestha, D. Hamal, N. Nayak, S. Gokhale
Background Bacterial contamination in intensive care units is an important risk factor associated with increasing incidences of nosocomial infections. This study was conducted to study the bacterial colonization on commonly touched objects of intensive care units and antibiotic resistance pattern of bacterial isolates. Methods This study was conducted in different intensive care units of Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal. A total of 235 swabs were collected from surfaces of bed rails, monitors, door handles, IV stands, telephone sets, nursing stations, medicine trolleys, sphygmomanometers, wash basin taps, dressing drums, stethoscopes, pulse oximeters, ventilators, defibrillators, and stretchers. Isolation, identification, and antibiotic susceptibility tests of the bacteria were performed following standard microbiological techniques. Results Of 235 samples, bacterial growth was observed in 152 samples. A total of 90 samples of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from 235 samples. Most of the sampling sites included in this study were found contaminated with S. aureus. The highest number of S. aureus was cultured from the surface of bed rails. Of the total S. aureus isolates, 54.4% (49/90) were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Vancomycin resistance was detected among 8.1% MRSA isolates (4/49). Acinetobacter species were the commonest Gram-negative bacterial isolate. Conclusion Bacterial contamination of the objects/instruments of the ICU was recorded to be high. The most common contaminating bacteria were S. aureus with a high percentage of MRSA and emergence of VRSA. Periodic microbiological surveillance, detection of contaminated sites, and effective decontamination methods would minimize the colonization by potential pathogens and their transmission.
{"title":"Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Contamination of Frequently Touched Objects in Intensive Care Units: Potential Threat of Nosocomial Infections","authors":"D. R. Bhatta, Sumnima Koirala, Abha Baral, N. Amatya, Sulochana Parajuli, R. Shrestha, D. Hamal, N. Nayak, S. Gokhale","doi":"10.1155/2022/1023241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1023241","url":null,"abstract":"Background Bacterial contamination in intensive care units is an important risk factor associated with increasing incidences of nosocomial infections. This study was conducted to study the bacterial colonization on commonly touched objects of intensive care units and antibiotic resistance pattern of bacterial isolates. Methods This study was conducted in different intensive care units of Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal. A total of 235 swabs were collected from surfaces of bed rails, monitors, door handles, IV stands, telephone sets, nursing stations, medicine trolleys, sphygmomanometers, wash basin taps, dressing drums, stethoscopes, pulse oximeters, ventilators, defibrillators, and stretchers. Isolation, identification, and antibiotic susceptibility tests of the bacteria were performed following standard microbiological techniques. Results Of 235 samples, bacterial growth was observed in 152 samples. A total of 90 samples of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from 235 samples. Most of the sampling sites included in this study were found contaminated with S. aureus. The highest number of S. aureus was cultured from the surface of bed rails. Of the total S. aureus isolates, 54.4% (49/90) were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Vancomycin resistance was detected among 8.1% MRSA isolates (4/49). Acinetobacter species were the commonest Gram-negative bacterial isolate. Conclusion Bacterial contamination of the objects/instruments of the ICU was recorded to be high. The most common contaminating bacteria were S. aureus with a high percentage of MRSA and emergence of VRSA. Periodic microbiological surveillance, detection of contaminated sites, and effective decontamination methods would minimize the colonization by potential pathogens and their transmission.","PeriodicalId":22481,"journal":{"name":"The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology = Journal Canadien des Maladies Infectieuses et de la Microbiologie Médicale","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77668041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aims In view of the emerging virus variations and pandemic worldwide, it is urgent to explore effective models predicting disease severity. Methods We aimed to investigate whether platelet-to-CRP ratio (PC ratio) could predict the severity of COVID-19 and multi-organ injuries. Patients who complained of pulmonary or gastrointestinal symptoms were enrolled after confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection via qRT-PCR. Those who complained of gastrointestinal symptoms were defined as having initial gastrointestinal involvement. Chest computed tomography (CT) was then performed to classify the patients into mild, moderate, and severe pneumonia groups according to the interim management guideline. qRT-PCR was also performed on stool to discern those discharging virus through the gastrointestinal tract. Logistic regression models were applied to analyze the association between PC ratio and severity of pneumonia, risk of initial gastrointestinal involvement, and multi-organ injuries. Results When compared to the bottom tertile of PC ratio, the adjusted odds ratio was −0.51, p < 0.001 and −0.53, p < 0.001 in moderate and severe pneumonia, respectively. Furthermore, the adjusted odds ratio for initial gastrointestinal involvement was 0.18 (82% lower) when compared to the bottom tertile of PC ratio, p=0.005. The area under ROC on moderate-to-severe pneumonia and initial gastrointestinal involvement was 0.836 (95% CI: 0.742, 0.930, p < 0.001) and 0.721 (95% CI: 0.604, 0.839, p=0.002), respectively. The upper tertiles of PC ratio showed lower levels of aspartate aminotransferase (p=0.016) and lactic dehydrogenase (p < 0.001). Conclusions Platelet-to-CRP ratio could act as an effective model in recognizing severe COVID-19 and multi-organ injuries.
{"title":"A Novel Predictive Model in Recognizing Severe COVID-19 and Multiorgan Injuries: Platelet-to-CRP Ratio","authors":"Wei Chen, Kenneth I. Zheng, Saiduo Liu, Chongyong Xu, Chao Xing, Zengpei Qiao","doi":"10.1155/2022/6549399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6549399","url":null,"abstract":"Aims In view of the emerging virus variations and pandemic worldwide, it is urgent to explore effective models predicting disease severity. Methods We aimed to investigate whether platelet-to-CRP ratio (PC ratio) could predict the severity of COVID-19 and multi-organ injuries. Patients who complained of pulmonary or gastrointestinal symptoms were enrolled after confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection via qRT-PCR. Those who complained of gastrointestinal symptoms were defined as having initial gastrointestinal involvement. Chest computed tomography (CT) was then performed to classify the patients into mild, moderate, and severe pneumonia groups according to the interim management guideline. qRT-PCR was also performed on stool to discern those discharging virus through the gastrointestinal tract. Logistic regression models were applied to analyze the association between PC ratio and severity of pneumonia, risk of initial gastrointestinal involvement, and multi-organ injuries. Results When compared to the bottom tertile of PC ratio, the adjusted odds ratio was −0.51, p < 0.001 and −0.53, p < 0.001 in moderate and severe pneumonia, respectively. Furthermore, the adjusted odds ratio for initial gastrointestinal involvement was 0.18 (82% lower) when compared to the bottom tertile of PC ratio, p=0.005. The area under ROC on moderate-to-severe pneumonia and initial gastrointestinal involvement was 0.836 (95% CI: 0.742, 0.930, p < 0.001) and 0.721 (95% CI: 0.604, 0.839, p=0.002), respectively. The upper tertiles of PC ratio showed lower levels of aspartate aminotransferase (p=0.016) and lactic dehydrogenase (p < 0.001). Conclusions Platelet-to-CRP ratio could act as an effective model in recognizing severe COVID-19 and multi-organ injuries.","PeriodicalId":22481,"journal":{"name":"The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology = Journal Canadien des Maladies Infectieuses et de la Microbiologie Médicale","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86126959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Somayeh Hassani, Proshat Sadat Nadji, Anita Mohseni, M. Rahnamaye Farzami, S. Mirab Samiee, M. Sadr, S. Nadji
Introduction Persistent infection with one of the most high-risk genotypes of human papillomavirus causes all cases of cervical cancer and a significant proportion of other genital cancers. The HPV virus, unlike any other infection that leads to cancer, is transmitted only through sexual intercourse and is less affected by the general changes and development in lifestyle and medical standards, so only vaccination and screening can prevent the HPV virus and cancers caused by it. Therefore, determining the prevalence and distribution of HPV genotypes are of utmost importance in screening strategies regarding cervical cancer and vaccination decisions against HPV that vary based on the geographical and cultural characteristics of the study area. As a result, this study aimed to determine the frequency of human papillomavirus and the distribution of this virus's genotypes in the general population of women living in 11 provinces of Iran. Materials and Methods This study is a community-based survey study. Sampling was done by the cluster sampling method. Women aged 15–59 years old from the general population living in 11 provinces of Iran were included in the study after considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected using a questionnaire and vaginal examination. The study was performed on 2562 vaginal specimens that were referred to the laboratory of the present study. HPV genome was detected by the nested MY-GP method and papillomavirus genotyping was performed using the PCR multiplex method to identify 19 papillomavirus genotypes. Results The general prevalence of HPV in the 11 provinces was obtained at 2.4% (108 out of 2562 people). The highest prevalence of the virus was in the age group of 25–34 years. The prevalence of HPV was statistically significant among different provinces. Hormozgan province with 22 cases (5.9%) had the highest and Isfahan province with 6 cases (2.2%) had the lowest incidence of HPV. The prevalence of high-risk HPV and medium-risk HPV is 3%, and the prevalence of low-risk HPV was estimated to be 2.1% of the total female population. Also, the highest prevalence was related to genotype 16. Conclusion According to the high prevalence of the HPV virus in young age groups in Iran, it is necessary to pay attention to screening programs to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer.
{"title":"Evaluation Frequency of Human Papillomavirus and Its Related Genotypes in Women of the General Population Living in 11 Provinces of Iran","authors":"Somayeh Hassani, Proshat Sadat Nadji, Anita Mohseni, M. Rahnamaye Farzami, S. Mirab Samiee, M. Sadr, S. Nadji","doi":"10.1155/2022/8668557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8668557","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Persistent infection with one of the most high-risk genotypes of human papillomavirus causes all cases of cervical cancer and a significant proportion of other genital cancers. The HPV virus, unlike any other infection that leads to cancer, is transmitted only through sexual intercourse and is less affected by the general changes and development in lifestyle and medical standards, so only vaccination and screening can prevent the HPV virus and cancers caused by it. Therefore, determining the prevalence and distribution of HPV genotypes are of utmost importance in screening strategies regarding cervical cancer and vaccination decisions against HPV that vary based on the geographical and cultural characteristics of the study area. As a result, this study aimed to determine the frequency of human papillomavirus and the distribution of this virus's genotypes in the general population of women living in 11 provinces of Iran. Materials and Methods This study is a community-based survey study. Sampling was done by the cluster sampling method. Women aged 15–59 years old from the general population living in 11 provinces of Iran were included in the study after considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected using a questionnaire and vaginal examination. The study was performed on 2562 vaginal specimens that were referred to the laboratory of the present study. HPV genome was detected by the nested MY-GP method and papillomavirus genotyping was performed using the PCR multiplex method to identify 19 papillomavirus genotypes. Results The general prevalence of HPV in the 11 provinces was obtained at 2.4% (108 out of 2562 people). The highest prevalence of the virus was in the age group of 25–34 years. The prevalence of HPV was statistically significant among different provinces. Hormozgan province with 22 cases (5.9%) had the highest and Isfahan province with 6 cases (2.2%) had the lowest incidence of HPV. The prevalence of high-risk HPV and medium-risk HPV is 3%, and the prevalence of low-risk HPV was estimated to be 2.1% of the total female population. Also, the highest prevalence was related to genotype 16. Conclusion According to the high prevalence of the HPV virus in young age groups in Iran, it is necessary to pay attention to screening programs to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer.","PeriodicalId":22481,"journal":{"name":"The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology = Journal Canadien des Maladies Infectieuses et de la Microbiologie Médicale","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74249172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of hospital-based antiepidemic measures aimed at limiting the spread of symptomatic infections and colonization with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CPE), mainly NDM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, with particular emphasis on microbiological screening tests. Methods This retrospective study was based on data from 168 hospitals under the supervision of the Provincial Sanitary and Epidemiological Station in Warsaw, Poland, in 2016–2017. Analysis of the effectiveness of antiepidemic procedures focused on the type of implemented antiepidemic procedures, the number of microbiological screening tests per year, the geographic location of the hospitals (inside or outside Warsaw), the timing of the screening tests (on admission to hospital or 48 hours later), and the results of the screening tests. Results Rates of proper isolation of patients infected or colonized with an alarm pathogen including NDM-producing K. pneumoniae increased from 38.0% in 2016 to 49.5% in 2017 (p > 0.05). The number of screening tests performed increased by 88% from 68319 in 2016 to 128373 in 2017. The number of epidemic outbreaks of symptomatic infections caused by NDM-producing K. pneumoniae decreased from 11 in 2016 to 7 in 2017 in hospitals in Warsaw, where microbiological screening tests were performed. The number of outbreaks in hospitals outside Warsaw, where the screening tests were not performed or were limited, increased from 8 in 2016 to 24 in 2017. Conclusion Screening tests increase the chance of detecting colonization by CPE. The implementation of microbiological screening decreased the risk of epidemic outbreaks of symptomatic infections caused by CPE.
{"title":"Effectiveness of Antiepidemic Measures Aimed to Reduce Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in the Hospital Environment","authors":"M. Pawlak, K. Lewtak, A. Nitsch-Osuch","doi":"10.1155/2022/9299258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9299258","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of hospital-based antiepidemic measures aimed at limiting the spread of symptomatic infections and colonization with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CPE), mainly NDM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, with particular emphasis on microbiological screening tests. Methods This retrospective study was based on data from 168 hospitals under the supervision of the Provincial Sanitary and Epidemiological Station in Warsaw, Poland, in 2016–2017. Analysis of the effectiveness of antiepidemic procedures focused on the type of implemented antiepidemic procedures, the number of microbiological screening tests per year, the geographic location of the hospitals (inside or outside Warsaw), the timing of the screening tests (on admission to hospital or 48 hours later), and the results of the screening tests. Results Rates of proper isolation of patients infected or colonized with an alarm pathogen including NDM-producing K. pneumoniae increased from 38.0% in 2016 to 49.5% in 2017 (p > 0.05). The number of screening tests performed increased by 88% from 68319 in 2016 to 128373 in 2017. The number of epidemic outbreaks of symptomatic infections caused by NDM-producing K. pneumoniae decreased from 11 in 2016 to 7 in 2017 in hospitals in Warsaw, where microbiological screening tests were performed. The number of outbreaks in hospitals outside Warsaw, where the screening tests were not performed or were limited, increased from 8 in 2016 to 24 in 2017. Conclusion Screening tests increase the chance of detecting colonization by CPE. The implementation of microbiological screening decreased the risk of epidemic outbreaks of symptomatic infections caused by CPE.","PeriodicalId":22481,"journal":{"name":"The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology = Journal Canadien des Maladies Infectieuses et de la Microbiologie Médicale","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82482057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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