The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents最新文献

{"title":"Microbiology, diseases, and epidemiology of Kingella kingae in young children: A short review","authors":"E. Badran, A. Shehabi, Malak A Khanfar","doi":"10.3823/848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/848","url":null,"abstract":"Kingella kingae is a Gram-negative coccobacilli and it is a member of the HACEK (Haemophilus species, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella kingae) group. HACEK organisms are typically oropharyngeal commensals and have long been recognized as a cause of infective endocarditis in children and adults. K. kingae in difficult to recover from cultured pharyngeal samples due to its slow growth and the high presence of resident bacterial flora. However, the organism can be better detected using PCR tests. Based on our literature in PubMed and other sources, we couldn't discover any study about K. kingae originated in an Arab country. Therefore, we prepared this review in order to draw attention of our physicians and clinical microbiologists to the importance of this neglected group of organisms in clinical medicine. This review article aims to cover the most important features of K. kingae in the pediatric population. Microbiology, diseases and epidemiology of Kingella kingae in young children: A short review Asem A Shehabi1, Eman F. Badran2, Malak A. Khanfar1 1 Department of Pathology-Microbiology, School of Medicine University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. 2 Prof. Eman F. Badran, Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal-Perinatal section, School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman Jordan. Contact information: Prof. Dr. Asem A. Shehabi.  aasshehabi2@gmail.com ashehabi@ju.edu.jo","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84220341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm Formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","authors":"A. Elmanama, S. Al-Sheboul, Renad I. Abu-Dan","doi":"10.3823/846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/846","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract \u0000Pseudomonas aeruginosa threatens patient’s care. It is considered as the most complicated health care associated pathogen to be eliminated from infection site. The biofilm forming ability of P. aeruginosa, being a major virulence factor for most pathogenic microorganism, protects it from host immunity and contribute to antibiotic resistance of this organism. It is estimated that about 80% of infectious diseases are due to biofilm mode of growth. Biofilm forming ability of bacteria imparts antimicrobial resistance that leads to many persistent and chronic bacterial infections. The world is becoming increasingly under the threat of entering the “post-antibiotic era”, an era in which the rate of death from bacterial infections is higher than from cancer. \u0000This review focus on P. aeruginosa biofilm forming ability; definition, developmental stages, and significance. In addition, the quorum sensing and the antibiotic resistance of this pathogen is discussed. \u0000Keywords: Biofilm; bacterial adhesion; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; antimicrobial resistance; quorum sensing.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"348 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75099507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study of antimicrobial prescribing pattern between Nepal and Pakistan","authors":"M. Nadeem, Ram Bahadur Dhami, K. Dahal, Devi Ram Pokharel, Anil Kumar Singh, I. Khan, Nibandha Prasad Chaulagai, Bimal Gharti Magar, Balika Acharya, I. Rehman, Z. Saleem","doi":"10.3823/845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/845","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The purpose of this cross-sectional study conducted in different private and public sector hospitals of the major cities of Nepal and Pakistan was to compare and evaluate the antibiotic prescribing patterns. Methods: The data was collected based on prescriptions received from different hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan and Kathmandu, Nepal without much interaction with the patients. Results: Out of a total of 272 patients, 111 (40.8%) patients from Nepal and 161 (59.19%) patients from Pakistan were prescribed with 447 antibiotics. In both countries, out of total antibiotics prescribed, 42.30% were 3rd generation cephalosporins. Also, in Pakistan and Nepal, out of all the indications, 49.2% of the antibiotics were given as medical prophylaxis. Conclusion: In Pakistan, the antimicrobial prescription rate is comparatively 7.2% higher than Nepal, and in both countries, there is a need of proper implementation of antibiotic prescribing guidelines for the prescription and the administration of antibiotics as medical prophylaxis. Comparative study of antimicrobial prescribing pattern between Nepal and Pakistan Muhammad Umer Nadeem1, Ram Bahadur Dhami1, Krishna Prasad Dahal1, Devi Ram Pokharel1, Anil Kumar Singh1, Imdad Hushain Khan1, Nibandha Prasad Chaulagai1, Bimal Gharti Magar1, Balika Acharya1, Inaam Ur Rehman1, Zikria Saleem1,2,3 1 University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Pakistan. 2 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. 3 Department of Pharmacy, University of the Lahore, Pakistan. Contact information:","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"29 17 1","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85111361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overuse of antibiotics as a key driver to antibiotic resistance in Morocco: A short review with potential solutions","authors":"A. Ousaid, Jaouad Akrim, Y. Khayati","doi":"10.3823/843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/843","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health challenge, which has accelerated by the overuse of antibiotics worldwide. Increased antimicrobial resistance is the cause of severe infections, complications, longer hospital stays and increased mortality. Steps must be taken to reverse the damage that has already been done and prevent further resistance from developing. This work will examine the context and societal situations that led to this acceptance of antibiotic overuse and misuse seen in both health care professionals and the public, the biochemical and genetic pathways that allow a microbe to develop drug resistance, the consequences that could follow if this trend of antibiotic overuse is allowed to continue and the various methods and solutions that have been suggested to prevent and reverse this problem.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79490385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatitis B Screening Prior to Chemotherapy in the Middle East: A Retrospective Cohort Study","authors":"Nathalie Ziade, M. Hosni, K. Barada, A. Bizri","doi":"10.3823/842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/842","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation can be asymptomatic or manifest as fatal fulminant hepatitis. Most international guidelines recommend screening patients prior to immunosuppressive therapy. \u0000Aims: To determine HBV screening rates and modalities in patients receiving chemotherapy at the American University of Beirut Medical Center. \u0000Methods: A retrospective cohort review of electronic health records of  adult patients who received chemotherapeutic agents, between June 2015 and June 2016. Patients clinical characteristics were documented. Adequate screening was defined as performing all: HBsAg, HBs Abs, and anti HBc Abs(total). \u0000Results: A total of 1547 patients were initially assessed. 45.6% were males with a mean age of 56. 382(30%) had hematologic malignancies, of whom 111 underwent HSCT. Of those included, 303(24%) patients were screened by at least one test for HBV and 42(3.3%) for HBsAg, anti HBc Abs and HBs Abs. \u0000Patients who were appropriately screened were significantly younger(p=0.008) and more likely to have hematologic malignancies (n=35, 83.3%, p<0.0001). Among patients with hematologic malignancies, appropriately screened patients (n=35) were younger (p=0.042) and had a history of HSCT(n=19, 54.3%, p=0.001). \u0000Conclusion: Rates of screening for HBV prior to chemotherapy at our medical center are low, and not always complete or adequate. There is an urgent need to implement a better screening policy.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88192771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biofilm Formation and Methicillin Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Clinical Samples","authors":"A. Elmanama, Islam Majdi Al-Aydi, Mariam R. Al-Reefi","doi":"10.3823/841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/841","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Staphylococcus aureus including methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is one of the most effective biofilm-forming organisms, biofilm contribute in protecting the microorganism from host defenses and prevent the effective penetration of antimicrobial agents. Biofilm formation is considered as an important contributing factor for the initiation and establishment of chronic infection by S. aureus and known as a major obstacle in the treatment of S. aureus infections is their ability to develop resistance to antimicrobials. \u0000Aims : To screen clinical Staphylococcus aureus including MRSA isolates for their biofilm forming abilities and their association with antimicrobial resistance. \u0000Methods: A total of 196 clinical isolates of S. aureus were obtained from different sample sources using standard microbiological techniques from three major hospitals in Gaza strip. Biofilm formation of these isolates was determined by tissue culture plate (TCP) method and tube adherence method (TM). Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using the modified Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. MRSA was detected using the cefoxitin disk test. \u0000Results: Biofilm formation was observed in 174 (88.8 %) and in 145 (74.0%) isolates of S. aureus via TCP method and TM, respectively. The highest resistance percent was for penicillin (92.9%), followed by cefoxitin (80.6%) and oxacillin (67.9%), while the lowest resistance percent was for linezolid and ceftaroline (1%). Among the 196 isolates 71.4% (N=140) were classified as MDR with a MAR index (≥ 0.2). \u0000A total of 158 isolates (80.6%) were identified as MRSA distributed as 90.4%, 79.4% and 70.9% from Al-Shifa, Al-Nasser pediatrics and Al-Aqsa hospitals respectively. Large proportions (82.1%) of biofilm producers were identified as MRSA. Biofilm-producing MRSA exhibited a higher percent (90.5%) when compared with the biofilm non-producer MRSA (9.5%). Importantly, 89.2% of biofilm-producing S. aureus were multidrug resistant. \u0000Conclusions: S. aureus isolates possessed high biofilm-forming ability. Biofilm-producing strains have very high tendency to exhibit antimicrobial resistance, multidrug resistance and methicillin resistance. Regular surveillance of biofilm formation by S. aureus and their antimicrobial resistance profile may lead more success in treating S. aureus infections. \u0000  \u0000Keywords: Biofilm, MDR, MRSA, TCP, TM, Gaza strip, Palestine.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75931165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from various clinical specimens in Khartoum/Sudan: Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes","authors":"Islam A. Babour, M. Mohamed, A. Shehabi","doi":"10.3823/840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/840","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogenic organism responsible for frequent wound and nosocomial infections worldwide. Its infections are difficult to control since the organism is known to rapidly develop antibiotic resistance and becomes multidrug-resistant (MDR) during treatment of patients. \u0000Aim of the study: This study was intended to investigate the occurrence of certain important types of (ESBL) and (MBL) enzymes in association with important specific virulence factors  associated with P. aeruginosa clinical isolates from Khartoum, Sudan. \u0000Methods: This study investigated 70 P. aeruginosa isolates which were collected from patients admitted to four major hospitals in Khartoum  (Fedail, Ribat, Ibn Sina and Soba hospitals). These isolates were recovered from 40 wound swabs (57.1%), 27 urine samples (38.6%), and 3 pleural fluid samples (4.3%) of patients. Higher numbers of isolates were recovered from males 42 (60%) than in females 28 (40%). All P. aeruginosa isolates were first confirmed by conventional biochemical and second using molecular PCR tests.   PCR methods were also used for detecting the presence of the virulence genes ToxA, AlgD, LasB, exoS, exoU, CTX, GES-1, and genes of VIM, IMP, KPC, CTX, VEB-1 and SHV-1. \u0000Results:   Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of P. aeruginosa isolates showed a high resistance to azetronam 49 (70%), followed by ceftazidime 32 (45.7%), 16 ciprofloxacin (22.9%), gentamicin 13 (18.6 %), piperacillin-tazobactam 11 (15.7%), amikacin 9 (12.9 %), and imipenem 6 (8.6%) showed the least resistance. All isolates were positive for algD and lasB (100%), followed by toxA (90%), exoS (34.3), exoU (24.3%), respectively. The rates of detected ESBL genes blaTEM, blaCTX-m, blaSHV-1,GES-1, were 3.3%, 6.6%, 10%, 3.3%,10%, respectively, but all isolates were negative for bla-KPC and bla- VIM and IMP . The percentages of pigment production were 61.4% for pyocyanin, 37.1% for pyoverdin and 1.4% for pyorubin. \u0000Conclusion: The study demonstrated high rates of antimicrobial resistance markers to most commonly used antibiotics in treatment of P. aeruginosa infections. The majority of the isolates from urine and wound samples carried at least three potential virulence factor genes of algD, lasB and toxA and without any significant relation to their antimicrobial resistance markers.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87291596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cefotaxime vs Ceftriaxone for the Management of Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes","authors":"S. Rasti, M. Rochmanti, R. Y. Primariawan","doi":"10.3823/839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/839","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Antibiotics are well known and recommended as the main therapy for preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM.) But the research on antibiotics other than the recommended macrolides regimens is still lacking. This research aims to evaluate whether there are effects differences of cefotaxime and ceftriaxone given on pregnancy with PPROM by comparing the duration of the latency period and the infants outcomes. \u0000Material and Methods: Data was taken retrospectively through medical records at Dr. Soetomo Surabaya General Hospital, Indonesia during the period of January-December 2017. The inclusion criteria were a history of PPROM in pregnancy <37 weeks, given cefotaxime or ceftriaxone therapy, and have labor data. The analysis was performed by the Mann-Whitney comparison test for the latency period and Fisher's exact test for infant outcomes. \u0000Results: There were 52 samples obtained. The antibiotics used were cefotaxime 3x1gr (A) and ceftriaxone 2x1gr (B). The results of the analysis showed that there were no significant differences between the types of antibiotics with the length of the latency period, with a value of p = 0,601 (p>0,05), where group A had a median of 52,67 hours and group B was 34,17 hours. Group A was found to be more able to extend the latency period for >48 hours with a percentage of 57,8%, whereas in group B only 42,9%. There are no significant differences in infant outcomes; infant birth weight and Apgar score among the two therapies used. \u0000Conclusion: Cefotaxime was more preferably to be used in the Dr. Soetomo Surabaya General Hospital. Nevertheless, ceftriaxone can still be a good choice for PPROM therapy since both cephalosporins have succeeded in preventing infections in women with PPROM.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79011024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of PCR in the Diagnosis of Dermatophytes in Onychomycosis","authors":"H. Mohtady, A. Nassar, Nissreen E. Elbadawy, M. Abdelhafiz","doi":"10.3823/838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/838","url":null,"abstract":"Background:  Onychomycosis is a critical medical problem. This fungal infection of the nails leads to disfigurement, pain and impaired quality of life.  Given that it requires long-term expensive therapy; a proper diagnosis of this infection is greatly demanded.  Hence, study aimed at investigating the different laboratory methods used in the identification of dermatophytes implicated in onychomycosis including conventional laboratory methods (KOH preparation), Culture and PCR (multiplex). Subjects and Methods: This cross-section study included sixty-one (61) patients [ 82% females and 18% males]. All collected samples were investigated using microscopic examination and cultivation of samples. In addition, DNA extraction and PCR amplification were evaluated. Results: Distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis(DLSO) was the most common clinical types of onychomycosis represented 70 % of total cases. Pain was the most common presenting symptoms. Among the studied group, the most common fungal infections encountered were chronic paronychia, tinea pads and tinea manum (37.7%, 16.4%, and 8.2%) respectively. The 67.2% of the studied group by PCR were +ve, by culture 60.7% were +ve and finally, 73.8% were +ve by direct smear. The sensitivity of PCR in the diagnosis of lesions was 100% specificity was 83.3% and accuracy was 93.4%. Conclusion: The dermatophyte responsible for a majority of cases of onychomycosis. However, the role of NDMs should not be ignored and this may be now a consideration in evaluating and treating onychomycosis. PCR is highly sensitive methods for diagnosis of fungal infection. The application of PCR technology directly to the clinical specimens will allow early and accurate diagnosis of onychomycosis. This will permit prompt and targeted initiation of antifungal therapy. So, it is recommended to be used in the rapid diagnosis of onychomycosis.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82533428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Bacterial Lower Respiratory Tract Infections at a Tertiary Hospital in Jordan","authors":"N. Obeidat, Isam K. Bsisu, F. Parvez, Z. Islam, Zaina Obeidat, Mai Altous, M. Obeidat, N. Ababneh, A. Wahbeh, Randa I. Farah","doi":"10.3823/837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/837","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that LRTIs are the most common global cause of death from infectious diseases. However, the specific etiologic agent associated with LRTI is often unknown. We determined the bacterial infections and seasonal patterns associated with LRTIs among hospitalized cases at Jordan University Hospital (JUH) for a period of five years. Methods: We conducted a retrospective multi-year study among hospitalized patients in Jordan on LRTI-associated bacterial etiology. Results: We found bacterial infections among 105 (21.1%) out of 495 LRTI patients. The most frequently identified bacteria in the LRTI patients were Staphylococcus aureus (7.7%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.1%). Most of the LRTI patients (95.2%) had at least one chronic disease and many were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (16.8%). Of the 18(3.64%) patients with LRTIs who died at the hospital, 2 had a bacterial infection. We noticed a seasonal pattern of bacterial infections, with the highest prevalence during the winter months. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that early identification of bacterial agents and control of chronic disease may improve clinical management and reduce morbidity and mortality from LRTIs. Prevalence of Bacterial Lower Respiratory Tract Infections at a Tertiary Hospital in Jordan Nathir Obeidat1, Isam Bsisu2, Faruque Parvez3, Zafrin Islam4, Zaina Obeidat5,Mai Altous6, Mohammed N. Obeidat7, Nidaa Ababneh8, Ayman Wahbeh5, Randa Farah5 1 Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan. 2 Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. 3 Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY USA. 4 Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. 5 Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. 6 Interventional Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, King Hussein Cancer Foundation and Center, Amman, Jordan. 7 School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. 8 Cell Therapy Center, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. Contact information:","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76379934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}