A. Elmanama, Islam El-Aydi, Mariam R. Al-Reefi, Naema Ferwana
Background: The increased resistance of microorganisms to widely prescribed antibiotics in current medical practice has become a major challenge. Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are complications of healthcare and linked with high morbidity and mortality. This study aims to investigate the susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated from different bacterial infections to commonly used antimicrobials from Al-Aqsa hospital in Gaza Strip, Palestine. Methods: A total of 8062 various clinical specimens were collected from August 2018 to February 2020 and sent to Al-Aqsa medical microbiology laboratory for bacteriological culture. Specimens were processed based on the recommended microbiology procedures. The modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing on Muller Hinton agar (MHA) as per the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guideline. Results: Enterobacteriaceae were the most frequent of all isolated pathogens (58.3%), followed by Staphylococcus spp (24.6%), Pseudomonas and Non-fermenters (6.9%), Streptococcus and Enterococcus (6.2%), and others (4.0). E. coli was the most frequent of all isolated pathogens (38.2%), followed by Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (14.9%), Klebsiella spp (14.2%), and Staphylococcus aureus (9.4%). The resistance of Gram-negative isolates for Piperacillin, Cephalexin, Cefuroxime, Cefotaxim, Ceftazidim, Ceftriaxone, Cefazolin, Co Trimoxazole, Nalidixic acid, Aztreonam, Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, Meropenem and Techoplanin was between 62% and 92%. On the other hand, Gram-positive isolates (Staphylococcus spp) were found susceptible to Cloxacillin (65.0%), Erythromycin (47.3%), Clindamycin (81.7%), Levofloxacin (100.0%), Rifampicin (95.2%) and Vancomycin (89.2%). Conclusion: High rates of resistance were found among bacterial pathogens isolated from Al-Aqsa hospital. Regular antimicrobial resistance surveillance should be a continuous process to provide up-to-date information to physicians with local antimicrobial resistance data. Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance, Healthcare-associated infections, Gaza, Palestine.
{"title":"Antibiogram of bacterial isolates from clinical specimens during 2018-2020 at Al-Aqsa hospital, Gaza, Palestine","authors":"A. Elmanama, Islam El-Aydi, Mariam R. Al-Reefi, Naema Ferwana","doi":"10.3823/867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/867","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The increased resistance of microorganisms to widely prescribed antibiotics in current medical practice has become a major challenge. Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are complications of healthcare and linked with high morbidity and mortality. This study aims to investigate the susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated from different bacterial infections to commonly used antimicrobials from Al-Aqsa hospital in Gaza Strip, Palestine.\u0000Methods: A total of 8062 various clinical specimens were collected from August 2018 to February 2020 and sent to Al-Aqsa medical microbiology laboratory for bacteriological culture. Specimens were processed based on the recommended microbiology procedures. The modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing on Muller Hinton agar (MHA) as per the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guideline.\u0000Results: Enterobacteriaceae were the most frequent of all isolated pathogens (58.3%), followed by Staphylococcus spp (24.6%), Pseudomonas and Non-fermenters (6.9%), Streptococcus and Enterococcus (6.2%), and others (4.0). E. coli was the most frequent of all isolated pathogens (38.2%), followed by Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (14.9%), Klebsiella spp (14.2%), and Staphylococcus aureus (9.4%). The resistance of Gram-negative isolates for Piperacillin, Cephalexin, Cefuroxime, Cefotaxim, Ceftazidim, Ceftriaxone, Cefazolin, Co Trimoxazole, Nalidixic acid, Aztreonam, Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, Meropenem and Techoplanin was between 62% and 92%. On the other hand, Gram-positive isolates (Staphylococcus spp) were found susceptible to Cloxacillin (65.0%), Erythromycin (47.3%), Clindamycin (81.7%), Levofloxacin (100.0%), Rifampicin (95.2%) and Vancomycin (89.2%).\u0000Conclusion: High rates of resistance were found among bacterial pathogens isolated from Al-Aqsa hospital. Regular antimicrobial resistance surveillance should be a continuous process to provide up-to-date information to physicians with local antimicrobial resistance data.\u0000Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance, Healthcare-associated infections, Gaza, Palestine.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78415554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: Emergence of COVID-19 infection and its persistence globally for three years in a row (2020-2022) entailed several modifications in healthcare services, among which drug prescribing was an important outcome. This review aims to highlight changing trends in azithromycin prescribing during pandemic years. Methods: PubMed database was systematically searched for combinations of the following keywords: Antibiotics; Antimicrobial resistance; Azithromycin; COVID-19. Results: A total of 12 articles were included in this review. All included studies demonstrated a notable increase in azithromycin consumption during COVID-19 pandemic in Spain, Brazil, USA, India, Croatia, and Jordan. Healthcare systems worldwide should be prepared to address anticipated outcomes of increased azithromycin use particularly possible changing trends in azithromycin resistance, and systemic side effects of the drug.
{"title":"Impact Of COVID-19 Pandemic On The Pattern Of Azithromycin Prescribing; A Review","authors":"N. Dar-Odeh, Osama Abu-Hammad, Nebras althagafi, Shaden Abu-Hammad, Rawah Eshky, Ismail Abdouh, Mona Aboelnagga, Abdalla Abu-Hammad","doi":"10.3823/866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/866","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Emergence of COVID-19 infection and its persistence globally for three years in a row (2020-2022) entailed several modifications in healthcare services, among which drug prescribing was an important outcome. This review aims to highlight changing trends in azithromycin prescribing during pandemic years.\u0000Methods: PubMed database was systematically searched for combinations of the following keywords: Antibiotics; Antimicrobial resistance; Azithromycin; COVID-19.\u0000Results: A total of 12 articles were included in this review. All included studies demonstrated a notable increase in azithromycin consumption during COVID-19 pandemic in Spain, Brazil, USA, India, Croatia, and Jordan. Healthcare systems worldwide should be prepared to address anticipated outcomes of increased azithromycin use particularly possible changing trends in azithromycin resistance, and systemic side effects of the drug.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75537291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Citrobacter freundii is an infrequent hospital acquired pathogen to cause different types of disease in clinical settings. This pathogen is associated with wide range of infections causing unpredictably high mortality rate of 30-60%. Separation of this pathogen in health care settings is escalating and multidrug resistant strains are emerging. Therefore, this study aimed to detect antimicrobial resistance pattern and virulence genes among the isolated C. freundii. Methods: A total 500 samples (urine, stool, wound swab & pus, blood endotracheal aspirates and sputum) from patients with clinically suspected infections irrespective of age and sex were used in this study. Disc diffusion method was used to detect susceptibility pattern of antibiotics; colistin, tigecycline and fosfomycin susceptibility pattern was identified by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done to detect potential virulence genes. Results: Among 27 isolated C. freundii, majority were resistant to amoxiclav (92.59%), trimethoprim-sulfomethoxazole (88.89%), cefotaxime and ceftazidime (85.19%) followed by ceftriaxone (81.48%), cefepime and ciprofloxacin (77.78%). MIC showed least resistance to colistin (29.63%), fosfomycin (11.11%) and tigecycline (7.41%). PCR was positive for via B gene (48.15%) and lt-A gene (25.93%). hly A, lt, lt-h genes showed negative results. Conclusion: Antibiotic resistance found in this study is quite worrisome as widespread resistance is seen among the bacteria isolated from human infection. Also, virulence genes play important role in C. freundii infection.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern and Virulence Genes Detection in Citrobacter freundii Isolated from Patients of a Tertiary Care Hospital, Bangladesh","authors":"A. Rahman, S. Shamsuzzaman, Nigha Zannat Dola","doi":"10.3823/865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/865","url":null,"abstract":"Background: \u0000Citrobacter freundii is an infrequent hospital acquired pathogen to cause different types of disease in clinical settings. This pathogen is associated with wide range of infections causing unpredictably high mortality rate of 30-60%. Separation of this pathogen in health care settings is escalating and multidrug resistant strains are emerging. Therefore, this study aimed to detect antimicrobial resistance pattern and virulence genes among the isolated C. freundii. \u0000Methods: \u0000A total 500 samples (urine, stool, wound swab & pus, blood endotracheal aspirates and sputum) from patients with clinically suspected infections irrespective of age and sex were used in this study. Disc diffusion method was used to detect susceptibility pattern of antibiotics; colistin, tigecycline and fosfomycin susceptibility pattern was identified by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done to detect potential virulence genes. \u0000Results: \u0000Among 27 isolated C. freundii, majority were resistant to amoxiclav (92.59%), trimethoprim-sulfomethoxazole (88.89%), cefotaxime and ceftazidime (85.19%) followed by ceftriaxone (81.48%), cefepime and ciprofloxacin (77.78%). MIC showed least resistance to colistin (29.63%), fosfomycin (11.11%) and tigecycline (7.41%). PCR was positive for via B gene (48.15%) and lt-A gene (25.93%). hly A, lt, lt-h genes showed negative results. \u0000Conclusion: \u0000Antibiotic resistance found in this study is quite worrisome as widespread resistance is seen among the bacteria isolated from human infection. Also, virulence genes play important role in C. freundii infection.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87011871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Moustapha Khodor, M. Hamzé, H. Mallat, Zahia Chahine, George Chalouhi, M. Achkar, Nadim Azar
Introduction: A considerable proportion of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) acquired bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the etiology and antimicrobial resistance of bacterial co-infection for more informed antimicrobial treatment. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed electronic medical records of all the patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the Northern Lebanon, Nini Hospital between august 2020-september 2021. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, patients who acquired bacterial infection were enrolled. Demographic, etiology and antimicrobial resistance data of the co-infection were collected. Results: The rate of infection by Gram-negative bacteria was 61.7%, while the rate of infection by Gram-positive bacteria was 23.4%. Escherichia coli was the dominant species isolated in this study (25.5%), followed by Candida spp (14.9%). With regard to fungal infection, there were 14.9% cases of yeast infection. The respiratory infection was the majority (42.5%), followed by blood infection (32%) and urine infection (25.5%). The analysis of antibiotics sensitivity results showed us that 44.4% of isolated Enterobacteriaceae were resistant to carbapenem, 16.66% were secretors of ESBL. We noted that 27.77% of Enterobacteriaceae were XDR. All isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were resistant to the methicillin. Conclusion: Bacterial co-infection may occur in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and lead to high mortality. Gram-negative bacteria, especially Escherichia coli, S. maltophilia, and P. aeruginosa were the main bacteria, and the resistance rates of the major isolated bacteria were generally high. Keywords: COVID-19, co-infection, antibioresistance, Lebanon.
{"title":"Co-infection in patients with COVID-19 in Tripoli Northern Lebanon: germs involved and antibiotic sensitivity profile.","authors":"Moustapha Khodor, M. Hamzé, H. Mallat, Zahia Chahine, George Chalouhi, M. Achkar, Nadim Azar","doi":"10.3823/864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/864","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: A considerable proportion of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) acquired bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the etiology and antimicrobial resistance of bacterial co-infection for more informed antimicrobial treatment. \u0000Methods: This retrospective study reviewed electronic medical records of all the patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the Northern Lebanon, Nini Hospital between august 2020-september 2021. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, patients who acquired bacterial infection were enrolled. Demographic, etiology and antimicrobial resistance data of the co-infection were collected. \u0000Results: The rate of infection by Gram-negative bacteria was 61.7%, while the rate of infection by Gram-positive bacteria was 23.4%. Escherichia coli was the dominant species isolated in this study (25.5%), followed by Candida spp (14.9%). With regard to fungal infection, there were 14.9% cases of yeast infection. The respiratory infection was the majority (42.5%), followed by blood infection (32%) and urine infection (25.5%). The analysis of antibiotics sensitivity results showed us that 44.4% of isolated Enterobacteriaceae were resistant to carbapenem, 16.66% were secretors of ESBL. We noted that 27.77% of Enterobacteriaceae were XDR. All isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were resistant to the methicillin. \u0000Conclusion: Bacterial co-infection may occur in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and lead to high mortality. Gram-negative bacteria, especially Escherichia coli, S. maltophilia, and P. aeruginosa were the main bacteria, and the resistance rates of the major isolated bacteria were generally high. \u0000Keywords: COVID-19, co-infection, antibioresistance, Lebanon.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75272916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexander Malek, Josselin Abi Chebl, H. Younes, J. Choucair, Nadim Azar
Objective: nowadays resistant bacteria represent worldwide a public health problem leading in some cases to a stalemate without any possible treatment. Therefore early detection and identification of carbapenemase producing gram-negative bacteria (GNB) is of crucial importance. Consequently we conducted a study in a tertiary care hospital to analyze the resistance phenotype of the carbapenem resistant GNB (CRGNB). Methods: we collected all the CRGNB from September 2014 till January 2016, we took randomly 40/126 strains and performed a sensitivity test in addition to a real time multiplex PCR to detect the exact carbapenemase coding genes (bla SPC , bla IMP1, bla VIM , bla NDM , bla KPC , et bla OXA-48). The studied strains were: Escherichia coli (70%), Klebsiella pneumonia (20%), Enterobacter aerogenes (2,5%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.5%) et Klebsiella oxytoca (2.5%). Results: 100% of the studied strains were intermediate or resistant to ertapenem, 85% intermediate or resistant to imipenem and/or meropenem. 33 / 40 strains (82.5%) are bla OXA-48 positive et one strain (2.5%) is bla NDM positive. the OXA-48 were urinary strains of E coli. 6 / 40 strains (15%) did not express carbapenemase genes in molecular studies. Conclusion: we note a marked emergence of CPGNB especially bla OXA-48 with high resistance pattern leading to narrow therapeutic options. This requires a rapid detection of such strains of GNB so that to initiate quickly the right preventive and therapeutic measures to avoid hospital epidemics with disastrous consequences.
{"title":"Carbapenemase typing and resistance profile of Enterobacteriaceae with reduced sensitivity to carbapenems in a Middle Eastern tertiary care center","authors":"Alexander Malek, Josselin Abi Chebl, H. Younes, J. Choucair, Nadim Azar","doi":"10.3823/863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/863","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: nowadays resistant bacteria represent worldwide a public health problem leading in some cases to a stalemate without any possible treatment. Therefore early detection and identification of carbapenemase producing gram-negative bacteria (GNB) is of crucial importance. Consequently we conducted a study in a tertiary care hospital to analyze the resistance phenotype of the carbapenem resistant GNB (CRGNB).\u0000Methods: we collected all the CRGNB from September 2014 till January 2016, we took randomly 40/126 strains and performed a sensitivity test in addition to a real time multiplex PCR to detect the exact carbapenemase coding genes (bla SPC , bla IMP1, bla VIM , bla NDM , bla KPC , et bla OXA-48). The studied strains were: Escherichia coli (70%), Klebsiella pneumonia (20%), Enterobacter aerogenes (2,5%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.5%) et Klebsiella oxytoca (2.5%).\u0000Results: 100% of the studied strains were intermediate or resistant to ertapenem, 85% intermediate or resistant to imipenem and/or meropenem. 33 / 40 strains (82.5%) are bla OXA-48 positive et one strain (2.5%) is bla NDM positive. the OXA-48 were urinary strains of E coli. 6 / 40 strains (15%) did not express carbapenemase genes in molecular studies.\u0000Conclusion: we note a marked emergence of CPGNB especially bla OXA-48 with high resistance pattern leading to narrow therapeutic options. This requires a rapid detection of such strains of GNB so that to initiate quickly the right preventive and therapeutic measures to avoid hospital epidemics with disastrous consequences.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77440349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jamal Wadi Al Ramahi, N. Hasan, A. Matar, Ma'en Maher Al-Ali, Lara Abdulhadi, Dania Abu Kaf, Waseem Saadeh, N. Hamdan, Hassan AbuKhalaf, M. Gharaibeh, Hanadi Hamadallah, Ala Bader, Mohammad Atout, Sae’ed Moh. Mar’I, Tamer Alhamed
Background Vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2 cholecalciferol) as a treatment for COVID 19 patients is being disputed, and a clear clinical benefit is not being confirmed. Methods A retrospective evaluation for COVID-19 patients who were treated with various cumulative doses of vitamin D. Data was extracted from the COVID-19 database, it included patients admitted to three hospitals in Amman, Jordan. Characteristics of patients were tabulated and compared for all-cohort, and propensity score index (PSI) adjustment, The comparison was based on two vitamin D strata ((≤ 149,000 i.u. and > 150,000 i.u.). Logistic regression analysis was utilized to predict recovery, the need for oxygen, and all-cause mortality for all-cohort, IPSW, and IPTW patients, based on vitamin D cumulative doses during their hospital stay. Results 1131 all-cohort and 768 PSI-adjusted patients were recruited. Except for antibiotics and antivirals, all other characteristics were balanced (P = NS). There were 1017 patients on vitamin D, 847 received cumulative ≤ 149,000 i.u., and 170 patients received cumulative dose ≥ 150,000 i.u. (Range 1000 – 385000). It was demonstrated that escalating cumulative doses of vitamin D did not contribute to the assessed outcomes; all-cohort patients (OR = 1.000, 95% C.I. 1.000 to 1.000), IPSW (OR = 1.000, 95% C.I. 1.000 to 1.000), and the IPTW (OR = 1.000, 95% C.I. 1.000 to 1.000). Conclusion In our patients’ cohorts, we could not demonstrate a beneficial effect for vitamin D therapy in COVID-19 patients for recovery, the need for home oxygen, and all-cause mortality, by hospital discharge.
{"title":"The Effect of Vitamin D treatment on COVID 19- Patients, an Inverted Propensity Score Weighting (IPSW), and Inverted Probability of Treatment Weighting (IPTW) Analyzed Study","authors":"Jamal Wadi Al Ramahi, N. Hasan, A. Matar, Ma'en Maher Al-Ali, Lara Abdulhadi, Dania Abu Kaf, Waseem Saadeh, N. Hamdan, Hassan AbuKhalaf, M. Gharaibeh, Hanadi Hamadallah, Ala Bader, Mohammad Atout, Sae’ed Moh. Mar’I, Tamer Alhamed","doi":"10.3823/862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/862","url":null,"abstract":"Background\u0000Vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2 cholecalciferol) as a treatment for COVID 19 patients is being disputed, and a clear clinical benefit is not being confirmed.\u0000Methods\u0000A retrospective evaluation for COVID-19 patients who were treated with various cumulative doses of vitamin D. Data was extracted from the COVID-19 database, it included patients admitted to three hospitals in Amman, Jordan. Characteristics of patients were tabulated and compared for all-cohort, and propensity score index (PSI) adjustment, The comparison was based on two vitamin D strata ((≤ 149,000 i.u. and > 150,000 i.u.). Logistic regression analysis was utilized to predict recovery, the need for oxygen, and all-cause mortality for all-cohort, IPSW, and IPTW patients, based on vitamin D cumulative doses during their hospital stay.\u0000Results\u0000 1131 all-cohort and 768 PSI-adjusted patients were recruited. Except for antibiotics and antivirals, all other characteristics were balanced (P = NS). There were 1017 patients on vitamin D, 847 received cumulative ≤ 149,000 i.u., and 170 patients received cumulative dose ≥ 150,000 i.u. (Range 1000 – 385000). It was demonstrated that escalating cumulative doses of vitamin D did not contribute to the assessed outcomes; all-cohort patients (OR = 1.000, 95% C.I. 1.000 to 1.000), IPSW (OR = 1.000, 95% C.I. 1.000 to 1.000), and the IPTW (OR = 1.000, 95% C.I. 1.000 to 1.000).\u0000Conclusion\u0000 In our patients’ cohorts, we could not demonstrate a beneficial effect for vitamin D therapy in COVID-19 patients for recovery, the need for home oxygen, and all-cause mortality, by hospital discharge.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88476938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ibrahim SI Al-Adham, N. Al-Muhtaseb, E. Al-kaissi, Seba Qussini, P. Collier
The aim of this project was to study the physico-chemical and antimicrobial properties of Jordanian honey and propolis in order to determine their potential as pharmaceutical preservation systems. This study undertook a physico-chemical analysis of several Jordanian honeys and one propolis type, in order to evaluate several physico-chemical properties including, pH and free acidity, moisture content, ash content and HydroxyMethylFurfural content in three honey samples, and total flavonoid content in the propolis sample. The antimicrobial activity of honey and propolis samples was then evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Subsequently, Honey 1 (H1) was selected for further study and combined with propolis to test their potential synergistic activity. Finally, a preservative effectiveness test was conducted in order to assess the possibility of using honey and propolis as natural preservatives in aqueous dosage forms, such as syrups. The results of this study showed that all the tested honey samples and propolis possessed significant antimicrobial activity against the standard test microorganisms, and that honey with propolis exhibited synergistic activity that enhanced their antimicrobial activity and resulted in up to 90% reduction in their MIC values. This study also confirmed that honey and propolis could be used as a natural preservative system for pharmaceutical formulae. Our results reveal the possibility of using honey-propolis mixtures as natural preservatives in oral aqueous pharmaceutical dosage forms and other local application products.
{"title":"Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Studies on Jordanian Honey and Propolis as Potential Self-Preserving Pharmaceutical Systems","authors":"Ibrahim SI Al-Adham, N. Al-Muhtaseb, E. Al-kaissi, Seba Qussini, P. Collier","doi":"10.3823/861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/861","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this project was to study the physico-chemical and antimicrobial properties of Jordanian honey and propolis in order to determine their potential as pharmaceutical preservation systems. This study undertook a physico-chemical analysis of several Jordanian honeys and one propolis type, in order to evaluate several physico-chemical properties including, pH and free acidity, moisture content, ash content and HydroxyMethylFurfural content in three honey samples, and total flavonoid content in the propolis sample. The antimicrobial activity of honey and propolis samples was then evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Subsequently, Honey 1 (H1) was selected for further study and combined with propolis to test their potential synergistic activity. Finally, a preservative effectiveness test was conducted in order to assess the possibility of using honey and propolis as natural preservatives in aqueous dosage forms, such as syrups. The results of this study showed that all the tested honey samples and propolis possessed significant antimicrobial activity against the standard test microorganisms, and that honey with propolis exhibited synergistic activity that enhanced their antimicrobial activity and resulted in up to 90% reduction in their MIC values. This study also confirmed that honey and propolis could be used as a natural preservative system for pharmaceutical formulae. Our results reveal the possibility of using honey-propolis mixtures as natural preservatives in oral aqueous pharmaceutical dosage forms and other local application products.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84721859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Malak A Khanfar, Emman F. Badran, Basma Marrar, E. Charvalos, A. Shehabi
Background: Kingella kingae and Neisseria meningitides are gram-negative bacteria, causing several life-threatening diseases and considered as opportunistic pathogens in the upper respiratory tract of healthy carriers. The detection of these both bacteria species is difficult in routine culture methods. Objective: This study aimed to find the occurrence rate of K. kingae and N. meningitides colonizing upper respiratory tract of young Jordanian children, and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the isolates. Methods: A total of 300 samples of throat and nasal swabs were collected from out- patients Jordanian children aged between 6 months and 5 years, who were admitted to Pediatrics' clinics department at the Jordan University Hospital and Al-Bashir Hospital over the period October 2018 through January 2019. Samples were cultured for detection K. kingae and Neisseria species including specially N. meningitides. Their suspected growth was identified and tested using microbiology culture methods and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Additionally, DNA was extracted directly from one 100 samples and was investigated only for K. kingae using real- time PCR assay. Results: This study showed the absence of K. kingae in all cultured samples, while Neisseriaspecies was detected in 21 (7 %)including one N. meningitides isolate(0.3%). The results of antibiotic susceptibility testing indicated presence of few percentage of Neisseria species isolates resistant 100 % to clindamycin, oxacillin and vancomycin, whereas all were susceptible for chloramphenicol (100%)levofloxacin and gentamycin , and less to ampicillin(90.6%) and erytromycin ( 85.7%), respectively. Conclusion: This study shows the absence of K. kingae and the rare occurrence of N. meningitides colonizing the upper respiratory tract of young Jordanian children over the 4-month period of study.
{"title":"Enigma of Respiratory Carriage of Kingella kingae and Neisseria meningitides in Young Jordanian Children","authors":"Malak A Khanfar, Emman F. Badran, Basma Marrar, E. Charvalos, A. Shehabi","doi":"10.3823/860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/860","url":null,"abstract":"Background: \u0000Kingella kingae and Neisseria meningitides are gram-negative bacteria, causing several life-threatening diseases and considered as opportunistic pathogens in the upper respiratory tract of healthy carriers. The detection of these both bacteria species is difficult in routine culture methods. \u0000Objective: \u0000This study aimed to find the occurrence rate of K. kingae and N. meningitides colonizing upper respiratory tract of young Jordanian children, and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the isolates. \u0000Methods: \u0000A total of 300 samples of throat and nasal swabs were collected from out- patients Jordanian children aged between 6 months and 5 years, who were admitted to Pediatrics' clinics department at the Jordan University Hospital and Al-Bashir Hospital over the period October 2018 through January 2019. Samples were cultured for detection K. kingae and Neisseria species including specially N. meningitides. Their suspected growth was identified and tested using microbiology culture methods and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Additionally, DNA was extracted directly from one 100 samples and was investigated only for K. kingae using real- time PCR assay. \u0000Results: \u0000This study showed the absence of K. kingae in all cultured samples, while Neisseriaspecies was detected in 21 (7 %)including one N. meningitides isolate(0.3%). The results of antibiotic susceptibility testing indicated presence of few percentage of Neisseria species isolates resistant 100 % to clindamycin, oxacillin and vancomycin, whereas all were susceptible for chloramphenicol (100%)levofloxacin and gentamycin , and less to ampicillin(90.6%) and erytromycin ( 85.7%), respectively. \u0000Conclusion: This study shows the absence of K. kingae and the rare occurrence of N. meningitides colonizing the upper respiratory tract of young Jordanian children over the 4-month period of study. ","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80645815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article aims to provide a model by using cumulative cases for SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) outbreak in most major countries with focusing on the Jordanian experience and response in combating COVID-19. On March 2nd, 2020, Jordan reported the first confirmed cases of COVID‐19. Although, Jordan was among the first countries to implement highly strict preventive and control measures, the outbreak started around 1st October, 2020 (7 months later), after that there was a significant increase in the number of confirmed cases. However, there are always opportunities to learn from the global experience to improve the current national strategy.
{"title":"A case study of COVID-19 in the Arab Middle East and North Africa with a focus on Jordan during the year 2020","authors":"Maen A. Addassi","doi":"10.3823/857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/857","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to provide a model by using cumulative cases for SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) outbreak in most major countries with focusing on the Jordanian experience and response in combating COVID-19. \u0000On March 2nd, 2020, Jordan reported the first confirmed cases of COVID‐19. Although, Jordan was among the first countries to implement highly strict preventive and control measures, the outbreak started around 1st October, 2020 (7 months later), after that there was a significant increase in the number of confirmed cases. \u0000 However, there are always opportunities to learn from the global experience to improve the current national strategy.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75982435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Trigona honey against S. pneumonia. Methods: The effect of Trigona honey on S. pneumonia investigated using agar well diffusion, MIC, MBC, biofilm formation and RT-qPCR. Results: Trigona honey samples showed the larger zones of inhibition against S. pneumonia, 22.2±0.4 at 100% concentration. Trigona honey possessed the lowest MIC, MBC, MIC50 and MIC90 against S. pneumoniae, 25%, 30%, 12.5% and 25% (w/v) respectively. Trigona honey permeated established biofilms of S. pneumonia, resulting in significant decreased the cells from the biofilm. RT-qPCR revealed that the expression of genes amiF, ftsY, mvaS, pnpA, argG, mvd1, purN, miaA and pbp2a were upregulated, glcK, marR, prmA and ccpA were downregulated after exposure to honey. Conclusion: Trigona honey demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity against S. pneumoniae. By limiting study in vitro on Trigona honey, we infer that Trigona honey impacts on S. pneumoniae.
{"title":"Evaluation of antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of stingless bee Trigona honey (Malaysia) against Streptococcus pneumoniae","authors":"Mohammad A Al-Kafaween, H. Al-Jamal, A. Hilmi","doi":"10.3823/856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/856","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Trigona honey against S. pneumonia. Methods: The effect of Trigona honey on S. pneumonia investigated using agar well diffusion, MIC, MBC, biofilm formation and RT-qPCR. \u0000Results: Trigona honey samples showed the larger zones of inhibition against S. pneumonia, 22.2±0.4 at 100% concentration. Trigona honey possessed the lowest MIC, MBC, MIC50 and MIC90 against S. pneumoniae, 25%, 30%, 12.5% and 25% (w/v) respectively. Trigona honey permeated established biofilms of S. pneumonia, resulting in significant decreased the cells from the biofilm. RT-qPCR revealed that the expression of genes amiF, ftsY, mvaS, pnpA, argG, mvd1, purN, miaA and pbp2a were upregulated, glcK, marR, prmA and ccpA were downregulated after exposure to honey. \u0000Conclusion: Trigona honey demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity against S. pneumoniae. By limiting study in vitro on Trigona honey, we infer that Trigona honey impacts on S. pneumoniae.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89470412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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