Nicholas Buchholz, Laura Doval, Jakub Kastl, Filip Matějka, Tobias Salz
We recover valuations of time using detailed data from a large ride-hail platform, where drivers bid on trips and consumers choose between a set of rides with different prices and waiting times. We estimate demand as a function of prices and waiting times and find that price elasticities are substantially higher than waiting-time elasticities. We show how these estimates can be mapped into values of time that vary by place, person, and time of day. We find that the value of time during non-work hours is 16% lower than during work hours. Most of the heterogeneity in the value of time, however, is explained by individual differences. We apply our estimates to study optimal time incentives in highway procurement. Standard industry practices, which set incentives based on a uniform value of time, lead to mis-priced time costs by up to ninety percent.
{"title":"The Value of Time: Evidence from Auctioned Cab Rides","authors":"Nicholas Buchholz, Laura Doval, Jakub Kastl, Filip Matějka, Tobias Salz","doi":"10.3386/w27087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w27087","url":null,"abstract":"We recover valuations of time using detailed data from a large ride-hail platform, where drivers bid on trips and consumers choose between a set of rides with different prices and waiting times. We estimate demand as a function of prices and waiting times and find that price elasticities are substantially higher than waiting-time elasticities. We show how these estimates can be mapped into values of time that vary by place, person, and time of day. We find that the value of time during non-work hours is 16% lower than during work hours. Most of the heterogeneity in the value of time, however, is explained by individual differences. We apply our estimates to study optimal time incentives in highway procurement. Standard industry practices, which set incentives based on a uniform value of time, lead to mis-priced time costs by up to ninety percent.","PeriodicalId":225554,"journal":{"name":"TransportRN: Cost/Benefit Analysis in Practice (Topic)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123926989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The risk that a two-sided market with strong indirect network effects may tip into a monopoly is well-known. The questions of whether this will happen in practice, whether this creates problems, and if so what can be done to address those problems, are less well investigated. This paper addresses these questions in relation to ride-hailing apps in the UK, also drawing on limited data observations in other countries. The UK market place exhibits a large number of car-based transport services which differ in the degree of vertical integration exhibited. In some, the intermediary service of car booking is combined with the provision of the physical service; in the case of a pure ride-hailing app, it is separated. UK and other countries’ data show that the emergence of ride-hailing apps has had a major effect on the wider market place; such entrants gaining substantial share in a growing market place. The data do not yet permit a firm conclusion as to the inevitability of market tipping in ride-hailing, but the possibility remains. The paper considers alternative regulatory measures which might be prepared or adopted against the possibility of such tipping. These include revisions of existing regulation to reduce distortions in the wider market place; new interventions including enhanced data reporting; measures to prevent dominant firms from injuring their rivals by such practices as requiring the single-homing of drivers; data-sharing; and price control.
{"title":"Predicting and Forestalling Market Tipping: The Case of Ride-Hailing Apps in the UK","authors":"G. Barker, M. Cave","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3521477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3521477","url":null,"abstract":"The risk that a two-sided market with strong indirect network effects may tip into a monopoly is well-known. The questions of whether this will happen in practice, whether this creates problems, and if so what can be done to address those problems, are less well investigated. This paper addresses these questions in relation to ride-hailing apps in the UK, also drawing on limited data observations in other countries. \u0000 \u0000The UK market place exhibits a large number of car-based transport services which differ in the degree of vertical integration exhibited. In some, the intermediary service of car booking is combined with the provision of the physical service; in the case of a pure ride-hailing app, it is separated. \u0000 \u0000UK and other countries’ data show that the emergence of ride-hailing apps has had a major effect on the wider market place; such entrants gaining substantial share in a growing market place. The data do not yet permit a firm conclusion as to the inevitability of market tipping in ride-hailing, but the possibility remains. \u0000 \u0000The paper considers alternative regulatory measures which might be prepared or adopted against the possibility of such tipping. These include revisions of existing regulation to reduce distortions in the wider market place; new interventions including enhanced data reporting; measures to prevent dominant firms from injuring their rivals by such practices as requiring the single-homing of drivers; data-sharing; and price control.","PeriodicalId":225554,"journal":{"name":"TransportRN: Cost/Benefit Analysis in Practice (Topic)","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128734834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AmirMahdi Ahmadinejad, Hamid Nazerzadeh, A. Saberi, Nolan Skochdopole, Kane Sweeney
We present a model for competition between ride-hailing platforms. Riders choose a platform to maximize their utility which is decreasing in price and waiting time. Drivers can accept ride requests from both platforms. Platforms compete via prices over riders and drivers. We investigate whether competition leads to market failure in the form of the ``tragedy of the commons'' as platforms deplete the shared resource of open cars. Our theoretical analysis shows that in all equilibria, riders and drivers will use both platforms and prices will be equal; market failure is a possibility, but under certain conditions, the possibility of rapid deterioration of market throughput deters the platforms from undercutting each other's prices and gives rise to high-throughput equilibria. This result is also supported by numerical analysis, using parameters estimated from Uber data, and simulations. We observe that if riders are not very sensitive to waiting times, the loss of efficiency due to competition could be small.
{"title":"Competition in Ride-Hailing Markets","authors":"AmirMahdi Ahmadinejad, Hamid Nazerzadeh, A. Saberi, Nolan Skochdopole, Kane Sweeney","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3461119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3461119","url":null,"abstract":"We present a model for competition between ride-hailing platforms. Riders choose a platform to maximize their utility which is decreasing in price and waiting time. Drivers can accept ride requests from both platforms. Platforms compete via prices over riders and drivers. We investigate whether competition leads to market failure in the form of the ``tragedy of the commons'' as platforms deplete the shared resource of open cars. Our theoretical analysis shows that in all equilibria, riders and drivers will use both platforms and prices will be equal; market failure is a possibility, but under certain conditions, the possibility of rapid deterioration of market throughput deters the platforms from undercutting each other's prices and gives rise to high-throughput equilibria. This result is also supported by numerical analysis, using parameters estimated from Uber data, and simulations. We observe that if riders are not very sensitive to waiting times, the loss of efficiency due to competition could be small.","PeriodicalId":225554,"journal":{"name":"TransportRN: Cost/Benefit Analysis in Practice (Topic)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122084341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Exchangeable Ticket airfare (ET) are airline tickets sold at a small premium to standard non-refundable tickets where, for a determined window before the planned departure date, the original ticket holder can attempt to resell the ticket via an exchange and, assuming the ticket holder is able to sell the ticket, the original ticket holder is rebated the selling price (listed on the exchange) of the ticket minus a transaction fee. If a match is not made to resell the ticket, the customer receives no rebate. It is possible under such a system that the original ticket holder may receive a larger rebate than what they originally paid for the ticket, although the airline always has the option of repurchasing these tickets to avoid such an arbitrage opportunity. The airline can set the conditions of the ET such as the transfer fees, floors on the price a ticket can be exchanged for and the length of the no-transfer window; the length of the time period before the date of departure where the tickets can no longer be exchanged. The setting of these conditions will balance the airline's dual goals of making the ETs attractive to the targeted set of customers while limiting the potential cannibalization of “last-minute” ticket sales, which typically sell for higher fare prices.
{"title":"An Exploration of Exchangeable Ticket Airfare: Advantages and Potential Challenges","authors":"Mark E. Ferguson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3448469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3448469","url":null,"abstract":"Exchangeable Ticket airfare (ET) are airline tickets sold at a small premium to standard non-refundable tickets where, for a determined window before the planned departure date, the original ticket holder can attempt to resell the ticket via an exchange and, assuming the ticket holder is able to sell the ticket, the original ticket holder is rebated the selling price (listed on the exchange) of the ticket minus a transaction fee. If a match is not made to resell the ticket, the customer receives no rebate. It is possible under such a system that the original ticket holder may receive a larger rebate than what they originally paid for the ticket, although the airline always has the option of repurchasing these tickets to avoid such an arbitrage opportunity. The airline can set the conditions of the ET such as the transfer fees, floors on the price a ticket can be exchanged for and the length of the no-transfer window; the length of the time period before the date of departure where the tickets can no longer be exchanged. The setting of these conditions will balance the airline's dual goals of making the ETs attractive to the targeted set of customers while limiting the potential cannibalization of “last-minute” ticket sales, which typically sell for higher fare prices.","PeriodicalId":225554,"journal":{"name":"TransportRN: Cost/Benefit Analysis in Practice (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130390529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The authors discuss entry and exit barriers and their interaction as basic building blocks of a decision making process for evaluating competitive advantage of a business. While the concept of entry barriers is much discussed in the context of high quality businesses, the authors posit that exit barriers are also very important and in many cases, may cancel the positive effects of entry barriers. Through the examples of auto makers and airlines, the author show that when strong exit barriers coincide with a high fixed cost structure, the returns on capital frequently end up in poor territory.
{"title":"Evaluating Sustainable Competitive Advantages: Entry and Exit Barriers","authors":"Baijnath Ramraika, CFA, P. Trivedi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2671741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2671741","url":null,"abstract":"The authors discuss entry and exit barriers and their interaction as basic building blocks of a decision making process for evaluating competitive advantage of a business. While the concept of entry barriers is much discussed in the context of high quality businesses, the authors posit that exit barriers are also very important and in many cases, may cancel the positive effects of entry barriers. Through the examples of auto makers and airlines, the author show that when strong exit barriers coincide with a high fixed cost structure, the returns on capital frequently end up in poor territory.","PeriodicalId":225554,"journal":{"name":"TransportRN: Cost/Benefit Analysis in Practice (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125759227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the era of 21 century, for obtaining benefits of synergy merger and acquisitions, commonly known as M& A, are the most widely used strategies of the organizations. To obtain benefits such as entering in new market, cost reduction, cross selling, risk diversification, increasing shareholder’s value, M&A can be done within the industry or outside the industry . Media provide reports on daily basis for various updates of any of the industry either Bollywood for latest releases, sports for world cup matches or stock market for ups and downs. Aviation industry of India is also in news for its various deals of Merg er and Acquisition in recent years. This paper has focused on one of these mergers - Air Deccan and Kingfisher Airlines. The main objective of this paper is to analyze financial performance of Kingfisher Airlines pre and post - merger. Financial performance h as been analyzed with the help of ratios specifically in the areas of profitability, Liquidity and Leverage. Further T - test has been used to determine the significance differences in these financial performance areas. Data has been collected from various A nnual Reports of Kingfisher Airlines for pre and post - merger period. Analyses shows that there is no significant benefit has been achieved by Kingfisher after the merger. Analysis also shows that there is no improvement in company’s return on equity, inter est coverage, earnings per share and dividend per share.
{"title":"Effect of Merger on Financial Performance: A Case Study of Kingfisher Airlines","authors":"Megha Aggarwal, Shikha Singh","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3205827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3205827","url":null,"abstract":"In the era of 21 century, for obtaining benefits of synergy merger and acquisitions, commonly known as M& A, are the most widely used strategies of the organizations. To obtain benefits such as entering in new market, cost reduction, cross selling, risk diversification, increasing shareholder’s value, M&A can be done within the industry or outside the industry . Media provide reports on daily basis for various updates of any of the industry either Bollywood for latest releases, sports for world cup matches or stock market for ups and downs. Aviation industry of India is also in news for its various deals of Merg er and Acquisition in recent years. This paper has focused on one of these mergers - Air Deccan and Kingfisher Airlines. The main objective of this paper is to analyze financial performance of Kingfisher Airlines pre and post - merger. Financial performance h as been analyzed with the help of ratios specifically in the areas of profitability, Liquidity and Leverage. Further T - test has been used to determine the significance differences in these financial performance areas. Data has been collected from various A nnual Reports of Kingfisher Airlines for pre and post - merger period. Analyses shows that there is no significant benefit has been achieved by Kingfisher after the merger. Analysis also shows that there is no improvement in company’s return on equity, inter est coverage, earnings per share and dividend per share.","PeriodicalId":225554,"journal":{"name":"TransportRN: Cost/Benefit Analysis in Practice (Topic)","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133228865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ability to manufacture several products on the same production line and switch seamlessly among them allows a firm to both hedge against demand uncertainty and respond to competition. In this paper, we empirically analyze the deployment of manufacturing flexibility in the North American automotive industry. In particular, we track demonstrated ability to manufacture automobiles with different platforms at 75 assembly plants over a period of eight years. We find that, consistent with extant theory, flexible capacity is used to manufacture products with high demand uncertainty and low demand correlation. We find evidence of product life-cycle effects: flexible capacity is used to manufacture models that are early in their life-cycle as well as aging models. Moreover, we find strong evidence that automotive manufacturers use flexibility as a “competitive weapon”; flexibility is deployed in market segments in which there are a larger number of flexible competitors. However, this use of flexibility as a competitive weapon may not be optimal, as suggested by lower plant productivity.
{"title":"Deployment of Manufacturing Flexibility: An Empirical Analysis of the North American Automotive Industry","authors":"Manu Goyal, Serguei Netessine, Taylor R. Randall","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2077659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2077659","url":null,"abstract":"The ability to manufacture several products on the same production line and switch seamlessly among them allows a firm to both hedge against demand uncertainty and respond to competition. In this paper, we empirically analyze the deployment of manufacturing flexibility in the North American automotive industry. In particular, we track demonstrated ability to manufacture automobiles with different platforms at 75 assembly plants over a period of eight years. We find that, consistent with extant theory, flexible capacity is used to manufacture products with high demand uncertainty and low demand correlation. We find evidence of product life-cycle effects: flexible capacity is used to manufacture models that are early in their life-cycle as well as aging models. Moreover, we find strong evidence that automotive manufacturers use flexibility as a “competitive weapon”; flexibility is deployed in market segments in which there are a larger number of flexible competitors. However, this use of flexibility as a competitive weapon may not be optimal, as suggested by lower plant productivity.","PeriodicalId":225554,"journal":{"name":"TransportRN: Cost/Benefit Analysis in Practice (Topic)","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122049939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents an overview of the economics literature on the effect of corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards on the new vehicle market. Since 1978, CAFE has imposed fuel economy standards for cars and light trucks sold in the U.S. market. This article reviews the history of the standards, followed by a discussion of the major upcoming changes in implementation and stringency. It describes strategies that firms can use to meet the standards and reviews the CAFE literature as it applies to the new vehicle market. The review concludes by highlighting areas for future research in light of the upcoming changes to CAFE.
{"title":"Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards and the Market for New Vehicles","authors":"T. Klier, Joshua Linn","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1744268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1744268","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an overview of the economics literature on the effect of corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards on the new vehicle market. Since 1978, CAFE has imposed fuel economy standards for cars and light trucks sold in the U.S. market. This article reviews the history of the standards, followed by a discussion of the major upcoming changes in implementation and stringency. It describes strategies that firms can use to meet the standards and reviews the CAFE literature as it applies to the new vehicle market. The review concludes by highlighting areas for future research in light of the upcoming changes to CAFE.","PeriodicalId":225554,"journal":{"name":"TransportRN: Cost/Benefit Analysis in Practice (Topic)","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126985150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Galina Sherman, Peer-Olaf Siebers, U. Aickelin, David A. Menachof
In this paper we present our ideas for conducting a cost benefit analysis by using three different methods: scenario analysis, decision trees and simulation. Then we introduce our case study and examine these methods in a real world situation. We show how these tools can be used and what the results are for each of them. Our aim is to conduct a comparison of these different probabilistic methods of estimating costs for port security risk assessment studies. Methodologically, we are trying to understand the limits of all the tools mentioned above by focusing on rare events.
{"title":"Scenario Analysis, Decision Trees and Simulation for Cost Benefit Analysis of the Cargo Screening Process","authors":"Galina Sherman, Peer-Olaf Siebers, U. Aickelin, David A. Menachof","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2830279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2830279","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present our ideas for conducting a cost benefit analysis by using three different methods: scenario analysis, decision trees and simulation. Then we introduce our case study and examine these methods in a real world situation. We show how these tools can be used and what the results are for each of them. Our aim is to conduct a comparison of these different probabilistic methods of estimating costs for port security risk assessment studies. Methodologically, we are trying to understand the limits of all the tools mentioned above by focusing on rare events.","PeriodicalId":225554,"journal":{"name":"TransportRN: Cost/Benefit Analysis in Practice (Topic)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117166976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper uses a unique data set of monthly new vehicle sales by detailed model from 1978- 2007, and implements a new identification strategy to estimate the effect of the price of gasoline on consumer demand for fuel economy. We control for unobserved vehicle and consumer characteristics by using within model-year changes in the price of gasoline and vehicle sales. We find a significant demand response, as nearly half of the decline in market share of U.S. manufacturers from 2002-2007 was due to the increase in the price of gasoline. On the other hand, an increase in the gasoline tax would only modestly affect average fuel economy.
{"title":"The Price of Gasoline and the Demand for Fuel Economy: Evidence from Monthly New Vehicles Sales Data","authors":"T. Klier, Joshua Linn","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1514554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1514554","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses a unique data set of monthly new vehicle sales by detailed model from 1978- 2007, and implements a new identification strategy to estimate the effect of the price of gasoline on consumer demand for fuel economy. We control for unobserved vehicle and consumer characteristics by using within model-year changes in the price of gasoline and vehicle sales. We find a significant demand response, as nearly half of the decline in market share of U.S. manufacturers from 2002-2007 was due to the increase in the price of gasoline. On the other hand, an increase in the gasoline tax would only modestly affect average fuel economy.","PeriodicalId":225554,"journal":{"name":"TransportRN: Cost/Benefit Analysis in Practice (Topic)","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132209810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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