Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1186/s41936-024-00394-6
Amira M. El-Shewy, Sameh S. A. Hamouda, Ahmed M. Gharib, Hassan A. Gad, Samir A. M. Abdelgaleil
Housefly causes a variety of health problems to humans and animals. Therefore, it is crucial to find out effective methods for the control of housefly larvae to avoid health problems associated with the presence this disease vector insect. Efficacy of insect growth regulators (IGRs), chlorfluazuron, lufenuron, methoxyfenozide and pyriproxyfen, against larvae of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), was assessed. The IGRs were mixed with food media at concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 25.0, 50.0, 75.0 and 100.0 mg/kg (ppm). The highest larvicidal activity was obtained by chlorfluazuron and pyriproxyfen with LC50 values of 6.79 and 7.10 ppm, respectively, 72 h post-treatment. Also, 25.0 ppm of chlorfluazuron and 75.0 ppm of methoxyfenozide as well as lufenuron were shown to fully suppress adult emergence and survival percentages (0.0%). Moreover, the activity of three digestive enzymes suppressed in the treated larvae with pyriproxyfen and chlorfluazuron: amylase (enzyme ratio (ER) = 0.71 and 0.78), lipase (ER = 0.54 and 0.63) and proteases (ER = 0.62 and 0.66), respectively. Also, methoxyfenozide and pyriproxyfen inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and general-esterase (GE) activity with ER (0.28 and 0.59) and (0.61 and 0.72), respectively. The histological examination of M. domestica larvae treated with IGRs showed changes in midgut; for example, the epithelial cells were broken, deformed and loss their columnar structure. Also, the peritrophic membrane disappeared completely. The findings of the current study indicate that the tested IGRs have a potential to be applied in IPM programs of M. domestica.
{"title":"Potential of insect growth regulators for the control of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) with respect to their biochemical and histological effects","authors":"Amira M. El-Shewy, Sameh S. A. Hamouda, Ahmed M. Gharib, Hassan A. Gad, Samir A. M. Abdelgaleil","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00394-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00394-6","url":null,"abstract":"Housefly causes a variety of health problems to humans and animals. Therefore, it is crucial to find out effective methods for the control of housefly larvae to avoid health problems associated with the presence this disease vector insect. Efficacy of insect growth regulators (IGRs), chlorfluazuron, lufenuron, methoxyfenozide and pyriproxyfen, against larvae of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), was assessed. The IGRs were mixed with food media at concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 25.0, 50.0, 75.0 and 100.0 mg/kg (ppm). The highest larvicidal activity was obtained by chlorfluazuron and pyriproxyfen with LC50 values of 6.79 and 7.10 ppm, respectively, 72 h post-treatment. Also, 25.0 ppm of chlorfluazuron and 75.0 ppm of methoxyfenozide as well as lufenuron were shown to fully suppress adult emergence and survival percentages (0.0%). Moreover, the activity of three digestive enzymes suppressed in the treated larvae with pyriproxyfen and chlorfluazuron: amylase (enzyme ratio (ER) = 0.71 and 0.78), lipase (ER = 0.54 and 0.63) and proteases (ER = 0.62 and 0.66), respectively. Also, methoxyfenozide and pyriproxyfen inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and general-esterase (GE) activity with ER (0.28 and 0.59) and (0.61 and 0.72), respectively. The histological examination of M. domestica larvae treated with IGRs showed changes in midgut; for example, the epithelial cells were broken, deformed and loss their columnar structure. Also, the peritrophic membrane disappeared completely. The findings of the current study indicate that the tested IGRs have a potential to be applied in IPM programs of M. domestica.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142248882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated the adaptation mechanisms of Pigeons, Toads and Lizards during the rainy season in tropical savanna climates. Male Agama Lizards (Agama agama), Afep Pigeons (Columba unicincta) and Toads (Sclerophrys perreti) were captured at a location in Ibadan, Oyo state. Five (5) Lizards marked: L1 to L5, Afep Pigeons marked: B1 to B5 and Toads marked: T1 to T5. Each of the animals was manually constrained within six to eight hours of capture, and a 1.0-ml syringe was used to obtain blood from the heart or coccygeal vein. Blood samples were collected in an EDTA and plain bottle, respectively. Plasma and sera samples were separated by centrifugation at − 4 °C using a cold centrifuge and then analysed for creatinine, urea, glucose, Mg+, k+, Cl−, Na+, albumin, TP, ALP, ALT, AST, GGT, MDA, SOD, CAT, GSH and haematological parameters. Cervical dislocation was performed on the animals before organs such as kidneys and liver were collected from each of the animals. Each organ collected from each animal was placed in separate plain tubes (filled with phosphate buffer). The Pigeon had higher body temperature, urea, glucose, ALP, PCV, haemoglobin concentration, neutrophil and triglyceride compared to the Lizard and Toad, while the Toad had higher Na+, Mg+ and Cl−, basophil and monocytes compared to Pigeon and Lizard and the Lizard has higher creatinine, lymphocyte and cholesterol compared to the Pigeon and Toad. On the liver oxidative stress markers, the Pigeon has higher superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione compared to the Lizard and Toad, while the Toad has higher MDA and catalase compared to the Pigeon and Lizard. On the kidney oxidative stress markers, the Pigeon has higher MDA compared to the Lizard and Toad, while the Toad has higher catalase than the Pigeon and Lizard. From this study, the elevated level of lymphocytes in Lizard and eosinophil, basophil and monocytes in Toad suggests that Lizards and Toad are more vulnerable to inflammation. The high value of cholesterol in Lizard and triglyceride in Pigeon as observed in this study may relate to the degree of stress. Also, the activation of antioxidant systems under comparative study is a part of the survival strategy of animals like amphibians, reptiles and aves when facing environmental problems.
{"title":"Physiological responses of Lizard, Toad and Pigeon during rainy season in tropical savanna climate","authors":"Ayodeji Folorunsho Ajayi, Oluwadare Joshua Ogundipe, Lukman Olawale Ajayi, Abiodun Oyerinde, Omolola Funke Akinpelu","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00396-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00396-4","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the adaptation mechanisms of Pigeons, Toads and Lizards during the rainy season in tropical savanna climates. Male Agama Lizards (Agama agama), Afep Pigeons (Columba unicincta) and Toads (Sclerophrys perreti) were captured at a location in Ibadan, Oyo state. Five (5) Lizards marked: L1 to L5, Afep Pigeons marked: B1 to B5 and Toads marked: T1 to T5. Each of the animals was manually constrained within six to eight hours of capture, and a 1.0-ml syringe was used to obtain blood from the heart or coccygeal vein. Blood samples were collected in an EDTA and plain bottle, respectively. Plasma and sera samples were separated by centrifugation at − 4 °C using a cold centrifuge and then analysed for creatinine, urea, glucose, Mg+, k+, Cl−, Na+, albumin, TP, ALP, ALT, AST, GGT, MDA, SOD, CAT, GSH and haematological parameters. Cervical dislocation was performed on the animals before organs such as kidneys and liver were collected from each of the animals. Each organ collected from each animal was placed in separate plain tubes (filled with phosphate buffer). The Pigeon had higher body temperature, urea, glucose, ALP, PCV, haemoglobin concentration, neutrophil and triglyceride compared to the Lizard and Toad, while the Toad had higher Na+, Mg+ and Cl−, basophil and monocytes compared to Pigeon and Lizard and the Lizard has higher creatinine, lymphocyte and cholesterol compared to the Pigeon and Toad. On the liver oxidative stress markers, the Pigeon has higher superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione compared to the Lizard and Toad, while the Toad has higher MDA and catalase compared to the Pigeon and Lizard. On the kidney oxidative stress markers, the Pigeon has higher MDA compared to the Lizard and Toad, while the Toad has higher catalase than the Pigeon and Lizard. From this study, the elevated level of lymphocytes in Lizard and eosinophil, basophil and monocytes in Toad suggests that Lizards and Toad are more vulnerable to inflammation. The high value of cholesterol in Lizard and triglyceride in Pigeon as observed in this study may relate to the degree of stress. Also, the activation of antioxidant systems under comparative study is a part of the survival strategy of animals like amphibians, reptiles and aves when facing environmental problems.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142248884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1186/s41936-024-00361-1
Narjes Mohammadi Bandari, Mohammad Abootaleb, Iraj Nikokar, Mohammad Karimli
Livestock and aquaculture feed rely heavily on cereals, fish meal, and plant proteins, but these ingredients are not fully utilized by animals, and alternative protein sources are needed due to rising demand, unstable resources, and high prices. However, plant-based materials contain phytic acid or phytate, making phosphorus less available to monogastric animals. Bacterial phytases can effectively release phosphorus from phytate in the digestive system, making them cost-effective and a potential alternative to traditional sources of phosphorus. Probiotics are helpful bacteria that have long been employed in food production and health-related products. Bioengineered probiotics are utilized to express and transmit native or recombinant molecules to the digestive tract's mucosal surface, thereby improving feed efficiency and health. Therefore, this study aimed to use a biologically engineered probiotic supplement containing phytase enzyme-producing lactic acid bacteria as a feed additive for livestock, poultry, and fish to address this issue. The study involved multiple steps to engineer Lactobacillus lactis to produce the PHY protein for animal feed. These steps include identifying and designing primers for the phy gene, and phy gene was extracted from the pMNA1 plasmid by colony PCR and cloned in L. lactis, confirming the presence of the PHY protein through SDS-PAGE, and harvesting the product in granular form. The phy gene identified and isolated using PCR and inserted it into L. lactis, confirming the presence of the PHY protein through SDS-PAGE. The resulting product was harvested and used as animal feed for livestock, poultry, and fish. The development of biologically engineered probiotic supplements containing phytase enzyme can enhance the nutritional value and sustainability of animal production. More research and development in this field can lead to more effective and sustainable animal production practices, benefiting both producers and consumers of animal products.
{"title":"Biologically engineered probiotic supplement production containing phytase enzyme for livestock, poultry, and aquaculture consumption","authors":"Narjes Mohammadi Bandari, Mohammad Abootaleb, Iraj Nikokar, Mohammad Karimli","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00361-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00361-1","url":null,"abstract":"Livestock and aquaculture feed rely heavily on cereals, fish meal, and plant proteins, but these ingredients are not fully utilized by animals, and alternative protein sources are needed due to rising demand, unstable resources, and high prices. However, plant-based materials contain phytic acid or phytate, making phosphorus less available to monogastric animals. Bacterial phytases can effectively release phosphorus from phytate in the digestive system, making them cost-effective and a potential alternative to traditional sources of phosphorus. Probiotics are helpful bacteria that have long been employed in food production and health-related products. Bioengineered probiotics are utilized to express and transmit native or recombinant molecules to the digestive tract's mucosal surface, thereby improving feed efficiency and health. Therefore, this study aimed to use a biologically engineered probiotic supplement containing phytase enzyme-producing lactic acid bacteria as a feed additive for livestock, poultry, and fish to address this issue. The study involved multiple steps to engineer Lactobacillus lactis to produce the PHY protein for animal feed. These steps include identifying and designing primers for the phy gene, and phy gene was extracted from the pMNA1 plasmid by colony PCR and cloned in L. lactis, confirming the presence of the PHY protein through SDS-PAGE, and harvesting the product in granular form. The phy gene identified and isolated using PCR and inserted it into L. lactis, confirming the presence of the PHY protein through SDS-PAGE. The resulting product was harvested and used as animal feed for livestock, poultry, and fish. The development of biologically engineered probiotic supplements containing phytase enzyme can enhance the nutritional value and sustainability of animal production. More research and development in this field can lead to more effective and sustainable animal production practices, benefiting both producers and consumers of animal products.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142208346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1186/s41936-024-00391-9
Subha Shankar Mukherjee, Asif Hossain
Ecosystem services rendered by the butterflies are important for the sustenance of community interaction. Butterfly species have also coevolved with the host and nectaring plants. In the adult condition, they mostly rely on nectar, while in the larval condition, they feed on the leaves of their host plants. Butterfly species are sensitive to changes in environmental parameters and are considered excellent indicators of ecosystem health. The study of species diversity and richness indices aids in better ecosystem management. The present study's goal was to determine butterfly diversity in the urban–rural gradient of Purulia district, West Bengal, India, a part of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. We aim to complement crucial information on butterfly conservation management in Purulia, West Bengal, India, and other similar geographical areas with the findings of this study. It was found that out of 3809 sampled butterflies, the individual contribution of the family Nymphalidae was the highest (51.24%), followed by Lycaenidae (18.40%), Pieridae (17.32%), Papilionidae (9.74%), and Hesperiidae (3.12%). A total of 54 butterfly species were observed in the urban–rural gradient, out of which the urban region contained 49 species, the suburban region had 32 species, and the rural region had 30 species. Significant differences were observed in butterfly abundance for the sites, seasons, and families during the study period. PERMANOVA and ANOSIM for species abundance and species presence-absence data show that all three sites are significantly different. Results Both PCoA and NMDS revealed clear differences among sites (groups) in terms of species abundance and presence-absence data. According to the findings of this study, the urban region has the highest species richness, followed by the suburban and rural regions. We discovered that urban areas have the highest butterfly abundance, followed by suburban and rural areas. Numerous butterfly species prefer the bushes dominated by Lantana camara in the urban region with the highest species richness. Aside from this invasive weed, the site also contains Tridax procumbens, Catharanthus roseus, Synedrella nodiflora, and Ocimum americanum, which are well known for being butterfly nectaring plants. In the case of the suburban region, members of the Lycaenidae family contributed the highest percentage after Nymphalidae, which was dominated by Tridax procumbens and Sphagneticola trilobata, which was preferred by the members of the Lycaenidae family observed during the survey, this site also contained Ixora coccinea, Catharanthus roseus, and Lantana camara. This site, in terms of nectaring plants, remains homogeneous in a rural region. Out of 3809 butterfly individuals, the family Nymphalidae contributed the most, followed by Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae, and Hesperiidae. Both species richness and butterfly abundance were highest in urban regions, followed by sub-urban and rural regions. The current study has shown tha
{"title":"Alteration in butterfly community structure along urban–rural gradient: with insights to conservation management","authors":"Subha Shankar Mukherjee, Asif Hossain","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00391-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00391-9","url":null,"abstract":"Ecosystem services rendered by the butterflies are important for the sustenance of community interaction. Butterfly species have also coevolved with the host and nectaring plants. In the adult condition, they mostly rely on nectar, while in the larval condition, they feed on the leaves of their host plants. Butterfly species are sensitive to changes in environmental parameters and are considered excellent indicators of ecosystem health. The study of species diversity and richness indices aids in better ecosystem management. The present study's goal was to determine butterfly diversity in the urban–rural gradient of Purulia district, West Bengal, India, a part of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. We aim to complement crucial information on butterfly conservation management in Purulia, West Bengal, India, and other similar geographical areas with the findings of this study. It was found that out of 3809 sampled butterflies, the individual contribution of the family Nymphalidae was the highest (51.24%), followed by Lycaenidae (18.40%), Pieridae (17.32%), Papilionidae (9.74%), and Hesperiidae (3.12%). A total of 54 butterfly species were observed in the urban–rural gradient, out of which the urban region contained 49 species, the suburban region had 32 species, and the rural region had 30 species. Significant differences were observed in butterfly abundance for the sites, seasons, and families during the study period. PERMANOVA and ANOSIM for species abundance and species presence-absence data show that all three sites are significantly different. Results Both PCoA and NMDS revealed clear differences among sites (groups) in terms of species abundance and presence-absence data. According to the findings of this study, the urban region has the highest species richness, followed by the suburban and rural regions. We discovered that urban areas have the highest butterfly abundance, followed by suburban and rural areas. Numerous butterfly species prefer the bushes dominated by Lantana camara in the urban region with the highest species richness. Aside from this invasive weed, the site also contains Tridax procumbens, Catharanthus roseus, Synedrella nodiflora, and Ocimum americanum, which are well known for being butterfly nectaring plants. In the case of the suburban region, members of the Lycaenidae family contributed the highest percentage after Nymphalidae, which was dominated by Tridax procumbens and Sphagneticola trilobata, which was preferred by the members of the Lycaenidae family observed during the survey, this site also contained Ixora coccinea, Catharanthus roseus, and Lantana camara. This site, in terms of nectaring plants, remains homogeneous in a rural region. Out of 3809 butterfly individuals, the family Nymphalidae contributed the most, followed by Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae, and Hesperiidae. Both species richness and butterfly abundance were highest in urban regions, followed by sub-urban and rural regions. The current study has shown tha","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142208345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the last few decades, river ecosystem is highly modified through various anthropogenic activities which are resulted to alter ecosystem functions and services. This modified ecosystem rendering conducive environment to mosquitoes through various ecological links for the self-sustaining populations. However, deciphering the community assemblage of immature mosquitoes with reference to water quality at modified ecosystem is very essential to make suitable control measure to curtail mosquito populations. In order to understand how the water quality influences the larval density, habitat specificity and community assemblage of immature mosquito populations, a study was conducted at different ecosystems (urban, semi-urban and rural) along the Vaigai river. The physicochemical parameters such as pH, TDS, salinity, conductivity, turbidity, DO, were analyzed at each study site. Our results clearly revealed that Anopheline species were highly preferred to breed less polluted habitat than Culicine species. Community assemblage by Anopheline and Culicine mosquitoes were found to be higher at all the studies whilst community assemblage by Anopheline were maximum at rural and semi-urban sites. Among the Anopheline species, Anopheles subpictus able to breed at high polluted habitat, particularly higher turbid level (28.49 ± 2.18 NTU) than other Anopheles species. Cx. gelidus mostly breed at sewage disposal habitats with high salinity level (1.01 ± 0.08) whilst Cx. bitaeniorhynchus bred in only fresh water bodies particularly low turbid habitats (3.97 ± 0.40 NTU). Grouping of immature mosquitoes based on the habitat similarity, An. subpictus, Cx. vishnui, An. vagus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. gelidus and Cx. quinquefasciatus were able to breed in highly polluted habitats which are resulted fell in group A than group B mosquitoes. Cx. vishnui and An. subpictus have strong habitat similarity (0.96) and can able to share their habitats with more number of Anopheline and Culicine mosquitoes. From the study we concluded that, Cx. vishnui and An. subpictus were most prevalent species and strong habitats similarity along the Vaigai river basin. An. subpictus and An. vagus can adapt to breed in polluted habitats and this may be adequate to extend the vectorial capacity and disease outbreak along the Vaigai river basin.
在过去的几十年里，由于各种人为活动，河流生态系统发生了很大变化，导致生态系统功能和服务发生改变。这种改变了的生态系统通过各种生态联系为蚊子提供了有利于自我维持种群的环境。然而，要采取适当的控制措施来减少蚊子的数量，就必须根据水质来解读未成熟蚊子的群落组合。为了了解水质如何影响幼虫密度、栖息地特异性和未成熟蚊子种群的群落组合，我们在瓦伊盖河沿岸的不同生态系统（城市、半城市和农村）进行了一项研究。对每个研究地点的 pH 值、TDS、盐度、电导率、浊度、溶解氧等理化参数进行了分析。我们的研究结果清楚地表明，疟原虫比胭脂虫更喜欢在污染较少的栖息地繁殖。在所有研究地点，疟蚊和颊蚊的群落数量都较高，而在农村和半城市地点，疟蚊的群落数量最多。在疟蚊物种中，亚按蚊能够在高污染的栖息地繁殖，特别是比其他疟蚊物种浑浊度更高（28.49 ± 2.18 NTU）。凝集栉蚊主要在高盐度（1.01 ± 0.08）的污水处理栖息地繁殖，而比特栉蚊只在淡水水体中繁殖，特别是低浊度栖息地（3.97 ± 0.40 NTU）。根据栖息地的相似性对未成熟蚊子进行分组，亚目蚋、比目鱼蚋、迷走蝇蚋、三疣梭子蟹、凝集蝇蚋和五步蛇蚋能够在高污染的栖息地繁殖，因此属于 A 组而不是 B 组蚊子。Cx. vishnui 和 An. subpictus 有很强的栖息地相似性（0.96），能与更多的疟蚊和胭脂蚊共享栖息地。从研究中我们得出结论，Vaigai 河流域的 Cx. vishnui 和 An. subpictus 是最普遍的物种，栖息地相似性很高。亚钩蚊（An. subpictus）和绒螯蚊（An. vagus）能够适应在污染的栖息地繁殖，这可能足以扩大瓦伊盖河流域的病媒传播能力和疾病爆发。
{"title":"Studies on the influence of water quality on community assemblage of immature mosquitoes in different ecosystems along the Vaigai river, Tamil Nadu, South India","authors":"Kamala Dhasan Nalluchamy, Saravanan Soorangkattan, Mohan Raj Rajasekaran, Manikandan Pitchai, Jothi Basu Muthuramalingam, Chandrasekaran Sivagnanam","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00393-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00393-7","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last few decades, river ecosystem is highly modified through various anthropogenic activities which are resulted to alter ecosystem functions and services. This modified ecosystem rendering conducive environment to mosquitoes through various ecological links for the self-sustaining populations. However, deciphering the community assemblage of immature mosquitoes with reference to water quality at modified ecosystem is very essential to make suitable control measure to curtail mosquito populations. In order to understand how the water quality influences the larval density, habitat specificity and community assemblage of immature mosquito populations, a study was conducted at different ecosystems (urban, semi-urban and rural) along the Vaigai river. The physicochemical parameters such as pH, TDS, salinity, conductivity, turbidity, DO, were analyzed at each study site. Our results clearly revealed that Anopheline species were highly preferred to breed less polluted habitat than Culicine species. Community assemblage by Anopheline and Culicine mosquitoes were found to be higher at all the studies whilst community assemblage by Anopheline were maximum at rural and semi-urban sites. Among the Anopheline species, Anopheles subpictus able to breed at high polluted habitat, particularly higher turbid level (28.49 ± 2.18 NTU) than other Anopheles species. Cx. gelidus mostly breed at sewage disposal habitats with high salinity level (1.01 ± 0.08) whilst Cx. bitaeniorhynchus bred in only fresh water bodies particularly low turbid habitats (3.97 ± 0.40 NTU). Grouping of immature mosquitoes based on the habitat similarity, An. subpictus, Cx. vishnui, An. vagus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. gelidus and Cx. quinquefasciatus were able to breed in highly polluted habitats which are resulted fell in group A than group B mosquitoes. Cx. vishnui and An. subpictus have strong habitat similarity (0.96) and can able to share their habitats with more number of Anopheline and Culicine mosquitoes. From the study we concluded that, Cx. vishnui and An. subpictus were most prevalent species and strong habitats similarity along the Vaigai river basin. An. subpictus and An. vagus can adapt to breed in polluted habitats and this may be adequate to extend the vectorial capacity and disease outbreak along the Vaigai river basin.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142226526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PCOS is a serious endocrine-metabolic condition characterized by hyperandrogenemia, anovulation, or oligo-ovulation, and links to obesity, insulin resistance, and an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The pathophysiology of PCOS is thought to involve both environmental and genetic factors. PCOS etiology has been linked to genetic factors, with the CYP21 and CYP11A1 genes identified as possible candidate genes. Previous research has linked the rs13405728 polymorphism in the CYP21 gene and the rs4077582 polymorphism in the CYP11A1 gene to PCOS. However, more research is needed to confirm these connections in specific populations. The purpose of this study was to look at the role of single gene polymorphisms in PCOS, specifically the rs13405728 polymorphism in the CYP21 (LHCGR) gene and the rs4077582 polymorphism in the CYP11A1 gene. Blood was drawn from 150 PCOS patients and 150 age- and gender-matched healthy people. The phenol–chloroform procedure was used to extract DNA, and gel electrophoresis was used to quantify it. To analyze polymorphisms, researchers used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the allele-specific amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS-PCR) to amplify specific areas of DNA. ARMS-PCR was used to detect mutations in the CYP21 and CYP11A1 genes, followed by sequencing to examine the rs13405728 polymorphism and rs4077582 polymorphism, respectively, in 150 PCOS patients and 150 control people. ARMS-PCR polymorphism study of the CYP21 (LHCGR) and CYP11A1 genes indicated significant correlations. For the CYP21 gene, heterozygous (CT) carriers of the rs13405728 polymorphism had a fourfold greater incidence of PCOS (OR 4.10; CI 2.47–6.80; p = 0.0001), whereas homozygous mutant (TT) carriers had a significant connection with PCOS (OR 0.27; CI 0.16–0.45; p = 0.0001). These data imply that the CYP21 (LHCGR) gene polymorphism rs13405728 has a substantial impact on the development of polycystic ovarian syndrome. The data for the CYP11A1 gene show the SNP (rs4077582) heterozygous (CT) was associated with PCOS (OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.02–2.88; p = 0.0392). The identical SNP heterozygous (CT) raised the incidence of PCOS by up to onefold. The homozygous mutant SNP (TT) had no connection with illness onset (OR 1.377; 95% CI 0.85–2.2; p = 0.1855), while the mutant (TT) of the SNP nearly doubled the incidence of polycystic ovarian syndrome. The combined model of the same SNP (CT + TT) revealed a significant correlation with PCOS (OR 2.1905; 95% CI 1.355–3.53; p = 0.0014). The combination model (CT + TT) of the same SNP more than doubled the risk of polycystic ovarian syndrome. All the risk factors investigated had a substantial connection with PCOS. In conclusion, this study supports the role of the CYP21 (LHCGR) and CYP11A1 gene polymorphism in PCOS. More studies are needed to investigate the functional significance of this polymorphism as well as its possible clinical impact on the diagnosis and treatment of PCOS.
{"title":"Molecular study of CYP21 gene polymorphism rs13405728 and CYP11A1 gene polymorphism rs4077582 in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients","authors":"Nawal Sajid, Aqsa Kiran, Anisa Iftikhar, Kashif Bashir","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00385-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00385-7","url":null,"abstract":"PCOS is a serious endocrine-metabolic condition characterized by hyperandrogenemia, anovulation, or oligo-ovulation, and links to obesity, insulin resistance, and an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The pathophysiology of PCOS is thought to involve both environmental and genetic factors. PCOS etiology has been linked to genetic factors, with the CYP21 and CYP11A1 genes identified as possible candidate genes. Previous research has linked the rs13405728 polymorphism in the CYP21 gene and the rs4077582 polymorphism in the CYP11A1 gene to PCOS. However, more research is needed to confirm these connections in specific populations. The purpose of this study was to look at the role of single gene polymorphisms in PCOS, specifically the rs13405728 polymorphism in the CYP21 (LHCGR) gene and the rs4077582 polymorphism in the CYP11A1 gene. Blood was drawn from 150 PCOS patients and 150 age- and gender-matched healthy people. The phenol–chloroform procedure was used to extract DNA, and gel electrophoresis was used to quantify it. To analyze polymorphisms, researchers used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the allele-specific amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS-PCR) to amplify specific areas of DNA. ARMS-PCR was used to detect mutations in the CYP21 and CYP11A1 genes, followed by sequencing to examine the rs13405728 polymorphism and rs4077582 polymorphism, respectively, in 150 PCOS patients and 150 control people. ARMS-PCR polymorphism study of the CYP21 (LHCGR) and CYP11A1 genes indicated significant correlations. For the CYP21 gene, heterozygous (CT) carriers of the rs13405728 polymorphism had a fourfold greater incidence of PCOS (OR 4.10; CI 2.47–6.80; p = 0.0001), whereas homozygous mutant (TT) carriers had a significant connection with PCOS (OR 0.27; CI 0.16–0.45; p = 0.0001). These data imply that the CYP21 (LHCGR) gene polymorphism rs13405728 has a substantial impact on the development of polycystic ovarian syndrome. The data for the CYP11A1 gene show the SNP (rs4077582) heterozygous (CT) was associated with PCOS (OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.02–2.88; p = 0.0392). The identical SNP heterozygous (CT) raised the incidence of PCOS by up to onefold. The homozygous mutant SNP (TT) had no connection with illness onset (OR 1.377; 95% CI 0.85–2.2; p = 0.1855), while the mutant (TT) of the SNP nearly doubled the incidence of polycystic ovarian syndrome. The combined model of the same SNP (CT + TT) revealed a significant correlation with PCOS (OR 2.1905; 95% CI 1.355–3.53; p = 0.0014). The combination model (CT + TT) of the same SNP more than doubled the risk of polycystic ovarian syndrome. All the risk factors investigated had a substantial connection with PCOS. In conclusion, this study supports the role of the CYP21 (LHCGR) and CYP11A1 gene polymorphism in PCOS. More studies are needed to investigate the functional significance of this polymorphism as well as its possible clinical impact on the diagnosis and treatment of PCOS.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142208349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1186/s41936-024-00390-w
Hadiya Husain, Riaz Ahmad
Pomegranate is considered as one of the oldest elixirs having various properties. Renal fibrosis is a preliminary sign of pathological degradation in most ailments related to kidney. Several efforts have been made for the discovery of cost-effective and safe therapeutics for the alleviation of renal diseases. There is a major dearth of studies on the action of pomegranate juice (PGJ) against NDEA-instigated kidney injury. This study investigates the protective and antifibrotic action of PGJ in restricting the occurrence of experimental renal fibrosis in Wistar rats. Renal injury was generated by a single intraperitoneal dose of 10 ml kg−1 b.wt. (1% NDEA stock), while fresh PGJ (i.p.) in doses of 2 ml kg−1 b.wt was administered thrice a week on alternate days for two weeks to observe amelioration. The renal function indices (blood urea, creatinine, and uric acid), SOD, CAT, LPO levels and renal anatomy (H&E, MT, Picrosirius and SEM) were investigated. The assessment of renal function demonstrates augmented levels of blood urea, creatinine and uric acid in NDEA-administered groups in comparison with controls. SOD, CAT declined significantly in NDEA Day-7- and Day-14-treated animals, while the MDA levels raised by ~ 70.5% and ~ 76.3% in these groups, respectively. However, supplementation of PGJ provided recuperation from these elevated levels in injured groups. H&E staining of the controls exhibited normal renal structure with intact glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule, while NDEA generated congestion of glomerular tuft, convoluted tubules with cloudy swelling and multiple subsidence of the renal tissue. Noticeable presence of collagen fibers in the interstitium of cortex region of kidney was observed by MT staining along with gross ultrastructural deterioration in NDEA-administered animals by electron microscopy. PGJ supplementation exhibited restoration of renal anatomy and physiology. Pomegranate may be considered as a potent nutraceutical to prevent NDEA-induced renal damage and may be included as a daily dietary supplement.
{"title":"Pomegranate juice recuperates N’-Nitrosodiethylamine-induced kidney injury: evidence from biochemical and histological approaches","authors":"Hadiya Husain, Riaz Ahmad","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00390-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00390-w","url":null,"abstract":"Pomegranate is considered as one of the oldest elixirs having various properties. Renal fibrosis is a preliminary sign of pathological degradation in most ailments related to kidney. Several efforts have been made for the discovery of cost-effective and safe therapeutics for the alleviation of renal diseases. There is a major dearth of studies on the action of pomegranate juice (PGJ) against NDEA-instigated kidney injury. This study investigates the protective and antifibrotic action of PGJ in restricting the occurrence of experimental renal fibrosis in Wistar rats. Renal injury was generated by a single intraperitoneal dose of 10 ml kg−1 b.wt. (1% NDEA stock), while fresh PGJ (i.p.) in doses of 2 ml kg−1 b.wt was administered thrice a week on alternate days for two weeks to observe amelioration. The renal function indices (blood urea, creatinine, and uric acid), SOD, CAT, LPO levels and renal anatomy (H&E, MT, Picrosirius and SEM) were investigated. The assessment of renal function demonstrates augmented levels of blood urea, creatinine and uric acid in NDEA-administered groups in comparison with controls. SOD, CAT declined significantly in NDEA Day-7- and Day-14-treated animals, while the MDA levels raised by ~ 70.5% and ~ 76.3% in these groups, respectively. However, supplementation of PGJ provided recuperation from these elevated levels in injured groups. H&E staining of the controls exhibited normal renal structure with intact glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule, while NDEA generated congestion of glomerular tuft, convoluted tubules with cloudy swelling and multiple subsidence of the renal tissue. Noticeable presence of collagen fibers in the interstitium of cortex region of kidney was observed by MT staining along with gross ultrastructural deterioration in NDEA-administered animals by electron microscopy. PGJ supplementation exhibited restoration of renal anatomy and physiology. Pomegranate may be considered as a potent nutraceutical to prevent NDEA-induced renal damage and may be included as a daily dietary supplement.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142208348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1186/s41936-024-00386-6
Marcelo Ribeiro Mesquita, Leonardo Henrique Guedes de Morais Lima, Shivani Agarwal, Maria Regiane Araujo Soares, Guilherme Loureiro Werneck, Carlos Henrique Nery Costa
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected disease endemic to many tropical and subtropical countries. In Brazil, VL is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum and is transmitted by the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis. The geographical variation in the incidence of the disease in certain urban areas of Brazil suggests a possible association with features of the urban landscape. The objective of this study was to verify the association of urban tree families with the presence of the vector Lu. longipalpis. The study area of the municipality of Teresina, capital of the State of Piauí. The sand flies were captured using CDC light traps—one placed close to the houses, on a tree in the backyard, less than 5 m from the house, and another in the living room. The traps remained three consecutive nights, or, at the most, alternating days, working 12 h a night (from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m.), during 2016 and 2017. Tree species were identified in an area of 100 m radius around CDC-type traps for capturing Lu. longipalpis installed in household backyards. Association between tree families and the occurrence of Lu. longipalpis was evaluated using the Fisher exact test and multiple correspondence analysis. Both Anacardiaceae (represented by mango and cashew trees) and Meliaceae (neem) families were more commonly found around sand fly traps capturing fewer Lu. longipalpis. Conversely, Fabaceae (several species of legumes) and Myrtaceae (guava) trees were associated with traps capturing higher number of VL vectors. In multiple correspondence analysis, the presence of trees from the Myrtaceae, Combretaceae (Almond), Fabaceae and Arecaceae (different species of palm trees) families were grouped with traps capturing high number of insects. The findings suggest that trees from the Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Combretaceae, and Arecaceae families might potentially attract sand flies, and Anacardiaceae and Meliaceae families may have a repellent effect. Finer analyses to distinguish the specific effects from the different species of the Anacardiaceae (mango and cashew), Arecaceae and Fabaceae families are still needed. The manipulation of urban landscaping might be a useful and clean alternative to help in the control of urban VL.
{"title":"Association between the visceral leishmaniasis vector Lutzomyia longipalpis and tree families in a Brazilian tropical urban area","authors":"Marcelo Ribeiro Mesquita, Leonardo Henrique Guedes de Morais Lima, Shivani Agarwal, Maria Regiane Araujo Soares, Guilherme Loureiro Werneck, Carlos Henrique Nery Costa","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00386-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00386-6","url":null,"abstract":"Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected disease endemic to many tropical and subtropical countries. In Brazil, VL is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum and is transmitted by the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis. The geographical variation in the incidence of the disease in certain urban areas of Brazil suggests a possible association with features of the urban landscape. The objective of this study was to verify the association of urban tree families with the presence of the vector Lu. longipalpis. The study area of the municipality of Teresina, capital of the State of Piauí. The sand flies were captured using CDC light traps—one placed close to the houses, on a tree in the backyard, less than 5 m from the house, and another in the living room. The traps remained three consecutive nights, or, at the most, alternating days, working 12 h a night (from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m.), during 2016 and 2017. Tree species were identified in an area of 100 m radius around CDC-type traps for capturing Lu. longipalpis installed in household backyards. Association between tree families and the occurrence of Lu. longipalpis was evaluated using the Fisher exact test and multiple correspondence analysis. Both Anacardiaceae (represented by mango and cashew trees) and Meliaceae (neem) families were more commonly found around sand fly traps capturing fewer Lu. longipalpis. Conversely, Fabaceae (several species of legumes) and Myrtaceae (guava) trees were associated with traps capturing higher number of VL vectors. In multiple correspondence analysis, the presence of trees from the Myrtaceae, Combretaceae (Almond), Fabaceae and Arecaceae (different species of palm trees) families were grouped with traps capturing high number of insects. The findings suggest that trees from the Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Combretaceae, and Arecaceae families might potentially attract sand flies, and Anacardiaceae and Meliaceae families may have a repellent effect. Finer analyses to distinguish the specific effects from the different species of the Anacardiaceae (mango and cashew), Arecaceae and Fabaceae families are still needed. The manipulation of urban landscaping might be a useful and clean alternative to help in the control of urban VL.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142208347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-02DOI: 10.1186/s41936-024-00395-5
Abdurrahman Abdulkadir, Deran Reddy
Global warming causes heat stress, a significant bioclimatic factor affecting poultry welfare. The effects of heat stress on the morphology of the Japanese quail lungs were investigated in this study. A total of 16 adult Japanese quail were randomly distributed into four groups: a control group (CT), acute heat stress (AH), chronic heat stress with 7 days (CH1) and chronic heat stress with 28 days exposure (CH2). The CT group were maintained at 25 °C temperature, the AH group were exposed to 38 °C temperature for 24 h, and the CH groups were exposed to 35 °C for seven and 28 days. At the end of exposure, the birds were euthanised, and lung tissues were collected and processed for microscopy. Tissue sections were stained using H&E stain, Gomori’s stain and immunofluorescence labelling. This study showed no significant difference in body weight, cloacal temperature, respiratory rate and lung parameters in heat-stressed groups compared with the control group. However, microscopic analyses revealed blood congestion, leakage of blood into the airway, inflammatory response and tissue breakage in the heat-stressed groups. Heat stress harmed the lungs of the Japanese quail based on duration and intensity. The negative impact could cause instant mortality, but if the quail survives the initial impact, it can adapt to the heat stress with long-term consequences on its performance.
{"title":"Microscopic alterations and adaptation in the lungs of the Japanese quail exposed to acute or chronic heat stress","authors":"Abdurrahman Abdulkadir, Deran Reddy","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00395-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00395-5","url":null,"abstract":"Global warming causes heat stress, a significant bioclimatic factor affecting poultry welfare. The effects of heat stress on the morphology of the Japanese quail lungs were investigated in this study. A total of 16 adult Japanese quail were randomly distributed into four groups: a control group (CT), acute heat stress (AH), chronic heat stress with 7 days (CH1) and chronic heat stress with 28 days exposure (CH2). The CT group were maintained at 25 °C temperature, the AH group were exposed to 38 °C temperature for 24 h, and the CH groups were exposed to 35 °C for seven and 28 days. At the end of exposure, the birds were euthanised, and lung tissues were collected and processed for microscopy. Tissue sections were stained using H&E stain, Gomori’s stain and immunofluorescence labelling. This study showed no significant difference in body weight, cloacal temperature, respiratory rate and lung parameters in heat-stressed groups compared with the control group. However, microscopic analyses revealed blood congestion, leakage of blood into the airway, inflammatory response and tissue breakage in the heat-stressed groups. Heat stress harmed the lungs of the Japanese quail based on duration and intensity. The negative impact could cause instant mortality, but if the quail survives the initial impact, it can adapt to the heat stress with long-term consequences on its performance.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142208350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The North Eastern Region (NER) of India is well known for its rich biodiversity and organic cultivation; however, this is one of the least investigated regions owing to its remoteness. A field study on papaya mealybug (PMB) was conducted to know its present status in Dibrugarh district of Assam, NER India, after its first entry in 2012. The pest was initially confined in urban and peri-urban localities in 2012 and has now made its entry even in remote villages too; however, many villages still remain uninfested. PMB has not damaged crops much the way it did in major papaya producing states of India. Out of 217 farmers surveyed, only 31.8% have experienced the infestation of PMB in their crops. The pest has now been recorded in places within an elevation of 98–129 m above MSL. The village homesteads help the pest establish in the ecosystem through natural host shifting. 89.9% farmers adopted either no management practices or applied non-chemical measures. We found the presence of more number of Spalgis immatures in the colonies of PMBs in hibiscus than in papaya. After the first invasion of PMB in Assam, initially it was also worried that the pest might invade tea crop and affect the tea economy of the state; however, no report on PMB infestation on tea crop has been found so far. The PMB has acclimatized and established itself in the crop ecosystem of Assam by natural host shifting. The trend of infestation is constant or increasing. No programme on classical biological control of PMB was taken in the farmers’ fields of the state, but there is no hue and cry situation on the crop damage by PMB. High rainfall affected the spread of the pest and predation by Spalgis sp might have resulted in reduction in population. We recorded variable abundance of S. epeus larva in PMB colonies in different host plants based on which we can formulate the bio-control module for PMB. The detailed study on the role of rainfall and natural enemies on population dynamics of PMB is a researchable issue.
{"title":"Present status of Papaya Mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink, in Assam, India, after a decade of its first invasion","authors":"Arup Kumar Sarma, Dhiraj Bhattacharyya, Surashmi Bhattacharyya","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00387-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00387-5","url":null,"abstract":"The North Eastern Region (NER) of India is well known for its rich biodiversity and organic cultivation; however, this is one of the least investigated regions owing to its remoteness. A field study on papaya mealybug (PMB) was conducted to know its present status in Dibrugarh district of Assam, NER India, after its first entry in 2012. The pest was initially confined in urban and peri-urban localities in 2012 and has now made its entry even in remote villages too; however, many villages still remain uninfested. PMB has not damaged crops much the way it did in major papaya producing states of India. Out of 217 farmers surveyed, only 31.8% have experienced the infestation of PMB in their crops. The pest has now been recorded in places within an elevation of 98–129 m above MSL. The village homesteads help the pest establish in the ecosystem through natural host shifting. 89.9% farmers adopted either no management practices or applied non-chemical measures. We found the presence of more number of Spalgis immatures in the colonies of PMBs in hibiscus than in papaya. After the first invasion of PMB in Assam, initially it was also worried that the pest might invade tea crop and affect the tea economy of the state; however, no report on PMB infestation on tea crop has been found so far. The PMB has acclimatized and established itself in the crop ecosystem of Assam by natural host shifting. The trend of infestation is constant or increasing. No programme on classical biological control of PMB was taken in the farmers’ fields of the state, but there is no hue and cry situation on the crop damage by PMB. High rainfall affected the spread of the pest and predation by Spalgis sp might have resulted in reduction in population. We recorded variable abundance of S. epeus larva in PMB colonies in different host plants based on which we can formulate the bio-control module for PMB. The detailed study on the role of rainfall and natural enemies on population dynamics of PMB is a researchable issue.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142208351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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