Pub Date : 2024-05-13DOI: 10.1186/s41936-024-00365-x
Cholaraj Ragunath, Venkatachalam Ramasubramanian
The green seaweed Caulerpa racemosa possesses highly potential elements in animal forages and human use since ancient times. The current study was designed to investigate the antioxidants, phytochemical properties of C. racemosa, as well as their effects on growth parameters, biochemical components, non-specific immunological parameters, and disease resistance to P. aeruginosa in Cirrhinus mrigala. The experimental group, divided into five groups as T1–T5. T2–T5, was given C. racemosa extract at concentrations of 0.5%, 2.5%, 4.5%, & 6.5% supplemented with basal diets. T1's group food is devoid of extract and acts as a control, and the trial lasted forty-five days. C. racemosa exhibited dose-dependent antioxidant activity. The highest levels of DPPH (61.21%), ABTS (70.55%), and H2O2 (66.55%) scavenging activities were obtained at 100 µg/ml 100 μg/ml. GC–MS analysis revealed phytoconstituents in the crude extract, such as palmitolinoleic acid, butanoic acid, arachidonate, linoleic acid, vaccenic acid, octadecenoic acid, trans-phytol, and eicosanoids. Among these different concentrations, 4.5% C. racemosa supplemented diet produced a significantly higher growth metrics of C. mrigala’s (WG, SGR, FCR), biochemical constituents, when compared to other concentrations. In a post-challenge trial, 4.5% C. racemosa extract meals increased C. mrigala SOD, CAT, non-specific immune response (lysozyme, NBT, phagocytic activity), and haematological (RBC, WBC, HCT & Hb) parameters when compared to other experiments. The findings revealed that 4.5% of C. racemosa may be supplied in the diet of C. mrigala to regulate better survival growth performance and haematological parameters.
{"title":"Effect of dietary seaweed Caulerpa racemosa on growth, biochemical, non-specific immunity, and disease resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Cirrhinus mrigala","authors":"Cholaraj Ragunath, Venkatachalam Ramasubramanian","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00365-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00365-x","url":null,"abstract":"The green seaweed Caulerpa racemosa possesses highly potential elements in animal forages and human use since ancient times. The current study was designed to investigate the antioxidants, phytochemical properties of C. racemosa, as well as their effects on growth parameters, biochemical components, non-specific immunological parameters, and disease resistance to P. aeruginosa in Cirrhinus mrigala. The experimental group, divided into five groups as T1–T5. T2–T5, was given C. racemosa extract at concentrations of 0.5%, 2.5%, 4.5%, & 6.5% supplemented with basal diets. T1's group food is devoid of extract and acts as a control, and the trial lasted forty-five days. C. racemosa exhibited dose-dependent antioxidant activity. The highest levels of DPPH (61.21%), ABTS (70.55%), and H2O2 (66.55%) scavenging activities were obtained at 100 µg/ml 100 μg/ml. GC–MS analysis revealed phytoconstituents in the crude extract, such as palmitolinoleic acid, butanoic acid, arachidonate, linoleic acid, vaccenic acid, octadecenoic acid, trans-phytol, and eicosanoids. Among these different concentrations, 4.5% C. racemosa supplemented diet produced a significantly higher growth metrics of C. mrigala’s (WG, SGR, FCR), biochemical constituents, when compared to other concentrations. In a post-challenge trial, 4.5% C. racemosa extract meals increased C. mrigala SOD, CAT, non-specific immune response (lysozyme, NBT, phagocytic activity), and haematological (RBC, WBC, HCT & Hb) parameters when compared to other experiments. The findings revealed that 4.5% of C. racemosa may be supplied in the diet of C. mrigala to regulate better survival growth performance and haematological parameters.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140939836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-13DOI: 10.1186/s41936-024-00367-9
Yokomi N. Lozano-Sardaneta, Herón Huerta, Berenit Mendoza-Garfias, Atilano Contreras-Ramos
Phlebotomine sand flies are of biological importance because of their role as vectors of several pathogens. Morphological identification faces challenges to separate related species; therefore, the study of immature stages, as the egg and its exochorion sculpturing pattern could provide useful characters for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies. In the Americas, morphological information of the egg exochorion obtained through scanning electron microscopy has become a complementary tool for taxonomic classification of sand fly species. The aim of this study was to examine and describe the exochorion pattern of eggs obtained from the abdomen of gravid wild females of 10 sand fly species collected in different areas of Mexico. We describe the chorionic pattern of 10 sand fly species collected during the period 1997–2023, which was classified as (1) polygonal, (2) connected and unconnected parallel ridges, (3) verrucose, (4) volcano-like and (5) disperse, being the polygonal pattern the most common among several species of the genera Dampfomyia, Micropygomia and Lutzomyia. This study describes the exochorion pattern of eggs directly obtained from the abdomen of preserved female specimens, supporting that extraction of eggs directly from an abdomen of a collection specimen might be a viable alternative to gather information of taxonomic value. We describe the eggshell of Bichromomyia olmeca olmeca, Dampfomyia deleoni, Micropygomyia cayennensis, Micropygomyia chiapanensis, Micropygomyia vindicator, Micropygomyia durani, Lutzomyia cruciata, Psathyromyia maya, Psathyromyia texana and Trichopygomyia triramula. We detected differences with respect to previous descriptions of Micropygomyia chiapanensis, Lutzomyia cruciata, and Psathyromyia texana, providing new reference information.
{"title":"Exochorionic pattern of ten sand fly species (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) from Mexico","authors":"Yokomi N. Lozano-Sardaneta, Herón Huerta, Berenit Mendoza-Garfias, Atilano Contreras-Ramos","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00367-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00367-9","url":null,"abstract":"Phlebotomine sand flies are of biological importance because of their role as vectors of several pathogens. Morphological identification faces challenges to separate related species; therefore, the study of immature stages, as the egg and its exochorion sculpturing pattern could provide useful characters for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies. In the Americas, morphological information of the egg exochorion obtained through scanning electron microscopy has become a complementary tool for taxonomic classification of sand fly species. The aim of this study was to examine and describe the exochorion pattern of eggs obtained from the abdomen of gravid wild females of 10 sand fly species collected in different areas of Mexico. We describe the chorionic pattern of 10 sand fly species collected during the period 1997–2023, which was classified as (1) polygonal, (2) connected and unconnected parallel ridges, (3) verrucose, (4) volcano-like and (5) disperse, being the polygonal pattern the most common among several species of the genera Dampfomyia, Micropygomia and Lutzomyia. This study describes the exochorion pattern of eggs directly obtained from the abdomen of preserved female specimens, supporting that extraction of eggs directly from an abdomen of a collection specimen might be a viable alternative to gather information of taxonomic value. We describe the eggshell of Bichromomyia olmeca olmeca, Dampfomyia deleoni, Micropygomyia cayennensis, Micropygomyia chiapanensis, Micropygomyia vindicator, Micropygomyia durani, Lutzomyia cruciata, Psathyromyia maya, Psathyromyia texana and Trichopygomyia triramula. We detected differences with respect to previous descriptions of Micropygomyia chiapanensis, Lutzomyia cruciata, and Psathyromyia texana, providing new reference information.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140939795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-10DOI: 10.1186/s41936-024-00364-y
Nasser Kasozi, Gerald D. Iwe, Sandra Langi, Victoria T. Namulawa, John Walakira
The tigerfish (Hydrocynus forskahlii) is an important food fish in different regions of Africa. As such, interest in its performance and nutritional requirements as a potential candidate for aquaculture is increasing. Characterization of the morpho-histological features and functions of the gut provides valuable insights into the feeding physiology and digestive system of fish species. An investigation of the morpho-histological features of the gastrointestinal tract of H. forskahlii captured from Lake Albert was conducted over an eight-month period. The digestive tract of H. forskahlii is characterised by a short oesophagus, well-developed and distensible stomach and moderately long intestine. The oesophagus had a higher abundance of mucous-secreting goblet cells compared to other digestive tract tissues. The stomach had a bag-like shape for swallowing large prey and was distinguishable into the cardiac, fundic and pyloric regions. Both the cardiac and fundic regions of the stomach had numerous gastric glands, whereas the pyloric region had large compound folds consisting of pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium. Many goblet cells were also observed in the mid and posterior regions of the intestine. The relative length of the gut of the H. forskahlii was 1.27 ± 0.03 cm, and it had a total of 20–22 pyloric caeca. The liver was observed to be divided in lobules by a central vein contained within connective sheets. Irregular cords of hepatocytes were also visible throughout the parenchyma. The histological features of the H. forskahlii gut observed in the present study are consistent with those of carnivorous and omnivorous fish.
虎鱼（Hydrocynus forskahlii）是非洲不同地区的一种重要食用鱼。因此，人们对其作为水产养殖潜在候选鱼类的性能和营养需求的兴趣与日俱增。对肠道的形态组织学特征和功能进行表征，为了解鱼类的摄食生理和消化系统提供了宝贵的信息。我们对从艾伯特湖捕获的 H. forskahlii 的胃肠道形态组织特征进行了为期 8 个月的调查。H. forskahlii消化道的特点是食道短、胃发达且可扩张、肠道长度适中。与其他消化道组织相比，食道中分泌粘液的鹅口疮细胞数量较多。胃呈袋状，用于吞咽大型猎物，可分为心区、胃底区和幽门区。胃的心区和胃底区都有许多胃腺，而幽门区则有由假分层柱状上皮组成的大型复合皱襞。在肠道的中部和后部也观察到了许多鹅口疮细胞。H. forskahlii 的肠道相对长度为 1.27 ± 0.03 厘米，共有 20-22 个幽门盲囊。观察发现，肝脏被结缔组织内的中央静脉分成多个小叶。整个实质组织中还能看到不规则的肝细胞条索。本研究中观察到的 H. forskahlii 肠道组织学特征与肉食性和杂食性鱼类的组织学特征一致。
{"title":"Histological features of the gastrointestinal tract of elongate tigerfish, Hydrocynus forskahlii (Cuvier, 1819), from Lake Albert","authors":"Nasser Kasozi, Gerald D. Iwe, Sandra Langi, Victoria T. Namulawa, John Walakira","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00364-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00364-y","url":null,"abstract":"The tigerfish (Hydrocynus forskahlii) is an important food fish in different regions of Africa. As such, interest in its performance and nutritional requirements as a potential candidate for aquaculture is increasing. Characterization of the morpho-histological features and functions of the gut provides valuable insights into the feeding physiology and digestive system of fish species. An investigation of the morpho-histological features of the gastrointestinal tract of H. forskahlii captured from Lake Albert was conducted over an eight-month period. The digestive tract of H. forskahlii is characterised by a short oesophagus, well-developed and distensible stomach and moderately long intestine. The oesophagus had a higher abundance of mucous-secreting goblet cells compared to other digestive tract tissues. The stomach had a bag-like shape for swallowing large prey and was distinguishable into the cardiac, fundic and pyloric regions. Both the cardiac and fundic regions of the stomach had numerous gastric glands, whereas the pyloric region had large compound folds consisting of pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium. Many goblet cells were also observed in the mid and posterior regions of the intestine. The relative length of the gut of the H. forskahlii was 1.27 ± 0.03 cm, and it had a total of 20–22 pyloric caeca. The liver was observed to be divided in lobules by a central vein contained within connective sheets. Irregular cords of hepatocytes were also visible throughout the parenchyma. The histological features of the H. forskahlii gut observed in the present study are consistent with those of carnivorous and omnivorous fish.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140939692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Monosodium glutamate (MSG E621) is one of the most popular flavouring agents of modern times and is widely used in many commercially packed food and even in house hold cooking. Previous studies revealed that excessive intake of MSG in diet causes obesity, metabolic defects, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in rats, but no reports are available in the literature about the ecotoxicological assessment of MSG by using fishes as a bioindicators. Since fishes are important consumer in aquatic food chain and directly linked with human health status, the present study was aimed to investigate the impact of MSG in freshwater fish Labeo rohita by using histological biomarkers. Ninety-six h-LC50 of MSG to Labeo rohita was determined (1.5 g/L), and fish exposed to sub-lethal concentration of MSG (1/10th of 96 h-LC50 concentration of MSG (150 mg/L)) showed distinguished behavioural changes like erratic movement, loss of appetite and excessive mucous secretion all over the body as an adaptive syndrome to avoid the direct exposure to MSG in the medium. Histopathological analysis clearly depicts severe damages in the vital organs of fish. In gills, epithelial necrosis, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, primary and secondary gill lamellae degeneration, oedema, fusion of adjacent secondary lamellae and rupture of gill epithelium were observed. The intensity of tissue damage was increased as the exposure period was extended. The liver displayed vein congestion, vacuole formation, degeneration in parenchymal cells and bile stagnation, whereas MSG-treated kidney tissue showed high interstitial inflammation. Among the vital organs gill and liver displayed the highest histopathological alterations. The present study clearly demonstrated that MSG is toxic to fish and able to cause significant damages in the vital organs as the exposure period was extended. Since the studies on the toxicity of MSG to fish are rare, the present investigation may contribute to the scarce literature on sub-lethal toxicity of MSG to freshwater fishes.
{"title":"Histopathological alterations in the vital organs of Indian major carp Labeo rohita exposed to monosodium glutamate (MSG)","authors":"Nandhini Perumalsamy, Geetha Nandagopalan, Ramesh Mathan","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00363-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00363-z","url":null,"abstract":"Monosodium glutamate (MSG E621) is one of the most popular flavouring agents of modern times and is widely used in many commercially packed food and even in house hold cooking. Previous studies revealed that excessive intake of MSG in diet causes obesity, metabolic defects, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in rats, but no reports are available in the literature about the ecotoxicological assessment of MSG by using fishes as a bioindicators. Since fishes are important consumer in aquatic food chain and directly linked with human health status, the present study was aimed to investigate the impact of MSG in freshwater fish Labeo rohita by using histological biomarkers. Ninety-six h-LC50 of MSG to Labeo rohita was determined (1.5 g/L), and fish exposed to sub-lethal concentration of MSG (1/10th of 96 h-LC50 concentration of MSG (150 mg/L)) showed distinguished behavioural changes like erratic movement, loss of appetite and excessive mucous secretion all over the body as an adaptive syndrome to avoid the direct exposure to MSG in the medium. Histopathological analysis clearly depicts severe damages in the vital organs of fish. In gills, epithelial necrosis, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, primary and secondary gill lamellae degeneration, oedema, fusion of adjacent secondary lamellae and rupture of gill epithelium were observed. The intensity of tissue damage was increased as the exposure period was extended. The liver displayed vein congestion, vacuole formation, degeneration in parenchymal cells and bile stagnation, whereas MSG-treated kidney tissue showed high interstitial inflammation. Among the vital organs gill and liver displayed the highest histopathological alterations. The present study clearly demonstrated that MSG is toxic to fish and able to cause significant damages in the vital organs as the exposure period was extended. Since the studies on the toxicity of MSG to fish are rare, the present investigation may contribute to the scarce literature on sub-lethal toxicity of MSG to freshwater fishes.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140811983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-22DOI: 10.1186/s41936-024-00362-0
Diksha Saggi, Neena Singla
Field rodents cause significant damage to standing crops in agroecosystems at vulnerable stages. Of all the methods available, chemical rodent control is the most practical and economically feasible. Laboratory studies demonstrate the potential of synergistic bait formulations containing bromadiolone and cholecalciferol. This study is the first multi-site multi-crop trial to assess the efficacy of cereal bait formulations containing lower than standard doses of bromadiolone (0.0025 and 0.001%) and cholecalciferol (0.02 and 0.04%) compared to presently recommended bait formulations of zinc phosphide (2.0%) and bromadiolone (0.005%) to protect wheat, rice and sugarcane crop fields against rodent attack. Rodent control success was highest (74.21–88.80%) in fields treated with a combination bait formulation containing bromadiolone (0.0025%) and cholecalciferol (0.04%), which led to a significant reduction in crop damage (from 6.82 to 26.56% cut tillers/canes and 251.75–1448.00 kg/ha yield loss (in reference block) to 1.18–6.18% cut tillers/canes and 46.67–745.00 kg/ha yield loss (in treated blocks). This study therefore found that cereal bait formulation containing bromadiolone (0.0025%) and cholecalciferol (0.04%) can be effectively used to manage rodent population in agricultural crop fields and it is suggested that consideration be given to registering this combination rodenticide formulation to improve global food security.
{"title":"Efficacy of combined formulation of bromadiolone and cholecalciferol in reducing rodent population and damage in agricultural crop fields","authors":"Diksha Saggi, Neena Singla","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00362-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00362-0","url":null,"abstract":"Field rodents cause significant damage to standing crops in agroecosystems at vulnerable stages. Of all the methods available, chemical rodent control is the most practical and economically feasible. Laboratory studies demonstrate the potential of synergistic bait formulations containing bromadiolone and cholecalciferol. This study is the first multi-site multi-crop trial to assess the efficacy of cereal bait formulations containing lower than standard doses of bromadiolone (0.0025 and 0.001%) and cholecalciferol (0.02 and 0.04%) compared to presently recommended bait formulations of zinc phosphide (2.0%) and bromadiolone (0.005%) to protect wheat, rice and sugarcane crop fields against rodent attack. Rodent control success was highest (74.21–88.80%) in fields treated with a combination bait formulation containing bromadiolone (0.0025%) and cholecalciferol (0.04%), which led to a significant reduction in crop damage (from 6.82 to 26.56% cut tillers/canes and 251.75–1448.00 kg/ha yield loss (in reference block) to 1.18–6.18% cut tillers/canes and 46.67–745.00 kg/ha yield loss (in treated blocks). This study therefore found that cereal bait formulation containing bromadiolone (0.0025%) and cholecalciferol (0.04%) can be effectively used to manage rodent population in agricultural crop fields and it is suggested that consideration be given to registering this combination rodenticide formulation to improve global food security.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"06 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140637442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fluconazole is a first-generation triazole used as an antifungal treatment for skin, hair, and nail infections. The study aimed to assess the embryotoxicity and teratological effects of fluconazole on chick embryos. Fertilized eggs were divided into four groups: two experimental groups treated with different concentrations of fluconazole (0.1 ml/egg, 0.2 ml/egg) containing 12 and 11 eggs, respectively, one group treated with distilled water (10 eggs), and a control group (10 eggs) left untreated. The liquid form of fluconazole was administered on the 4th day of incubation, and observations were made on the 9th day. There were different anomalies observed in them like hydrocephaly, microcephaly shorting of the beak, agenesis, Amelia, micromelia, anophthalmia, microphthalmia, and kyphosis. There were also observed the morphometric measurements with a difference of significant (p < 0.001) and (p < 0.01) in CR length, body weight, head circumference, eye circumference, forelimb, and hind limb. Different vital organ defects were also observed in histological studies. Fluconazole in various combinations has been found to cause embryotoxicity and teratological consequences in chick embryos. The current study showed that fluconazole is teratogenic in creating chick undeveloped organisms. The embryotoxic impacts were recorded on structural morphometric and graphic levels.
{"title":"Embryotoxicity of fluconazole on developing chick embryos","authors":"Rao Zahid Sattar, Asif Bilal, Sadia Bashir, Anisa Iftikhar, Irfan Yaqoob","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00359-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00359-9","url":null,"abstract":"Fluconazole is a first-generation triazole used as an antifungal treatment for skin, hair, and nail infections. The study aimed to assess the embryotoxicity and teratological effects of fluconazole on chick embryos. Fertilized eggs were divided into four groups: two experimental groups treated with different concentrations of fluconazole (0.1 ml/egg, 0.2 ml/egg) containing 12 and 11 eggs, respectively, one group treated with distilled water (10 eggs), and a control group (10 eggs) left untreated. The liquid form of fluconazole was administered on the 4th day of incubation, and observations were made on the 9th day. There were different anomalies observed in them like hydrocephaly, microcephaly shorting of the beak, agenesis, Amelia, micromelia, anophthalmia, microphthalmia, and kyphosis. There were also observed the morphometric measurements with a difference of significant (p < 0.001) and (p < 0.01) in CR length, body weight, head circumference, eye circumference, forelimb, and hind limb. Different vital organ defects were also observed in histological studies. Fluconazole in various combinations has been found to cause embryotoxicity and teratological consequences in chick embryos. The current study showed that fluconazole is teratogenic in creating chick undeveloped organisms. The embryotoxic impacts were recorded on structural morphometric and graphic levels.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140580716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1186/s41936-024-00360-2
Minh Trong Quang, Minh Nam Nguyen
{"title":"The potential of microRNAs in cancer diagnostic and therapeutic strategies: a narrative review","authors":"Minh Trong Quang, Minh Nam Nguyen","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00360-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00360-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140353402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.1186/s41936-024-00357-x
Sahar M. Helalia, Aida I. El Makawy, Neama I. Ali, Nagwa H. A. Hassan, Mohamed S. Hassanane
The Egyptian buffalo has a sizable impact on Egypt's agricultural sector and food supply. It is regarded as the main dairy animal and an important source of red meat. This study aimed to detect the polymorphisms of the DGAT1 and TCAP genes and assess the potential impact of the discovered nsSNPs on the stability of the tertiary structure polypeptides of selected genes in Egyptian buffalo. Allele identification was made by the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were recognized by sequencing the purified PCR products. Protein translation indicated the synonymous and non-synonymous SNPs, and the peptides' 3D tertiary structure of selected genes, as well as the effect of amino acid substitution on the protein structure, was performed using bioinformatics tools. Analysis of the data revealed that an nsSNP was detected in a tested region of the DGAT1 gene and caused an amino acid substitution in a polypeptide that was predicted to be neutral and located in the coiled part of the protein. The analysis of the TCAP gene showed four nsSNPs that caused four substitutions located in the α-helix region. Protein prediction analysis showed that the amino acid substitutions in DGAT1 and TCAP were non-conserved with low sensitivity to variation. The non-conservative amino acid substitutions result in amino acids with new properties different from the original amino acid that change the protein's structure and function. We can infer that the DGAT1 and TCAP genes' SNPs may affect meat-related traits and may improve meat quality.
{"title":"Unveiling polymorphism and protein structure prediction insights in diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 and telethonin genes of Egyptian buffalo","authors":"Sahar M. Helalia, Aida I. El Makawy, Neama I. Ali, Nagwa H. A. Hassan, Mohamed S. Hassanane","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00357-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00357-x","url":null,"abstract":"The Egyptian buffalo has a sizable impact on Egypt's agricultural sector and food supply. It is regarded as the main dairy animal and an important source of red meat. This study aimed to detect the polymorphisms of the DGAT1 and TCAP genes and assess the potential impact of the discovered nsSNPs on the stability of the tertiary structure polypeptides of selected genes in Egyptian buffalo. Allele identification was made by the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were recognized by sequencing the purified PCR products. Protein translation indicated the synonymous and non-synonymous SNPs, and the peptides' 3D tertiary structure of selected genes, as well as the effect of amino acid substitution on the protein structure, was performed using bioinformatics tools. Analysis of the data revealed that an nsSNP was detected in a tested region of the DGAT1 gene and caused an amino acid substitution in a polypeptide that was predicted to be neutral and located in the coiled part of the protein. The analysis of the TCAP gene showed four nsSNPs that caused four substitutions located in the α-helix region. Protein prediction analysis showed that the amino acid substitutions in DGAT1 and TCAP were non-conserved with low sensitivity to variation. The non-conservative amino acid substitutions result in amino acids with new properties different from the original amino acid that change the protein's structure and function. We can infer that the DGAT1 and TCAP genes' SNPs may affect meat-related traits and may improve meat quality.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140001951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-20DOI: 10.1186/s41936-024-00356-y
Zodwa Madonsela, Cebisile N. Magagula
Savanna ecosystems support a diversity of biota and are influenced by vegetation and edaphic characteristics, shaping resident communities. This study was carried out at Mlawula nature reserve, a protected savanna ecosystem to determine impacts of vegetation and edaphic characteristics on termite species and functional diversity, as well as their activity. Termites were sampled from November 2017 to March 2018 in two habitat types, i.e. encroached and non-encroached by Dichrostachys cinerea over five months. Twelve genera were collected over the study period, dominated by Microtermes sp. Termite species diversity and populations were significantly between habitat types, with higher numbers and species in non-encroached sites. Four functional groups (FG) were collected from both habitat types, with FGII being the most dominant group in both and no significant differences in FG diversity between the habitat types. Of the vegetational and edaphic variables measured, only canopy cover was significantly different between habitat types and was higher in encroached sites. Intensity and frequency of attack were significantly higher in non-encroached sites, indicating a decline in termite activity in encroached sites. Results indicated that, with the exception of canopy cover, vegetational and edaphic characteristics are not affected by increased woody vegetation invasion within the system assessed. However, due to reduction in termite diversity and activity, increased woody vegetation invasion is a threat to termites and associated ecosystem services they provide. The investigation provided information at both community and ecosystem level for the savanna assessed on the need for insect conservation both within protected areas and surrounding landscapes. Since the study suggested that termite populations and associated activity could be reduced due bush encroachment, monitoring of the impacts of increasing woody plant invasions is essential for insect conservation and maintenance of savanna ecosystem function and heterogeneity.
{"title":"Termite species and functional diversity as determined by vegetation and edaphic characteristics in a savanna ecosystem","authors":"Zodwa Madonsela, Cebisile N. Magagula","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00356-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00356-y","url":null,"abstract":"Savanna ecosystems support a diversity of biota and are influenced by vegetation and edaphic characteristics, shaping resident communities. This study was carried out at Mlawula nature reserve, a protected savanna ecosystem to determine impacts of vegetation and edaphic characteristics on termite species and functional diversity, as well as their activity. Termites were sampled from November 2017 to March 2018 in two habitat types, i.e. encroached and non-encroached by Dichrostachys cinerea over five months. Twelve genera were collected over the study period, dominated by Microtermes sp. Termite species diversity and populations were significantly between habitat types, with higher numbers and species in non-encroached sites. Four functional groups (FG) were collected from both habitat types, with FGII being the most dominant group in both and no significant differences in FG diversity between the habitat types. Of the vegetational and edaphic variables measured, only canopy cover was significantly different between habitat types and was higher in encroached sites. Intensity and frequency of attack were significantly higher in non-encroached sites, indicating a decline in termite activity in encroached sites. Results indicated that, with the exception of canopy cover, vegetational and edaphic characteristics are not affected by increased woody vegetation invasion within the system assessed. However, due to reduction in termite diversity and activity, increased woody vegetation invasion is a threat to termites and associated ecosystem services they provide. The investigation provided information at both community and ecosystem level for the savanna assessed on the need for insect conservation both within protected areas and surrounding landscapes. Since the study suggested that termite populations and associated activity could be reduced due bush encroachment, monitoring of the impacts of increasing woody plant invasions is essential for insect conservation and maintenance of savanna ecosystem function and heterogeneity.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139924631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.1186/s41936-024-00355-z
Walter Miding’a Essendi, Charles Inyagwa Muleke, Elick Onyango Otachi
Cryptosporidium is a gastrointestinal pathogen. The oocysts are transmitted through the environment, and drinking contaminated water is one particular route. There is heavy pollution of Cryptosporidium in Njoro River, the main source of drinking water for humans and animals around the watershed. However, there is no information on the parasite concentration and estimated health risk exposed to these populations. This study determined the level of contamination and risk of infection by Cryptosporidium parasites in Njoro River. Water samples were collected monthly from three ecological sites along Njoro River for twelve months. Cryptosporidium oocysts were concentrated from these water samples using calcium carbonate flocculation method, examined and counted using epifluorescent microscopy. Quantitative microbial risk assessment was applied to estimate the health risk of Cryptosporidium infection in Njoro River using a beta-Poisson dose–response model. The concentration of Cryptosporidium parasites in Njoro River is 0.936 ± 0.73 oocysts/litre. However, this concentration fluctuates with ecological site of the river; highest concentration occurs at downstream (1.325 ± 0.73), followed by midstream (0.917 ± 0.74) and least at upstream (0.567 ± 0.54). Concentration of Cryptosporidium in the river is higher during wet than dry seasons, with the difference in mean concentrations between the two seasons being significant (t(34) = − 6.101, p < 0.01). There was a negative correlation between Cryptosporidium concentration, temperature and pH, while a strong positive correlation existed between Cryptosporidium concentration and turbidity. The daily probability of infection by Cryptosporidium in Njoro River watershed is 0.25, while the annual risk is 0.99. Njoro River is heavily polluted with Cryptosporidium parasites. This exposes both the humans and animals that drink water from this river to a high risk of cryptosporidiosis, a potentially fatal infection particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
{"title":"Concentration and risk assessment of Cryptosporidium infection associated with exposure to the Njoro River, Njoro Sub-County, Nakuru, Kenya","authors":"Walter Miding’a Essendi, Charles Inyagwa Muleke, Elick Onyango Otachi","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00355-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00355-z","url":null,"abstract":"Cryptosporidium is a gastrointestinal pathogen. The oocysts are transmitted through the environment, and drinking contaminated water is one particular route. There is heavy pollution of Cryptosporidium in Njoro River, the main source of drinking water for humans and animals around the watershed. However, there is no information on the parasite concentration and estimated health risk exposed to these populations. This study determined the level of contamination and risk of infection by Cryptosporidium parasites in Njoro River. Water samples were collected monthly from three ecological sites along Njoro River for twelve months. Cryptosporidium oocysts were concentrated from these water samples using calcium carbonate flocculation method, examined and counted using epifluorescent microscopy. Quantitative microbial risk assessment was applied to estimate the health risk of Cryptosporidium infection in Njoro River using a beta-Poisson dose–response model. The concentration of Cryptosporidium parasites in Njoro River is 0.936 ± 0.73 oocysts/litre. However, this concentration fluctuates with ecological site of the river; highest concentration occurs at downstream (1.325 ± 0.73), followed by midstream (0.917 ± 0.74) and least at upstream (0.567 ± 0.54). Concentration of Cryptosporidium in the river is higher during wet than dry seasons, with the difference in mean concentrations between the two seasons being significant (t(34) = − 6.101, p < 0.01). There was a negative correlation between Cryptosporidium concentration, temperature and pH, while a strong positive correlation existed between Cryptosporidium concentration and turbidity. The daily probability of infection by Cryptosporidium in Njoro River watershed is 0.25, while the annual risk is 0.99. Njoro River is heavily polluted with Cryptosporidium parasites. This exposes both the humans and animals that drink water from this river to a high risk of cryptosporidiosis, a potentially fatal infection particularly in immunocompromised individuals.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139924597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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