Pub Date : 2024-08-27DOI: 10.1186/s41936-024-00389-3
Emmanuel Ajibola Olagunju
Insects act as disease vectors, spreading disease-causing organisms between plants and animals. There have been studies devoted to determining ways to control these pests. One of the most effective ways to accomplish this is to reduce their vector competency. This review article explains how these factors can reduce vector competency. The major ways by which vector competence can be reduced were reviewed. Entomopathogens are organisms that cause disease in arthropods like insects, mites, and ticks. Wolbachia is a genus of intracellular bacteria that mostly infects arthropods, including a significant number of insects. It is one of the most frequent insect reproductive parasites that kill or severely disables insects. Entomopathogenic nematodes are a type of worm that attacks insects and kills them. Insect-specific viruses are a relatively new class of viruses with a variety of intriguing traits that could be used to better understand and possibly inhibit arbovirus transmission. Entomopathogenic fungi are a type of fungus that kills insects by attacking and infecting their insect hosts. Disrupting the environment and nutrition of insects could also help to reduce their ability to spread diseases to humans, animals, and plants. Chemical control has been one of the most widely used methods for controlling disease vectors, but there have been reports of insect resistance, environmental degradation, and a variety of other side effects. Instead of chemical control, there are a variety of techniques that can be used, including targeting insects' endosymbionts (bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes, and protozoa), changing insects' nutrition, manipulating their environment, and many others. This paper discussed the alternative ways to reduce vectors’ competence without the use of synthetic chemical.
{"title":"Lowering vector competence in insects: a review","authors":"Emmanuel Ajibola Olagunju","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00389-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00389-3","url":null,"abstract":"Insects act as disease vectors, spreading disease-causing organisms between plants and animals. There have been studies devoted to determining ways to control these pests. One of the most effective ways to accomplish this is to reduce their vector competency. This review article explains how these factors can reduce vector competency. The major ways by which vector competence can be reduced were reviewed. Entomopathogens are organisms that cause disease in arthropods like insects, mites, and ticks. Wolbachia is a genus of intracellular bacteria that mostly infects arthropods, including a significant number of insects. It is one of the most frequent insect reproductive parasites that kill or severely disables insects. Entomopathogenic nematodes are a type of worm that attacks insects and kills them. Insect-specific viruses are a relatively new class of viruses with a variety of intriguing traits that could be used to better understand and possibly inhibit arbovirus transmission. Entomopathogenic fungi are a type of fungus that kills insects by attacking and infecting their insect hosts. Disrupting the environment and nutrition of insects could also help to reduce their ability to spread diseases to humans, animals, and plants. Chemical control has been one of the most widely used methods for controlling disease vectors, but there have been reports of insect resistance, environmental degradation, and a variety of other side effects. Instead of chemical control, there are a variety of techniques that can be used, including targeting insects' endosymbionts (bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes, and protozoa), changing insects' nutrition, manipulating their environment, and many others. This paper discussed the alternative ways to reduce vectors’ competence without the use of synthetic chemical.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142208352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Atori Reservoir, located in the heart of southwestern Nigeria, is a tribute to the region's historical significance and natural splendor. Its establishment as a reservoir in 1935 marked a water resource management watershed in the region, transforming Atori into one of Nigeria’s oldest and most important waterbodies. Despite its ancient age and indisputable importance, the exact ecological state of Atori Reservoir has been shrouded in mystery for decades. This study was necessitated by a paucity of information on the ecological status of Atori Reservoir. The study identified 953 macroinvertebrates belonging to four classes, distributed across nine orders and nineteen families within Atori Reservoir. Among these, the class Insecta exhibited the highest diversity, while Melanoides tuberculata, a member of the Mollusca class, emerged as the dominant species. Despite the diverse macroinvertebrate community, the physicochemical parameters of the water raised concerns. Elevated values of total dissolved solids and conductivity indicated poor water quality, which was further reflected in the predominance of pollution-tolerant species and the absence of pollution-sensitive ones. Canonical correspondence analysis highlighted potential correlations between macroinvertebrates and water quality variables, yet statistical significance was lacking, as demonstrated by the Monte Carlo permutation test. This study sheds light on the ecological state of Atori Reservoir, revealing a diverse macroinvertebrate community but highlighting concerns regarding water quality. The study also emphasizes the pressing need for improved management practices to safeguard the ecological health of Atori Reservoir, given the critical role it plays in the region's ecosystem and local communities.
{"title":"Assessment of the ecological status of an ancient reservoir using macroinvertebrate assemblage and water quality parameters","authors":"Babatunde Omokunle Amusan, Sikiru Oladimeji Adeleke, Ayorinde Fola Koleosho","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00384-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00384-8","url":null,"abstract":"Atori Reservoir, located in the heart of southwestern Nigeria, is a tribute to the region's historical significance and natural splendor. Its establishment as a reservoir in 1935 marked a water resource management watershed in the region, transforming Atori into one of Nigeria’s oldest and most important waterbodies. Despite its ancient age and indisputable importance, the exact ecological state of Atori Reservoir has been shrouded in mystery for decades. This study was necessitated by a paucity of information on the ecological status of Atori Reservoir. The study identified 953 macroinvertebrates belonging to four classes, distributed across nine orders and nineteen families within Atori Reservoir. Among these, the class Insecta exhibited the highest diversity, while Melanoides tuberculata, a member of the Mollusca class, emerged as the dominant species. Despite the diverse macroinvertebrate community, the physicochemical parameters of the water raised concerns. Elevated values of total dissolved solids and conductivity indicated poor water quality, which was further reflected in the predominance of pollution-tolerant species and the absence of pollution-sensitive ones. Canonical correspondence analysis highlighted potential correlations between macroinvertebrates and water quality variables, yet statistical significance was lacking, as demonstrated by the Monte Carlo permutation test. This study sheds light on the ecological state of Atori Reservoir, revealing a diverse macroinvertebrate community but highlighting concerns regarding water quality. The study also emphasizes the pressing need for improved management practices to safeguard the ecological health of Atori Reservoir, given the critical role it plays in the region's ecosystem and local communities.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"254 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142208353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.1186/s41936-024-00372-y
Olatunji Abubakar Jimoh
Currently, there is an increase in the usage of phytogenic feed additives to help improve animal welfare and productivity, while less emphasis is now placed on metabolic and oxidative stability of neuronal and testicular tissues. This study aims at investigating the effects of Moringa oleifera, Phyllanthus amarus and Viscum album as feed additives on some metabolic indicators and oxidative status of rabbit testis and brain. Isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated with 5% supplementation of each of the phytogenic additive to 3 treatment groups and basal diet group. It was revealed that moringa, mistletoe, and phyllanthus can modulate oxidative status in both the brain and gonads of rabbit bucks through their unique phytochemical compositions, thereby affecting reproductive and cognitive functions. Moringa, rich in crude protein, saponins, glycosides, and steroids, enhances protein and lactate dehydrogenase levels but increases lipid peroxidation in the testis. Mistletoe, with high crude fiber, ash, and antioxidants like flavonoids and tannins, boosts total antioxidant activity in several brain regions and reduces lipid peroxidation, indicating its potential for reducing oxidative stress. Phyllanthus, having the least fiber and ash but effective antioxidant properties, notably affects the oxidative balance in both the testis and brain, with varied impacts on different tissues. The result obtained showed that total antioxidant activity of the left testis was enhanced (p < 0.05) by inclusion of the phytogenic additives, while total antioxidant activity of the right testis in bucks fed on phytogenic additives were similar (p > 0.05) to bucks on basal diet. Bucks fed on moringa and phyllanthus additives had higher (p < 0.05) testicular lipid peroxidation, lowered testicular protein and/or lactate dehydrogenase. Result also shows that lipid peroxidation of hypothalamus, cerebrum, olfactory lobe and cerebellum were lowest in bucks fed on mistletoe, phyllanthus, phyllanthus and phyllanthus, respectively. High catalase activity of optic lobe, olfactory lobe and cerebellum were observed in bucks fed on mistletoe, moringa and mistletoe, respectively, while glutathione peroxidase activity in hypothalamus, cerebrum, olfactory lobe and pineal was enhanced (p < 0.05) in bucks fed on moringa and mistletoe compared to bucks on other treatment. M. oleifera, P. amarus and V. album leaves as phytogenic feed additives in rabbit diets have negative effect on the metabolic activity of the testis, enhancing antioxidant activity in the brain.
目前，越来越多地使用植物性饲料添加剂来帮助改善动物福利和提高生产率，但对神经元和睾丸组织的新陈代谢和氧化稳定性却不太重视。本研究旨在探讨作为饲料添加剂的油辣木、白千层和粘胶对兔子睾丸和大脑的一些代谢指标和氧化状态的影响。在 3 个处理组和基础日粮中分别添加 5%的植物添加剂，配制成等氮等热量日粮。研究结果表明，辣木、槲寄生和叶黄素可通过其独特的植物化学成分调节家兔大脑和性腺的氧化状态，从而影响家兔的生殖和认知功能。辣木富含粗蛋白、皂甙、苷类和类固醇，能提高蛋白质和乳酸脱氢酶水平，但会增加睾丸的脂质过氧化反应。含大量粗纤维、灰分以及黄酮类和单宁酸等抗氧化剂的槲寄生可提高多个脑区的总抗氧化活性，降低脂质过氧化，表明其具有降低氧化应激的潜力。叶黄素的纤维和灰分最少，但具有有效的抗氧化特性，能显著影响睾丸和大脑的氧化平衡，并对不同组织产生不同的影响。研究结果表明，左侧睾丸的总抗氧化活性比吃基础饲料的雄鹿高（P 0.05）。饲喂辣木和叶黄素添加剂的雄鹿睾丸脂质过氧化程度更高（p < 0.05），睾丸蛋白质和/或乳酸脱氢酶降低。结果还显示，下丘脑、大脑、嗅叶和小脑的脂质过氧化程度分别在饲喂槲寄生、菲菊、菲菊和菲菊的雄鹿中最低。与其他处理的雄鹿相比，喂食槲寄生、辣木和槲寄生的雄鹿视叶、嗅叶和小脑的过氧化氢酶活性较高，而喂食辣木和槲寄生的雄鹿下丘脑、大脑、嗅叶和松果体的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性较高（p < 0.05）。M.oleifera、P.amarus 和 V. album 叶片作为植物性饲料添加剂添加到兔子日粮中对睾丸的代谢活动有负面影响，但会增强大脑的抗氧化活性。
{"title":"Oxidative stress markers in brain and gonads of rabbit bucks fed herbal supplements","authors":"Olatunji Abubakar Jimoh","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00372-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00372-y","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, there is an increase in the usage of phytogenic feed additives to help improve animal welfare and productivity, while less emphasis is now placed on metabolic and oxidative stability of neuronal and testicular tissues. This study aims at investigating the effects of Moringa oleifera, Phyllanthus amarus and Viscum album as feed additives on some metabolic indicators and oxidative status of rabbit testis and brain. Isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated with 5% supplementation of each of the phytogenic additive to 3 treatment groups and basal diet group. It was revealed that moringa, mistletoe, and phyllanthus can modulate oxidative status in both the brain and gonads of rabbit bucks through their unique phytochemical compositions, thereby affecting reproductive and cognitive functions. Moringa, rich in crude protein, saponins, glycosides, and steroids, enhances protein and lactate dehydrogenase levels but increases lipid peroxidation in the testis. Mistletoe, with high crude fiber, ash, and antioxidants like flavonoids and tannins, boosts total antioxidant activity in several brain regions and reduces lipid peroxidation, indicating its potential for reducing oxidative stress. Phyllanthus, having the least fiber and ash but effective antioxidant properties, notably affects the oxidative balance in both the testis and brain, with varied impacts on different tissues. The result obtained showed that total antioxidant activity of the left testis was enhanced (p < 0.05) by inclusion of the phytogenic additives, while total antioxidant activity of the right testis in bucks fed on phytogenic additives were similar (p > 0.05) to bucks on basal diet. Bucks fed on moringa and phyllanthus additives had higher (p < 0.05) testicular lipid peroxidation, lowered testicular protein and/or lactate dehydrogenase. Result also shows that lipid peroxidation of hypothalamus, cerebrum, olfactory lobe and cerebellum were lowest in bucks fed on mistletoe, phyllanthus, phyllanthus and phyllanthus, respectively. High catalase activity of optic lobe, olfactory lobe and cerebellum were observed in bucks fed on mistletoe, moringa and mistletoe, respectively, while glutathione peroxidase activity in hypothalamus, cerebrum, olfactory lobe and pineal was enhanced (p < 0.05) in bucks fed on moringa and mistletoe compared to bucks on other treatment. M. oleifera, P. amarus and V. album leaves as phytogenic feed additives in rabbit diets have negative effect on the metabolic activity of the testis, enhancing antioxidant activity in the brain.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142208368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.1186/s41936-024-00388-4
Esam M. Emara, Mohammed A. Batt, Maher A. El-Sawaf
The glassy clover snail, Monacha obstructa (Pfeiffer), is considered one of the major agricultural pests that ruin many field crops, vegetables, orchards of fruits, plants of ornament as well as many other plantations. Synthesis of the Schiff base ligand, namely bis-[4-benzylidene-thiophene-2′-yl] methane (L), produced from the reaction between thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde and diaminodiphenylmethane (MDA), alongside its copper complex were conducted. The output chemical compounds were evaluated in vitro for their molluscicidal activity against the glassy clover snail, M. obstructa by performing the contact technique. Stock solutions were prepared via using (distilled water + DMF) mixture. Furthermore, the impact of these compounds on some critical biochemical indicators: cholesterol, total protein, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), was evaluated. The outcome results demonstrated the significantly higher molluscicidal activity of the Cu(II) chelate compared to its free ligand (L), which in turn reveals the importance of metal chelation in enhancing toxicity against the target species. Particularly, the LC25 and LC50 values are (27.25, 34.65) and (17.88, 25.31) ppm for the ligand (L) and its copper construction, respectively. Additionally, the data confirmed the significant effectiveness of the tested compounds on the assessed biochemical indicators of treated snails. Total protein and cholesterol levels were elevated after treatment with both the ligand (L) and its copper complex while AChE activity increased after treatment with the ligand (L) and reduced upon the exposure to the Cu(II) chelate. The findings established that the copper complex exhibited a markedly higher molluscicidal activity compared to the free ligand (L). Also, the results confirmed the significant effects of the investigated compounds on the assessed biochemical indicators of treated M. obstructa snails.
{"title":"In vitro molluscicidal activity and biochemical impacts of some thiophene derivatives against the glassy clover snail, Monacha obstructa (Pfeiffer)","authors":"Esam M. Emara, Mohammed A. Batt, Maher A. El-Sawaf","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00388-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00388-4","url":null,"abstract":"The glassy clover snail, Monacha obstructa (Pfeiffer), is considered one of the major agricultural pests that ruin many field crops, vegetables, orchards of fruits, plants of ornament as well as many other plantations. Synthesis of the Schiff base ligand, namely bis-[4-benzylidene-thiophene-2′-yl] methane (L), produced from the reaction between thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde and diaminodiphenylmethane (MDA), alongside its copper complex were conducted. The output chemical compounds were evaluated in vitro for their molluscicidal activity against the glassy clover snail, M. obstructa by performing the contact technique. Stock solutions were prepared via using (distilled water + DMF) mixture. Furthermore, the impact of these compounds on some critical biochemical indicators: cholesterol, total protein, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), was evaluated. The outcome results demonstrated the significantly higher molluscicidal activity of the Cu(II) chelate compared to its free ligand (L), which in turn reveals the importance of metal chelation in enhancing toxicity against the target species. Particularly, the LC25 and LC50 values are (27.25, 34.65) and (17.88, 25.31) ppm for the ligand (L) and its copper construction, respectively. Additionally, the data confirmed the significant effectiveness of the tested compounds on the assessed biochemical indicators of treated snails. Total protein and cholesterol levels were elevated after treatment with both the ligand (L) and its copper complex while AChE activity increased after treatment with the ligand (L) and reduced upon the exposure to the Cu(II) chelate. The findings established that the copper complex exhibited a markedly higher molluscicidal activity compared to the free ligand (L). Also, the results confirmed the significant effects of the investigated compounds on the assessed biochemical indicators of treated M. obstructa snails.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142208367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-17DOI: 10.1186/s41936-024-00383-9
Mohamed Hosny, Nasser S. Abou Khalil, Alshaimaa A. I. Alghriany, Mohammed Younis, Mostafa Galal Abdelfattah
Due to its rich content of active phytochemicals, milk thistle is regarded as a promising nutritional supplement for quails, particularly in regions with limited financial resources. Thus, our study aimed to evaluate the possible beneficial impact of aqueous extract of milk thistle seeds (MTS) at two graded concentrations (10 and 20 ml/L of drinking water) on male Japanese quails during their reproductive period. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of 29 active compounds, including nine flavonoids and ten phenolic compounds. The supplemented groups showed significant improvements in body weight gain. MTS1 group exhibited a notable decrease in daily feed consumption, while MTS2 group showed a significant increase in daily water consumption. There was a dose-dependent increase in cecum length. The total count of intestinal bacteria decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Incorporating aqueous extract of MTS at concentration of 10 ml /L resulted in a significant increase in total protein and packed cell volume. Similar increases in globulin and decreases in the albumin/globulin ratio and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were observed with both doses of supplementation. A significant decrease in total cholesterol and AST was observed in the high-dose group. Significantly higher plasma testosterone and triiodothyronine levels were observed only in the high-dose group, while plasma thyroxine levels were similarly increased in both supplemented groups. Intervention with MTS resulted in dose-dependent increases in cloacal gland index and cloacal foam production. Both supplemented groups showed significant increases in the diameter of seminiferous tubules and the number of Sertoli cells. Marked growth-promoting, antibacterial, and reproductive-enhancing effects were observed when incorporating aqueous extract of MTS into the quails’ drinking water, particularly at a dosage of 20 ml/L.
{"title":"Growth performance, biochemical outcomes, and testicular histological features in male Japanese quails supplemented with milk thistle seeds","authors":"Mohamed Hosny, Nasser S. Abou Khalil, Alshaimaa A. I. Alghriany, Mohammed Younis, Mostafa Galal Abdelfattah","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00383-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00383-9","url":null,"abstract":"Due to its rich content of active phytochemicals, milk thistle is regarded as a promising nutritional supplement for quails, particularly in regions with limited financial resources. Thus, our study aimed to evaluate the possible beneficial impact of aqueous extract of milk thistle seeds (MTS) at two graded concentrations (10 and 20 ml/L of drinking water) on male Japanese quails during their reproductive period. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of 29 active compounds, including nine flavonoids and ten phenolic compounds. The supplemented groups showed significant improvements in body weight gain. MTS1 group exhibited a notable decrease in daily feed consumption, while MTS2 group showed a significant increase in daily water consumption. There was a dose-dependent increase in cecum length. The total count of intestinal bacteria decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Incorporating aqueous extract of MTS at concentration of 10 ml /L resulted in a significant increase in total protein and packed cell volume. Similar increases in globulin and decreases in the albumin/globulin ratio and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were observed with both doses of supplementation. A significant decrease in total cholesterol and AST was observed in the high-dose group. Significantly higher plasma testosterone and triiodothyronine levels were observed only in the high-dose group, while plasma thyroxine levels were similarly increased in both supplemented groups. Intervention with MTS resulted in dose-dependent increases in cloacal gland index and cloacal foam production. Both supplemented groups showed significant increases in the diameter of seminiferous tubules and the number of Sertoli cells. Marked growth-promoting, antibacterial, and reproductive-enhancing effects were observed when incorporating aqueous extract of MTS into the quails’ drinking water, particularly at a dosage of 20 ml/L.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142208369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-13DOI: 10.1186/s41936-024-00382-w
Ankit Mishra, K. P. Singh
Neuroendocrine-immune homeostasis is a prerequisite for neurobehavioral performances. Dysregulation of this homeostasis manifested in behavioral dysfunctions and neurodegenerative diseases, including schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. The present study aimed to investigate the role of PD 149163 (PD), a neurotensin agonist, in the modulation of behavioral disturbances induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. Thirty-six female mice, 12 weeks old, were divided into 6 groups (n = 6/group). Group I (control) mice were given intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of saline. Group II (LPS) received LPS (1 mg/kg, i.p.) for 5 days. Group III (LPS + PD Low) and IV (LPS + PD High) have received an injection of LPS (1 mg/kg, for 5 days) and after that treated with PD 100 µg/kg and 300 µg/kg, i.p., respectively, for 21 days. Group V (PD Low) and VI (PD High) were exposed to PD 100 µg/kg and 300 µg/kg, respectively, for 21 days. In the open-field test, the PD attenuated the behavior of LPS-exposed mice by increasing the number of squares crossed, time spent in the central square, rearing and grooming, and decreasing immobility, latency and defecation. Likewise, in the elevated plus-maze test, PD increased the number of entries on open and enclosed arms, time spent on open and enclosed arms, grooming and rearing, and reduced the head dipping and immobility in LPS-challenged mice. The PD enhanced the immobility time in the forced swimming test, and sucrose consumption in the sucrose preference test decreased after LPS exposure. This study suggests that PD modulates the LPS-induced anxiety and depression-like behavioral impairments and could be an alternate choice of the atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAPDs) in the future.
{"title":"Neurotensin receptor-1 agonist PD 149163 modulates the lipopolysaccharide-induced behavioral disturbances in mice","authors":"Ankit Mishra, K. P. Singh","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00382-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00382-w","url":null,"abstract":"Neuroendocrine-immune homeostasis is a prerequisite for neurobehavioral performances. Dysregulation of this homeostasis manifested in behavioral dysfunctions and neurodegenerative diseases, including schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. The present study aimed to investigate the role of PD 149163 (PD), a neurotensin agonist, in the modulation of behavioral disturbances induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. Thirty-six female mice, 12 weeks old, were divided into 6 groups (n = 6/group). Group I (control) mice were given intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of saline. Group II (LPS) received LPS (1 mg/kg, i.p.) for 5 days. Group III (LPS + PD Low) and IV (LPS + PD High) have received an injection of LPS (1 mg/kg, for 5 days) and after that treated with PD 100 µg/kg and 300 µg/kg, i.p., respectively, for 21 days. Group V (PD Low) and VI (PD High) were exposed to PD 100 µg/kg and 300 µg/kg, respectively, for 21 days. In the open-field test, the PD attenuated the behavior of LPS-exposed mice by increasing the number of squares crossed, time spent in the central square, rearing and grooming, and decreasing immobility, latency and defecation. Likewise, in the elevated plus-maze test, PD increased the number of entries on open and enclosed arms, time spent on open and enclosed arms, grooming and rearing, and reduced the head dipping and immobility in LPS-challenged mice. The PD enhanced the immobility time in the forced swimming test, and sucrose consumption in the sucrose preference test decreased after LPS exposure. This study suggests that PD modulates the LPS-induced anxiety and depression-like behavioral impairments and could be an alternate choice of the atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAPDs) in the future.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142208371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-13DOI: 10.1186/s41936-024-00381-x
Aishwarya Shetty, Pulikeshi M. Biradar
Eisenia fetida is the epigeic earthworm renowned for organic waste management in vermitechnology. The medicinal properties of earthworm biomass is gaining much more importance in extracting various biomolecules. Therefore, the present study was carried out to analyze the bioactive compounds of Eisenia fetida by using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy analysis of four different solvent extract and highlighting their biological activities. The analysis showed the presence of 17, 22, 21 and 18 bioactive compounds in chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and distilled water solvent extract, respectively. Each compound were analyzed based on their peak number, R-time and Base m/z values. The molecular formula, molecular weight, compound nature, their structure and biological activities were tabulated. The presence of a wide range of bioactive compounds in the epigeic earthworm, Eisenia fetida, justifies the pharmacological use in curing various diseases.
{"title":"Analysis of different bioactive compounds in the tissue of the epigeic earthworm, Eisenia fetida","authors":"Aishwarya Shetty, Pulikeshi M. Biradar","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00381-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00381-x","url":null,"abstract":"Eisenia fetida is the epigeic earthworm renowned for organic waste management in vermitechnology. The medicinal properties of earthworm biomass is gaining much more importance in extracting various biomolecules. Therefore, the present study was carried out to analyze the bioactive compounds of Eisenia fetida by using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy analysis of four different solvent extract and highlighting their biological activities. The analysis showed the presence of 17, 22, 21 and 18 bioactive compounds in chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and distilled water solvent extract, respectively. Each compound were analyzed based on their peak number, R-time and Base m/z values. The molecular formula, molecular weight, compound nature, their structure and biological activities were tabulated. The presence of a wide range of bioactive compounds in the epigeic earthworm, Eisenia fetida, justifies the pharmacological use in curing various diseases.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142208370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Environmental factors influence the mosquito behavior, particularly the oviposition behavior. Therefore, understanding the response of mosquitoes to their environmental conditions like photoperiod, humidity, rainfall, etc., can lead to more precise predictions of transmission cycles which help in the development of more effective vector control strategies. To understand the importance of photoperiod in determining the oviposition cycle of Anopheles subpictus and Culex quinquefasciatus, experiments were conducted under different conditions of normal light (LD 12: 12), reversed photoperiod (DL 12: 12) and continuous light (24 LL) for three consecutive days. It was noticed that ovipositional activity was exclusively restricted to the scotophase. When both the mosquito species were exposed to reverse photoperiod, the oviposition activity also reversed but they showed an erratic oviposition behavior when exposed to 24 h light condition. Understanding the oviposition behavior of mosquito species may favor to design and develop new vector control strategies.
{"title":"Effects of varying photoperiodic regimens on oviposition behavior of Anopheles subpictus and Culex quinquefasciatus","authors":"Sisir Kumar Nayak, Surya Narayan Swain, T. Sarita Achari, Tapan Kumar Barik","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00380-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00380-y","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental factors influence the mosquito behavior, particularly the oviposition behavior. Therefore, understanding the response of mosquitoes to their environmental conditions like photoperiod, humidity, rainfall, etc., can lead to more precise predictions of transmission cycles which help in the development of more effective vector control strategies. To understand the importance of photoperiod in determining the oviposition cycle of Anopheles subpictus and Culex quinquefasciatus, experiments were conducted under different conditions of normal light (LD 12: 12), reversed photoperiod (DL 12: 12) and continuous light (24 LL) for three consecutive days. It was noticed that ovipositional activity was exclusively restricted to the scotophase. When both the mosquito species were exposed to reverse photoperiod, the oviposition activity also reversed but they showed an erratic oviposition behavior when exposed to 24 h light condition. Understanding the oviposition behavior of mosquito species may favor to design and develop new vector control strategies.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"2011 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141938540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amphibians are facing a global decline for the last few decades due to habitat loss, pesticide pollution, diseases and some other reasons. Fungal disease called chytridiomycosis has been emerged as one of the major causes of anuran extinction and decline in many parts of the globe. As the causal fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) were reported to have ubiquitous distribution on Earth, a survey was being conducted in districts of southern West Bengal, India, to assess probable anuran damage by the Bd in this region. A significant percentage of the common frogs Hoplobatrachus tigerinus and Phrynoderma hexadactylum were found to carry disease symptoms like redness of ventral skin, rashes, skin lesions, sluggish movements followed by death within 2 months. Investigation pointed the causal factor as Alternaria alternata. Liver and lungs were the primarily affected organs. Histopathology identified the presence of spores in TS of infected lungs along with hepatocellular steatosis. Elevation of serum SGPT and triglyceride (~ tenfold and ~ threefold, respectively, compared to healthy groups) was also key findings in infected individuals. Infection prevalence was highest in South 24 Parganas (more than 7%). A common plant pathogen shifting host to anurans in a trans-kingdom way may be a significant evolutionary finding, but the infection being detrimental to two local frogs will have severe impacts. As the frogs are food web intermediates of their habitats, a collapse in local food web will be the primary ecological impact along with higher incidence of mosquito-borne diseases.
{"title":"Alternaria alternata as emerging threat for Hoplobatrachus tigerinus and Phrynoderma hexadactylum in southern West Bengal, India","authors":"Partha Ganguly, Swapan Kumar Ghosh, Koutilya Bhattacharjee","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00378-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00378-6","url":null,"abstract":"Amphibians are facing a global decline for the last few decades due to habitat loss, pesticide pollution, diseases and some other reasons. Fungal disease called chytridiomycosis has been emerged as one of the major causes of anuran extinction and decline in many parts of the globe. As the causal fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) were reported to have ubiquitous distribution on Earth, a survey was being conducted in districts of southern West Bengal, India, to assess probable anuran damage by the Bd in this region. A significant percentage of the common frogs Hoplobatrachus tigerinus and Phrynoderma hexadactylum were found to carry disease symptoms like redness of ventral skin, rashes, skin lesions, sluggish movements followed by death within 2 months. Investigation pointed the causal factor as Alternaria alternata. Liver and lungs were the primarily affected organs. Histopathology identified the presence of spores in TS of infected lungs along with hepatocellular steatosis. Elevation of serum SGPT and triglyceride (~ tenfold and ~ threefold, respectively, compared to healthy groups) was also key findings in infected individuals. Infection prevalence was highest in South 24 Parganas (more than 7%). A common plant pathogen shifting host to anurans in a trans-kingdom way may be a significant evolutionary finding, but the infection being detrimental to two local frogs will have severe impacts. As the frogs are food web intermediates of their habitats, a collapse in local food web will be the primary ecological impact along with higher incidence of mosquito-borne diseases.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141872833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.1186/s41936-024-00370-0
Hanan Waly, Rahma F. Ezz El-Arab, Nasser S. Abou Khalil, Khaled M. A. Hassanein, M. Bassam Al-Salahy, Shaimaa M. M. Saleh
Tartrazine (Tz) is one of the most commonly used colorants incorporated in the food manufacturing. Its toxicity is derived from metabolic byproducts representing health hazards to consumers. Gallic acid (GA) is known for its redox stabilizing, anti-apoptotic, and cytoprotective characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the possible defensive effect of GA against Tz-induced testicular dysfunction. To achieve this objective, 18 male Wistar adult rats were randomly and equally categorized into three groups for 30 days. The control group received no treatment. Tz at a dose of 30 mg/kg BW was administered to the Tz group. The Tz + GA group received GA at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW in concurrent with the previously described Tz dosage. Both Tz and GA were supplemented orally once daily by a stomach tube. The marked decline in luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone, and estradiol 17beta confirmed deviation in pituitary–gonadal axis of Tz-exposed rats. Imbalances in plasma redox equilibrium were evident, characterized by a notable increase in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels, along with a decrease in reduced glutathione and total antioxidant capacity. Deteriorations in histopathological features, fibrosis in testicular tissue, abnormalities in Sertoli cell, and up-regulation in caspase-3 were observed. Conversely, GA administration successfully reversed these issues. The ability of GA to counteract toxicological molecular targets in Tz-exposed testes is believed to be achieved through the restoration of oxidant/antioxidant balance and the prevention of the apoptotic cascade.
{"title":"Gallic acid counteracts tartrazine-induced testicular dysfunction in rats: biochemical, histopathological and ultrastructural evidences","authors":"Hanan Waly, Rahma F. Ezz El-Arab, Nasser S. Abou Khalil, Khaled M. A. Hassanein, M. Bassam Al-Salahy, Shaimaa M. M. Saleh","doi":"10.1186/s41936-024-00370-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00370-0","url":null,"abstract":"Tartrazine (Tz) is one of the most commonly used colorants incorporated in the food manufacturing. Its toxicity is derived from metabolic byproducts representing health hazards to consumers. Gallic acid (GA) is known for its redox stabilizing, anti-apoptotic, and cytoprotective characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the possible defensive effect of GA against Tz-induced testicular dysfunction. To achieve this objective, 18 male Wistar adult rats were randomly and equally categorized into three groups for 30 days. The control group received no treatment. Tz at a dose of 30 mg/kg BW was administered to the Tz group. The Tz + GA group received GA at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW in concurrent with the previously described Tz dosage. Both Tz and GA were supplemented orally once daily by a stomach tube. The marked decline in luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone, and estradiol 17beta confirmed deviation in pituitary–gonadal axis of Tz-exposed rats. Imbalances in plasma redox equilibrium were evident, characterized by a notable increase in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels, along with a decrease in reduced glutathione and total antioxidant capacity. Deteriorations in histopathological features, fibrosis in testicular tissue, abnormalities in Sertoli cell, and up-regulation in caspase-3 were observed. Conversely, GA administration successfully reversed these issues. The ability of GA to counteract toxicological molecular targets in Tz-exposed testes is believed to be achieved through the restoration of oxidant/antioxidant balance and the prevention of the apoptotic cascade.","PeriodicalId":22591,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141770422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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