Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.29261/pakvetj/2022.080
L. Marcelino
Seafood is an essential part of nutrient acquisition and is considered a staple food in areas located nearby water bodies. The potential pathogens associated with seafood consumption are often neglected to make foodborne zoonosis more likely to occur. Anisakiasis resulting from infected nematodes Anisakis has worldwide distribution including developing continents like Asia (China, Japan, Korea and Bangladesh) and some developed areas like the Netherlands and the United States. Despite a global burden of morbidities and fatalities, Anisakiasis remains a neglected zoonotic disease. The intensity and distribution of disease rise owing to the consumption of different kinds of raw or improperly cooked seafood like sushi etc. There is no proper treatment for Anisakiasis owing to the delays in reaching out for medical opinions. Keeping in view the gaps in Anisakiasis research and surveillance, we should improve the treatment with medicine, surgery, and essential oil and curtail the transmission of diseases from parasites to humans. There are gaps in the existing information on the epidemiological significance of the so far known species of Anisakis, both in their natural and accidental host-like human population worldwide. This review signifies the importance of awareness, knowledge of Anisakiasis among humans and animals from a global viewpoint. A holistic approach by thorough assessment of the rapidly spreading disease Anisakiasis in natural and accidental hosts as well as in marine ecosystems is required to prevent morbidities and mortalities in humans
{"title":"Potential of Anisakiasis in Foodborne Zoonosis","authors":"L. Marcelino","doi":"10.29261/pakvetj/2022.080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2022.080","url":null,"abstract":"Seafood is an essential part of nutrient acquisition and is considered a staple food in areas located nearby water bodies. The potential pathogens associated with seafood consumption are often neglected to make foodborne zoonosis more likely to occur. Anisakiasis resulting from infected nematodes Anisakis has worldwide distribution including developing continents like Asia (China, Japan, Korea and Bangladesh) and some developed areas like the Netherlands and the United States. Despite a global burden of morbidities and fatalities, Anisakiasis remains a neglected zoonotic disease. The intensity and distribution of disease rise owing to the consumption of different kinds of raw or improperly cooked seafood like sushi etc. There is no proper treatment for Anisakiasis owing to the delays in reaching out for medical opinions. Keeping in view the gaps in Anisakiasis research and surveillance, we should improve the treatment with medicine, surgery, and essential oil and curtail the transmission of diseases from parasites to humans. There are gaps in the existing information on the epidemiological significance of the so far known species of Anisakis, both in their natural and accidental host-like human population worldwide. This review signifies the importance of awareness, knowledge of Anisakiasis among humans and animals from a global viewpoint. A holistic approach by thorough assessment of the rapidly spreading disease Anisakiasis in natural and accidental hosts as well as in marine ecosystems is required to prevent morbidities and mortalities in humans","PeriodicalId":22797,"journal":{"name":"The Pakistan Veterinary Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89393257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.29261/pakvetj/2022.078
A. Ahmad
The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence and molecular characterization of biofilm-positive S. aureus isolates from bovine subclinical mastitis. The study also highlights the role of commonly used NSAIDs and ivermectin to modulate the S. aureus-associated antibiotic resistance. The results found a 41.41% S. aureus prevalence, out of which 25.79% isolates were biofilm-positive based on Congo red agar, microtitre plate test, and presence of icaA gene. Phylogenetic analysis of study isolates showed a high similarity with Egyptian and Indian icaA-positive S. aureus isolates. The comparative antibiotic resistance profiling showed a significantly (p<0.05) higher resistance to gentamicin, oxytetracycline, and cotrimoxazole by biofilm-positive isolates compared to non-biofilm forming isolates. The prevalence of methicillin and vancomycin resistant S. aureus was 62.5 and 20.83%, respectively. Antimicrobial effects of non-antibiotics against study isolates accessed through well diffusion method showed higher zones of inhibition for meloxicam followed by flunixin, ketoprofen, and ivermectin. The combinations of resistant antibiotics with non-antibiotics were investigated using well diffusion method and checkerboard assay. The combinations of amoxicillin/meloxicam, cotrimoxazole/flunixin, cotrimoxazole/ ketoprofen, and gentamicin/flunixin on well diffusion method and cotrimoxazole/ flunixin, amoxicillin/ketoprofen and gentamicin/flunixin on checkerboard assay revealed synergistic interactions. The study concluded that biofilm positive S. aureus is an emerging and prevailing cause of bovine mastitis in dairy farms of Pakistan. The increasing antibiotic resistance in S. aureus can be modulated by combining the resistant antibiotics with NSAIDs, especially flunixin and ketoprofen
{"title":"Molecular Characterization and Therapeutic Insights into Biofilm Positive Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bovine Subclinical Mastitis","authors":"A. Ahmad","doi":"10.29261/pakvetj/2022.078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2022.078","url":null,"abstract":"The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence and molecular characterization of biofilm-positive S. aureus isolates from bovine subclinical mastitis. The study also highlights the role of commonly used NSAIDs and ivermectin to modulate the S. aureus-associated antibiotic resistance. The results found a 41.41% S. aureus prevalence, out of which 25.79% isolates were biofilm-positive based on Congo red agar, microtitre plate test, and presence of icaA gene. Phylogenetic analysis of study isolates showed a high similarity with Egyptian and Indian icaA-positive S. aureus isolates. The comparative antibiotic resistance profiling showed a significantly (p<0.05) higher resistance to gentamicin, oxytetracycline, and cotrimoxazole by biofilm-positive isolates compared to non-biofilm forming isolates. The prevalence of methicillin and vancomycin resistant S. aureus was 62.5 and 20.83%, respectively. Antimicrobial effects of non-antibiotics against study isolates accessed through well diffusion method showed higher zones of inhibition for meloxicam followed by flunixin, ketoprofen, and ivermectin. The combinations of resistant antibiotics with non-antibiotics were investigated using well diffusion method and checkerboard assay. The combinations of amoxicillin/meloxicam, cotrimoxazole/flunixin, cotrimoxazole/ ketoprofen, and gentamicin/flunixin on well diffusion method and cotrimoxazole/ flunixin, amoxicillin/ketoprofen and gentamicin/flunixin on checkerboard assay revealed synergistic interactions. The study concluded that biofilm positive S. aureus is an emerging and prevailing cause of bovine mastitis in dairy farms of Pakistan. The increasing antibiotic resistance in S. aureus can be modulated by combining the resistant antibiotics with NSAIDs, especially flunixin and ketoprofen","PeriodicalId":22797,"journal":{"name":"The Pakistan Veterinary Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90922694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.29261/pakvetj/2022.042
Junjun Liu
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading source of foodborne poisoning in the human population also critically severe mastitis in livestock. A total of 671 serum samples were collected and tested through ELISA assays. The results revealed that the total prevalence of S. aureus infection in dairy cattle was 29.1% (95% CI: 25.6-32.7). In different farms, the prevalence ranged from 13.9% (95% CI: 8.8-20.5) to 36.6% (30.4-43.2). Similarly, the mean sero-prevalence was 17.0% (13.1-21.4) and 41.6% (36.3-47.2) in male and female animals, respectively. However, at different ages, the mean prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was found to be 14.3% (7.4-24.1) to 38.5% (30.8-46.6). Although in different years, the sero-prevalence was 27.5% (22.2-33.4) in 2019, 19.6% (13.7-26.7) in 2020 and 36.5% (30.6-42.7) in 2021. According to conditional stepwise logistic regression analysis, different farms, gender, age and year were observed as the critical risk factors affecting the prevalence. Our results may contribute to development of prevention and control strategies against this zoonotic pathogen in farm animals in this region
{"title":"Epidemiological investigation of Staphylococcus aureus Infection in Dairy Cattle in Anhui, China","authors":"Junjun Liu","doi":"10.29261/pakvetj/2022.042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2022.042","url":null,"abstract":"Staphylococcus aureus is a leading source of foodborne poisoning in the human population also critically severe mastitis in livestock. A total of 671 serum samples were collected and tested through ELISA assays. The results revealed that the total prevalence of S. aureus infection in dairy cattle was 29.1% (95% CI: 25.6-32.7). In different farms, the prevalence ranged from 13.9% (95% CI: 8.8-20.5) to 36.6% (30.4-43.2). Similarly, the mean sero-prevalence was 17.0% (13.1-21.4) and 41.6% (36.3-47.2) in male and female animals, respectively. However, at different ages, the mean prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was found to be 14.3% (7.4-24.1) to 38.5% (30.8-46.6). Although in different years, the sero-prevalence was 27.5% (22.2-33.4) in 2019, 19.6% (13.7-26.7) in 2020 and 36.5% (30.6-42.7) in 2021. According to conditional stepwise logistic regression analysis, different farms, gender, age and year were observed as the critical risk factors affecting the prevalence. Our results may contribute to development of prevention and control strategies against this zoonotic pathogen in farm animals in this region","PeriodicalId":22797,"journal":{"name":"The Pakistan Veterinary Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80619313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.29261/pakvetj/2022.049
A. E. Telli
The present study aimed to determine the pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. and to investigate their phylogenetic relation by Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus Polymerase Chain Reaction (ERIC-PCR) in retail chicken samples. A total of 75 samples were processed for isolation of E. coli and Salmonella spp. by classical cultural methods and isolates were confirmed by the species-specific PCR. Salmonella spp. was detected in 21.3% and E. coli was detected in 74.6% of the chicken carcasses. S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium were not detected in chickens by duplex PCR-based assay. O157 based on serotyping and PCR, was not detected in any of the isolates. Besides, virulence and toxin genes were not detected in any of the E. coli isolates. According to ERIC patterns, the obtained ribotypes showed that all Salmonella spp. isolates presented large genetic diversity, whereas only two (3.5%) of E. coli isolates were genetically identical. Although virulent E. coli, and pathogenic serotypes of Salmonella spp. were not detected in our study, it is thought that their high incidence should be considered as an indicator of failure to comply with hygienic conditions and lack of sanitary practices especially in slaughterhouses
{"title":"Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in Chicken Carcass Rinses: Isolation and Genotyping by ERIC-PCR","authors":"A. E. Telli","doi":"10.29261/pakvetj/2022.049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2022.049","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aimed to determine the pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. and to investigate their phylogenetic relation by Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus Polymerase Chain Reaction (ERIC-PCR) in retail chicken samples. A total of 75 samples were processed for isolation of E. coli and Salmonella spp. by classical cultural methods and isolates were confirmed by the species-specific PCR. Salmonella spp. was detected in 21.3% and E. coli was detected in 74.6% of the chicken carcasses. S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium were not detected in chickens by duplex PCR-based assay. O157 based on serotyping and PCR, was not detected in any of the isolates. Besides, virulence and toxin genes were not detected in any of the E. coli isolates. According to ERIC patterns, the obtained ribotypes showed that all Salmonella spp. isolates presented large genetic diversity, whereas only two (3.5%) of E. coli isolates were genetically identical. Although virulent E. coli, and pathogenic serotypes of Salmonella spp. were not detected in our study, it is thought that their high incidence should be considered as an indicator of failure to comply with hygienic conditions and lack of sanitary practices especially in slaughterhouses","PeriodicalId":22797,"journal":{"name":"The Pakistan Veterinary Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82929911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.29261/pakvetj/2022.073
Mohammad I. Alberfkani
Monieziasis caused by Moniezia species is considered the most common gastrointestinal disorder in sheep. The present study was performed to determine the prevalence of the tapeworms in the sheep’s intestine in Duhok province, Kurdistan region, Iraq based on molecular techniques. A total of two hundred sheep were examined during the period from January to June 2022. Thirty-two (16%) sheep were harboring Moniezia species, while statistically local sheep were more susceptible to infection (32.3%) as compared to imported sheep (8.1%). Sampled tapeworms were analyzed morphologically and using conventional PCR for amplifying and sequencing of ITS 1 and cox1 gene. The results of PCR confirmed the identity of tapeworms as Moniezia spp. with a product length of 743 base pairs for ITS 1 and 364 base pairs for cox1 gene. The sequencing analysis using cox1 gene revealed that; 25 Moniezia expanse and 7 Avitellina centripunctata while sequence analysis by using ITS 1 gene revealed 20 Moniezia expanse and 12 Moniezia spp. with 99.6-100% homology. This study confirms the prevalence of Moniezia spp. in Iraq by using the ITS 1 and cox1 gene
由蒙尼兹虫引起的蒙尼兹虫病被认为是绵羊最常见的胃肠疾病。本研究旨在利用分子技术确定伊拉克库尔德斯坦地区杜胡克省绵羊肠中绦虫的流行情况。在2022年1月至6月期间，共检查了200只羊。32只羊(16%)携带莫尼西亚菌，而统计上本地羊(32.3%)比进口羊(8.1%)更容易感染。对采集的绦虫进行形态分析，并采用常规PCR法扩增ITS 1和cox1基因，并对其进行测序。PCR结果证实该绦虫为Moniezia, ITS 1基因的产物长度为743个碱基对，cox1基因的产物长度为364个碱基对。cox1基因测序分析显示;利用ITS -1基因序列分析，发现20个Moniezia扩增体和12个Moniezia属同源性为99.6% ~ 100%。本研究利用ITS 1和cox1基因证实了伊拉克血吸虫的流行
{"title":"Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of cox1 and ITS 1 Gene Fragments of Moniezia Species Isolated from Sheep","authors":"Mohammad I. Alberfkani","doi":"10.29261/pakvetj/2022.073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2022.073","url":null,"abstract":"Monieziasis caused by Moniezia species is considered the most common gastrointestinal disorder in sheep. The present study was performed to determine the prevalence of the tapeworms in the sheep’s intestine in Duhok province, Kurdistan region, Iraq based on molecular techniques. A total of two hundred sheep were examined during the period from January to June 2022. Thirty-two (16%) sheep were harboring Moniezia species, while statistically local sheep were more susceptible to infection (32.3%) as compared to imported sheep (8.1%). Sampled tapeworms were analyzed morphologically and using conventional PCR for amplifying and sequencing of ITS 1 and cox1 gene. The results of PCR confirmed the identity of tapeworms as Moniezia spp. with a product length of 743 base pairs for ITS 1 and 364 base pairs for cox1 gene. The sequencing analysis using cox1 gene revealed that; 25 Moniezia expanse and 7 Avitellina centripunctata while sequence analysis by using ITS 1 gene revealed 20 Moniezia expanse and 12 Moniezia spp. with 99.6-100% homology. This study confirms the prevalence of Moniezia spp. in Iraq by using the ITS 1 and cox1 gene","PeriodicalId":22797,"journal":{"name":"The Pakistan Veterinary Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73064958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.29261/pakvetj/2022.082
A. Imran
Due to the emergence of drug resistance against synthetic chemicals, effective alternatives like essential oils are required for the control of coccidiosis in poultry. Hence, the present in-vivo experiment was conducted on Citrus (C.) sinensis essential oil for investigation of its anticoccidial efficacy. For this purpose, 72 day-old chicks were procured from local market and divided randomly into six equal groups: A, B, C, D, E and F. On day 14, all the groups except F were administered with 50,000 sporulated oocysts (mixed Eimeria species). On the same day, groups A, B and C were given 1, 2 and 3% of C. sinensis essential oil, respectively, in feed, group D with Toltrazuril® while groups E and F were left unmedicated. The results revealed C. sinensis essential oil to have positive effect on FCR in broilers. Moreover, there was a significant improvement in oocysts per gram of faeces, lesion score, oocyst score and faecal score in oil treated broilers at the maximum inclusion level of 3% comparable to the standard control. However, apart from significant effect on WBCs count and serum levels of ALT and LDH, C. sinensis essential oil had very limited non-significant effect on hematological and serum biochemical parameters, and organs’ weight. Thus, the present study provided C. sinensis essential oil to be an alternate anticoccidial agent which can be used in coccidiosis control programs after further validation
{"title":"Anticoccidial Efficacy of Citrus sinensis Essential Oil in Broiler Chicken","authors":"A. Imran","doi":"10.29261/pakvetj/2022.082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2022.082","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the emergence of drug resistance against synthetic chemicals, effective alternatives like essential oils are required for the control of coccidiosis in poultry. Hence, the present in-vivo experiment was conducted on Citrus (C.) sinensis essential oil for investigation of its anticoccidial efficacy. For this purpose, 72 day-old chicks were procured from local market and divided randomly into six equal groups: A, B, C, D, E and F. On day 14, all the groups except F were administered with 50,000 sporulated oocysts (mixed Eimeria species). On the same day, groups A, B and C were given 1, 2 and 3% of C. sinensis essential oil, respectively, in feed, group D with Toltrazuril® while groups E and F were left unmedicated. The results revealed C. sinensis essential oil to have positive effect on FCR in broilers. Moreover, there was a significant improvement in oocysts per gram of faeces, lesion score, oocyst score and faecal score in oil treated broilers at the maximum inclusion level of 3% comparable to the standard control. However, apart from significant effect on WBCs count and serum levels of ALT and LDH, C. sinensis essential oil had very limited non-significant effect on hematological and serum biochemical parameters, and organs’ weight. Thus, the present study provided C. sinensis essential oil to be an alternate anticoccidial agent which can be used in coccidiosis control programs after further validation","PeriodicalId":22797,"journal":{"name":"The Pakistan Veterinary Journal","volume":"134 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77379273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.29261/pakvetj/2022.028
Jahanzeb Nazir
This study was designed to check the dietary effect of different levels of lysine on intestinal morphology, cecal tonsils and goblet cell count in Japanese Quails. For this Purpose, a total of 100, day old chicks were randomly divided in four groups. These groups were further sub-divided into five replicas per group, each replica having five birds. NRC has recommended 13g/kg of lysine in basal diet in 1994. The birds of control group (first) were fed with basal diet containing 13 g/kg of lysine, second experimental groups fed contained lysine at the rate of 11.7g/kg of lysine, third group 13.6 g/kg of lysine and fourth group 14.9 g/kg, respectively for 35 days. The results showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in villus height (VH), villus width (VW), villus surface area (VSA) and muscular mucosa thickness (MMT) in all parts of the small intestine of 13.65 g/kg supplemented birds. In jejunum, VH, VW, VSA, lamina propria thickness (LPT) and MMT was increased at levels 13.65 g/kg and 14.95 g/kg. Crypt depth (CD) and muscularis externa thickness (MET) did not vary in both duodenum and jejunum, in ileum CD and MET was increased (P<0.005) in treated groups 13.65 g/kg and 14.95 g/kg. LPT was increased (P<0.005) in duodenum and jejunum, while in ileum it was insignificant. Total goblet cells count was increased in all duodenum, jejunum and ileum. In duodenum acidic mucin and total GC count was significant (P<0.005) in lysine treated groups at 13.65 g/kg and 11.7 g/kg level while mixed mucin GC count was non-significant. In jejunum and ileum portion acidic mucin, mixed and total GC count was higher (P<0.005) in 13.65 g/kg group. In cecal tonsils length, width, area and number of lymphatic nodule and was significant (P<0.005) in 13.65 g/kg. Lysine supplementation of 13.65 g/kg is beneficial feed additive for Japanese Quails on intestinal morphology
{"title":"Different Dietary Levels of Lysine have Beneficial Effects on Intestinal Morphology in Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica)","authors":"Jahanzeb Nazir","doi":"10.29261/pakvetj/2022.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2022.028","url":null,"abstract":"This study was designed to check the dietary effect of different levels of lysine on intestinal morphology, cecal tonsils and goblet cell count in Japanese Quails. For this Purpose, a total of 100, day old chicks were randomly divided in four groups. These groups were further sub-divided into five replicas per group, each replica having five birds. NRC has recommended 13g/kg of lysine in basal diet in 1994. The birds of control group (first) were fed with basal diet containing 13 g/kg of lysine, second experimental groups fed contained lysine at the rate of 11.7g/kg of lysine, third group 13.6 g/kg of lysine and fourth group 14.9 g/kg, respectively for 35 days. The results showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in villus height (VH), villus width (VW), villus surface area (VSA) and muscular mucosa thickness (MMT) in all parts of the small intestine of 13.65 g/kg supplemented birds. In jejunum, VH, VW, VSA, lamina propria thickness (LPT) and MMT was increased at levels 13.65 g/kg and 14.95 g/kg. Crypt depth (CD) and muscularis externa thickness (MET) did not vary in both duodenum and jejunum, in ileum CD and MET was increased (P<0.005) in treated groups 13.65 g/kg and 14.95 g/kg. LPT was increased (P<0.005) in duodenum and jejunum, while in ileum it was insignificant. Total goblet cells count was increased in all duodenum, jejunum and ileum. In duodenum acidic mucin and total GC count was significant (P<0.005) in lysine treated groups at 13.65 g/kg and 11.7 g/kg level while mixed mucin GC count was non-significant. In jejunum and ileum portion acidic mucin, mixed and total GC count was higher (P<0.005) in 13.65 g/kg group. In cecal tonsils length, width, area and number of lymphatic nodule and was significant (P<0.005) in 13.65 g/kg. Lysine supplementation of 13.65 g/kg is beneficial feed additive for Japanese Quails on intestinal morphology","PeriodicalId":22797,"journal":{"name":"The Pakistan Veterinary Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91107900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.29261/pakvetj/2021.060
M. U. Javed
The increase in resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has been an emerging threat in therapeutic areas of the dairy industry throughout the globe. The current study was conducted in bovines of district Faisalabad, Pakistan to investigate the phenotypic prevalence of methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) in milk samples positive for subclinical mastitis. The study further aimed to assess the associated risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern against MRSA and VRSA isolates. A total of 385 milk samples (n=193 cattle; n=192 buffalo) collected and screened for subclinical mastitis by surf field mastitis test (SFMT) were further subjected to standard microbiological techniques for the isolation of S. aureus. The positive isolates of S. aureus were phenotypically evaluated for MRSA and VRSA by the disc diffusion method. The study results revealed that out of 385 milk samples, 45.97% (177/385) samples were found positive for subclinical mastitis on SFMT while 37.14% (143/385) samples were confirmed for the presence of S. aureus. Out of these S. aureus isolates, MRSA and VRSA were confirmed in 17.48% (25/143) and 12.58% (18/143) samples respectively. The in-vitro trials of various antibiotics for MRSA and VRSA isolates showed 100% resistance towards Cefoxitin followed by 50% towards Gentamicin, Tylosin, and Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole then 25% to Oxytetracycline, and Fusidic acid while ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and linezolid were found sensitive against study isolates. The public health importance of S. aureus and emerging resistance against antibiotics like methicillin and vancomycin demands regular monitoring of effective use of antimicrobial agents against the isolates of VRSA and MRSA.
{"title":"Frequency and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Methicillin and Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Bovine Milk","authors":"M. U. Javed","doi":"10.29261/pakvetj/2021.060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2021.060","url":null,"abstract":"The increase in resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has been an emerging threat in therapeutic areas of the dairy industry throughout the globe. The current study was conducted in bovines of district Faisalabad, Pakistan to investigate the phenotypic prevalence of methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) in milk samples positive for subclinical mastitis. The study further aimed to assess the associated risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern against MRSA and VRSA isolates. A total of 385 milk samples (n=193 cattle; n=192 buffalo) collected and screened for subclinical mastitis by surf field mastitis test (SFMT) were further subjected to standard microbiological techniques for the isolation of S. aureus. The positive isolates of S. aureus were phenotypically evaluated for MRSA and VRSA by the disc diffusion method. The study results revealed that out of 385 milk samples, 45.97% (177/385) samples were found positive for subclinical mastitis on SFMT while 37.14% (143/385) samples were confirmed for the presence of S. aureus. Out of these S. aureus isolates, MRSA and VRSA were confirmed in 17.48% (25/143) and 12.58% (18/143) samples respectively. The in-vitro trials of various antibiotics for MRSA and VRSA isolates showed 100% resistance towards Cefoxitin followed by 50% towards Gentamicin, Tylosin, and Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole then 25% to Oxytetracycline, and Fusidic acid while ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and linezolid were found sensitive against study isolates. The public health importance of S. aureus and emerging resistance against antibiotics like methicillin and vancomycin demands regular monitoring of effective use of antimicrobial agents against the isolates of VRSA and MRSA.","PeriodicalId":22797,"journal":{"name":"The Pakistan Veterinary Journal","volume":"130 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77628509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.29261/pakvetj/2021.059
M. Ijaz
The economic importance of mastitis and antibiotic resistance is dictating to search non-antibiotic alternatives for the therapy. Trisodium citrate (TSC) being buffer system of the glandular tissue and, vitamin C (Vit. C), zinc and copper being important ingredients required for functioning of immune system fancy chances for a suitable alternative mastitis therapy. The current study was planned to evaluate therapeutic efficacy and cost effectiveness of these ingredients in subclinical mastitis. For this purpose, 40 sub-clinically mastitis cows were randomly divided into 2 equal groups. Group T1 was treated orally with TSC, Vit. C, ZnSo4 and CuSo4, while group T2 was treated with standard antibiotic therapy. Milk pH significantly (P<0.05) differed between the two treatments till day 7th post-initiation of treatment when T1 restored the pH values within normal range earlier than T2. A non-significant (P>0.05) difference was observed in milk pH, fat, lactose, proteins, TS, SNFs, somatic cell counts and restoration of milk yield between the two treatments indicting comparable efficacy. A statistically significant (P<0.05) difference was observed in serum Cu and Zn levels indicating that the supplementation of Cu and Zn led to higher serum values in animals of T1. The use of non-antibiotic oral formulations as mastitis therapy resulted in a net profit of Rs. 457/animal/day. The oral non-antibiotic antibacterial formulation is a therapeutically and economically suitable alternative to rational antibiotic-based therapy to treat subclinical mastitis in dairy cows.
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Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.29261/pakvetj/2021.076
M. Ijaz
Cisplatin (CP), an effective chemotherapeutic drug, has been widely used to treat the several types of tumors. Orientin (ORI) is a flavonoid that shows versatile therapeutic activities. The current research was planned to observe the protective role ORI on CP induced renal injury in rats. Twenty-four male rats were divided into four groups equally and termed as control, CP (10 mg/kg), CP (10 mg/kg) + ORI (40 mg/kg) and ORI (40 mg/kg). After seven days trial, rats were dissected and different parameters were analyzed. Results indicated that the CP administration significantly reduced the activities of catalase, peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione content whereas it increased the level of hydrogen peroxide and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances). CP increased the creatinine and urea levels while decreased the creatinine clearance. Moreover, CP significantly increased the inflammatory markers, including nuclear factor kappa-B, tumor necrosis factor-α, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-1β levels, cyclooxygenase-2 activity and histopathological damages. However, co-administration of ORI displayed curative effects against CP-induced renal toxicity and recovered all parameters by bringing them to a normal level. These results revealed that the ORI is a potential bioflavonoid that can potentially counter the CP-induced renal damage.
{"title":"Orientin Attenuates Cisplatin-Induced Renal Toxicity by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation","authors":"M. Ijaz","doi":"10.29261/pakvetj/2021.076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2021.076","url":null,"abstract":"Cisplatin (CP), an effective chemotherapeutic drug, has been widely used to treat the several types of tumors. Orientin (ORI) is a flavonoid that shows versatile therapeutic activities. The current research was planned to observe the protective role ORI on CP induced renal injury in rats. Twenty-four male rats were divided into four groups equally and termed as control, CP (10 mg/kg), CP (10 mg/kg) + ORI (40 mg/kg) and ORI (40 mg/kg). After seven days trial, rats were dissected and different parameters were analyzed. Results indicated that the CP administration significantly reduced the activities of catalase, peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione content whereas it increased the level of hydrogen peroxide and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances). CP increased the creatinine and urea levels while decreased the creatinine clearance. Moreover, CP significantly increased the inflammatory markers, including nuclear factor kappa-B, tumor necrosis factor-α, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-1β levels, cyclooxygenase-2 activity and histopathological damages. However, co-administration of ORI displayed curative effects against CP-induced renal toxicity and recovered all parameters by bringing them to a normal level. These results revealed that the ORI is a potential bioflavonoid that can potentially counter the CP-induced renal damage.","PeriodicalId":22797,"journal":{"name":"The Pakistan Veterinary Journal","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82169378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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