Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.29261/pakvetj/2021.064
M. AbouLaila
Coumermycin A1, a coumarin antibiotic, has anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, and antimalarial activities. We aimed to evaluate the anti-thielerial and anti-babesial activity of coumermycin A1 in mice in vivo. Coumermycin A1 efficacy was determined by the transcription of DNA gyrase, a type II DNA topoisomerase using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) transcription. Coumermycin A1 significantly inhibited the development of preliminary parasitemia (1%). Theileria equi and the Babesia species B. bigemina, B. bovis, and B. caballi were observed with IC50 values of 80, 70, 57, and 65 nM, respectively. Their development was remarkably inhibited at observed concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100µM for the studied organisms T. equi, and the Babesia species B. caballi, B. bovis and B. bigemina, respectively. In the subsequent viability test, parasite re-growth was suppressed at 100µM for B. bigemina and B. bovis and at 50 µM for B. caballi and T. equi. Coumermycin A1 Treatment of B. bovis cultures with Coumermycin A1 completely suppressed the transcription of the DNA gyrase subunits B and A genes. In BALB/c mice, the development of Babesia microti was inhibited by 70.73% using 5 mg/kg of Coumermycin A1.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Inhibitory Effects of Coumermycin A1 on the Growth of Theileria and Babesia Parasites in vitro and in vivo","authors":"M. AbouLaila","doi":"10.29261/pakvetj/2021.064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2021.064","url":null,"abstract":"Coumermycin A1, a coumarin antibiotic, has anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, and antimalarial activities. We aimed to evaluate the anti-thielerial and anti-babesial activity of coumermycin A1 in mice in vivo. Coumermycin A1 efficacy was determined by the transcription of DNA gyrase, a type II DNA topoisomerase using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) transcription. Coumermycin A1 significantly inhibited the development of preliminary parasitemia (1%). Theileria equi and the Babesia species B. bigemina, B. bovis, and B. caballi were observed with IC50 values of 80, 70, 57, and 65 nM, respectively. Their development was remarkably inhibited at observed concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100µM for the studied organisms T. equi, and the Babesia species B. caballi, B. bovis and B. bigemina, respectively. In the subsequent viability test, parasite re-growth was suppressed at 100µM for B. bigemina and B. bovis and at 50 µM for B. caballi and T. equi. Coumermycin A1 Treatment of B. bovis cultures with Coumermycin A1 completely suppressed the transcription of the DNA gyrase subunits B and A genes. In BALB/c mice, the development of Babesia microti was inhibited by 70.73% using 5 mg/kg of Coumermycin A1.","PeriodicalId":22797,"journal":{"name":"The Pakistan Veterinary Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88688861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.29261/pakvetj/2021.055
Alaa Eldin MA Morshdy
Chicken meat, which could be a healthy and nutritionally food, is regrettably incriminated as a source of Salmonella typhimurium which has a great ability to cause human salmonellosis. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of multidrug-resistant S. typhimurium in chicken meat and the effects of essential oils on its viability. A total of 300 chicken meat and its products samples were streaked on XLD agar plates, which was followed by identification of the isolates based on biochemical and serological tests. Ten isolates were serotyped as S. typhimurium then assayed for susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials by the single diffusion method. Eight isolates (80%) showed multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) for 3 or more antimicrobials with MAR index of 0.4857 in average. Serotyped S. typhimurium strain with the highest antimicrobial resistance, confirmed by 16s RNA sequencing, was selected for studying the effects of thyme, oregano, and lemon essential oils with concentrations of 0.5, and 1% on its viability after inoculating into chicken fillets by intensity of 3.0×106 and on sensory traits of chicken fillets on 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th days of inoculation during cold storage (4ºC). All results showed a significant reduction of S. typhimurium counts with highest inhibition obtained using 1% lemon essential oil. The sensory properties of treated chicken fillets were improved by all used essential oils, compared to the control samples after 6th day, and 8th day of the storage period. The samples treated with 0.5, and 1% lemon essential oil revealed the highest improvement of sensory attributes. This study proved that the majority of S. typhimurium existing in chicken meat are Multidrug-resistant and have no negative effect on sensory traits, hence, posing a public health hazard. Natural essential oils have, also, great antimicrobial effect on S. typhimurium, thus it could replace chemical antimicrobials.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Effect of Essential Oils on Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella typhimurium in Chicken Fillets","authors":"Alaa Eldin MA Morshdy","doi":"10.29261/pakvetj/2021.055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2021.055","url":null,"abstract":"Chicken meat, which could be a healthy and nutritionally food, is regrettably incriminated as a source of Salmonella typhimurium which has a great ability to cause human salmonellosis. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of multidrug-resistant S. typhimurium in chicken meat and the effects of essential oils on its viability. A total of 300 chicken meat and its products samples were streaked on XLD agar plates, which was followed by identification of the isolates based on biochemical and serological tests. Ten isolates were serotyped as S. typhimurium then assayed for susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials by the single diffusion method. Eight isolates (80%) showed multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) for 3 or more antimicrobials with MAR index of 0.4857 in average. Serotyped S. typhimurium strain with the highest antimicrobial resistance, confirmed by 16s RNA sequencing, was selected for studying the effects of thyme, oregano, and lemon essential oils with concentrations of 0.5, and 1% on its viability after inoculating into chicken fillets by intensity of 3.0×106 and on sensory traits of chicken fillets on 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th days of inoculation during cold storage (4ºC). All results showed a significant reduction of S. typhimurium counts with highest inhibition obtained using 1% lemon essential oil. The sensory properties of treated chicken fillets were improved by all used essential oils, compared to the control samples after 6th day, and 8th day of the storage period. The samples treated with 0.5, and 1% lemon essential oil revealed the highest improvement of sensory attributes. This study proved that the majority of S. typhimurium existing in chicken meat are Multidrug-resistant and have no negative effect on sensory traits, hence, posing a public health hazard. Natural essential oils have, also, great antimicrobial effect on S. typhimurium, thus it could replace chemical antimicrobials.","PeriodicalId":22797,"journal":{"name":"The Pakistan Veterinary Journal","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73596550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.29261/pakvetj/2021.053
Muping Wang
The immune protective effects of pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccines in the market have gradually reduced and they have failed to provide complete protection against the new PRV variant. In this study, a triple gene-deleted live PRV strain–rZDΔTK-gE-gI was successfully constructed by simultaneously knocking out the three major virulence genes (gE/gI and TK) with CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre/LoxP gene editing system and low melting point agarose purification method. After challenge with the virulent PRV variant, all the 3-week-old piglets vaccinated with the rZDΔTK-gE-gI PRV vaccine candidate survived without any clinical symptoms, whereas all the unvaccinated piglets exhibited PRV respiratory and neurological signs with 100% mortality rate within 7 days post infection. High levels of anti-gB antibodies were induced in the vaccinated piglets after vaccination with the rZDΔTK-gE-gI vaccine candidate, which elicited a better immune protective effect than the classical strain Bartha-K61. Therefore, the triple gene-deleted live PRV vaccine candidate is expected to control the current outbreak of pseudorabies caused by the PRV variants.
{"title":"Construction of a Triple Gene-Deleted Live Vaccine Candidate against Pseudorabies Virus Using CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre/LoxP System-Based Strategy","authors":"Muping Wang","doi":"10.29261/pakvetj/2021.053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2021.053","url":null,"abstract":"The immune protective effects of pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccines in the market have gradually reduced and they have failed to provide complete protection against the new PRV variant. In this study, a triple gene-deleted live PRV strain–rZDΔTK-gE-gI was successfully constructed by simultaneously knocking out the three major virulence genes (gE/gI and TK) with CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre/LoxP gene editing system and low melting point agarose purification method. After challenge with the virulent PRV variant, all the 3-week-old piglets vaccinated with the rZDΔTK-gE-gI PRV vaccine candidate survived without any clinical symptoms, whereas all the unvaccinated piglets exhibited PRV respiratory and neurological signs with 100% mortality rate within 7 days post infection. High levels of anti-gB antibodies were induced in the vaccinated piglets after vaccination with the rZDΔTK-gE-gI vaccine candidate, which elicited a better immune protective effect than the classical strain Bartha-K61. Therefore, the triple gene-deleted live PRV vaccine candidate is expected to control the current outbreak of pseudorabies caused by the PRV variants.","PeriodicalId":22797,"journal":{"name":"The Pakistan Veterinary Journal","volume":"115 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80519082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.29261/pakvetj/2021.066
Shazia Nawaz
Nalbuphine, a semi-synthetic opioid drug, is a kappa (κ) agonist/ mu (μ) partial agonist. It is clinically used for moderate to severe pain. It produces the analgesic effect largely by binding to kappa opioid receptors. The present study was designed to investigate locomotor sensitization as well reinforcing effects of different doses (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) of nalbuphine in rats. Potential analgesic and hyperalgesic effects after single and repeated administration respectively were also monitored. Reinforcing effects were monitored in a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm and associated changes in motor activity were monitored during a drug conditioning phase. The hot plate test was used to monitor nociceptive response. The present study showed that low (5 mg/kg) and high (20 mg/kg) doses of nalbuphine were reinforcing, while the moderate dose (10 mg/kg) had no reinforcing effect in the CPP paradigm. All doses were analgesic after the first administration and on repeated administration hyperalgesia did not develop to any dose. Analgesic effects still occurred at moderate doses of nalbuphine. Sensitization-like effects were produced following moderate and high doses of nalbuphine. These findings suggested that a moderate dose of nalbuphine did not produce reinforcing effects and hyperalgesia so this dose can be used safely for treating pain.
{"title":"Dose Related Analgesic, Motor and Reinforcing Effects of Nalbuphine in Rats","authors":"Shazia Nawaz","doi":"10.29261/pakvetj/2021.066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2021.066","url":null,"abstract":"Nalbuphine, a semi-synthetic opioid drug, is a kappa (κ) agonist/ mu (μ) partial agonist. It is clinically used for moderate to severe pain. It produces the analgesic effect largely by binding to kappa opioid receptors. The present study was designed to investigate locomotor sensitization as well reinforcing effects of different doses (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) of nalbuphine in rats. Potential analgesic and hyperalgesic effects after single and repeated administration respectively were also monitored. Reinforcing effects were monitored in a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm and associated changes in motor activity were monitored during a drug conditioning phase. The hot plate test was used to monitor nociceptive response. The present study showed that low (5 mg/kg) and high (20 mg/kg) doses of nalbuphine were reinforcing, while the moderate dose (10 mg/kg) had no reinforcing effect in the CPP paradigm. All doses were analgesic after the first administration and on repeated administration hyperalgesia did not develop to any dose. Analgesic effects still occurred at moderate doses of nalbuphine. Sensitization-like effects were produced following moderate and high doses of nalbuphine. These findings suggested that a moderate dose of nalbuphine did not produce reinforcing effects and hyperalgesia so this dose can be used safely for treating pain.","PeriodicalId":22797,"journal":{"name":"The Pakistan Veterinary Journal","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89398350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.29261/pakvetj/2021.067
I. Demircioglu
The present study was conducted to identify morphometric values and to reveal differences between sexes through three-dimensional modeling of digit bones (ossa phalanges) of gazella by using computed tomography images. A total of 14 (7 female, 7 male) adult gazella (Gazella subgutturosa) cadavers were used in the study. The images were extracted by scanning acropodium bones of gazella at 64-detector Multi Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT) in cross section thickness of 0.625mm. Using MIMICS 20.1 program, three-dimensional models of these images were prepared and morphometric measurements were taken. In GLpe and Bd measurements of Phalanx proximalis, a statistically significant difference was established between females and males in terms of the left forelimb internal, the right forelimb internal, the right forelimb external, and the right hindlimb external bones (P<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between females and males in terms of volume of phalanx proximalis and surface area of the right forelimb internal phalanx proximalis (P<0.001). In GLpe measurements, a statistically significant difference was determined between females and males in terms of the left forelimb internal, the right forelimb internal, the right hindlimb internal, the left forelimb external, the right forelimb external, and the right hindlimb external phalanx media (P<0.05). A statistically significant difference was determined between females and males in terms of the data related to volume and surface areas of the left hindlimb internal the right hindlimb internal, the left hindlimb external, and the right hindlimb external phalanx distalis (P<0.05).
{"title":"Digit Bones (Acropodium) of Gazella (Gazella subgutturosa); Three-Dimensional Modelling and Morphometry","authors":"I. Demircioglu","doi":"10.29261/pakvetj/2021.067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2021.067","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was conducted to identify morphometric values and to reveal differences between sexes through three-dimensional modeling of digit bones (ossa phalanges) of gazella by using computed tomography images. A total of 14 (7 female, 7 male) adult gazella (Gazella subgutturosa) cadavers were used in the study. The images were extracted by scanning acropodium bones of gazella at 64-detector Multi Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT) in cross section thickness of 0.625mm. Using MIMICS 20.1 program, three-dimensional models of these images were prepared and morphometric measurements were taken. In GLpe and Bd measurements of Phalanx proximalis, a statistically significant difference was established between females and males in terms of the left forelimb internal, the right forelimb internal, the right forelimb external, and the right hindlimb external bones (P<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between females and males in terms of volume of phalanx proximalis and surface area of the right forelimb internal phalanx proximalis (P<0.001). In GLpe measurements, a statistically significant difference was determined between females and males in terms of the left forelimb internal, the right forelimb internal, the right hindlimb internal, the left forelimb external, the right forelimb external, and the right hindlimb external phalanx media (P<0.05). A statistically significant difference was determined between females and males in terms of the data related to volume and surface areas of the left hindlimb internal the right hindlimb internal, the left hindlimb external, and the right hindlimb external phalanx distalis (P<0.05).","PeriodicalId":22797,"journal":{"name":"The Pakistan Veterinary Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74582341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.29261/pakvetj/2021.062
A. Radalj
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) causes considerable economic loss to the equine industry and is spread among susceptible animals during the cycles of latency and reactivation, causing rhinopneumonitis, abortion, and neurological disease. Nucleotide polymorphisms within ORF30 and ORF68 sequences of the viral genome are associated with strain neuropathogenicity and geographical origin. A total of 142 tissue and nasal swab samples from apparently healthy unvaccinated horses were examined to ascertain EHV-1 distribution, diversity, and clinical significance considering the results of virus isolation, sequence analysis, and anamnestic data. The ORF30 and ORF68 molecular study of these circulating strains and archival isolates from abortion storms aimed to contribute to the perception of strain pathogenicity and origin. EHV-1 was detected by PCR and virus isolation in 81 and 45.1% of the analyzed samples, respectively, and 82.1% of the representative samples were neuropathogenic strains. The ORF68-based grouping was restricted by the pronounced polymorphism of Balkan EHV-1 strains, and only two isolates were assigned to group 4. The cases of abortion were caused by neuropathogenic strains that also circulate within the horse population with no documented outbreaks of disease. It was evident that strain virulence is not solely accountable for the development of clinical symptoms in affected animals. Neural tissue is significant for virus latency and reactivation, considering the number of EHV-1 isolates from apparently healthy stressed horses. Special care must be taken when accommodating together immunologically naive and latently infected horses since asymptomatic carriers silently shed EHV-1.
{"title":"Genetic Characterization of Equine Herpesvirus 1 from Clinical Cases and Asymptomatic Horses in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina","authors":"A. Radalj","doi":"10.29261/pakvetj/2021.062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2021.062","url":null,"abstract":"Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) causes considerable economic loss to the equine industry and is spread among susceptible animals during the cycles of latency and reactivation, causing rhinopneumonitis, abortion, and neurological disease. Nucleotide polymorphisms within ORF30 and ORF68 sequences of the viral genome are associated with strain neuropathogenicity and geographical origin. A total of 142 tissue and nasal swab samples from apparently healthy unvaccinated horses were examined to ascertain EHV-1 distribution, diversity, and clinical significance considering the results of virus isolation, sequence analysis, and anamnestic data. The ORF30 and ORF68 molecular study of these circulating strains and archival isolates from abortion storms aimed to contribute to the perception of strain pathogenicity and origin. EHV-1 was detected by PCR and virus isolation in 81 and 45.1% of the analyzed samples, respectively, and 82.1% of the representative samples were neuropathogenic strains. The ORF68-based grouping was restricted by the pronounced polymorphism of Balkan EHV-1 strains, and only two isolates were assigned to group 4. The cases of abortion were caused by neuropathogenic strains that also circulate within the horse population with no documented outbreaks of disease. It was evident that strain virulence is not solely accountable for the development of clinical symptoms in affected animals. Neural tissue is significant for virus latency and reactivation, considering the number of EHV-1 isolates from apparently healthy stressed horses. Special care must be taken when accommodating together immunologically naive and latently infected horses since asymptomatic carriers silently shed EHV-1.","PeriodicalId":22797,"journal":{"name":"The Pakistan Veterinary Journal","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75695281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.29261/pakvetj/2021.039
P. Jalil
Spillage of protoscoleces within hydatid fluid during surgery for hydatid cyst is the main reason for its recurrence. Therefore, to inactivate the protoscoleces, various scolicidal substances have been tested. However, novel and more efficient agents are needed owing to several associated complications. This study focused on the effects of green synthetic Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Zizyphus spina- christi leaves on Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces. Also, to evaluate the blood compatibility of Ag NPs. The Ag NPs were identified by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Visible) spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy imaging, and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Hydatid fluid was aspirated aseptically from cysts of infected sheep liver. The protoscoleces were exposed to Ag NPs at several concentrations. Also, scanning electron microscopy for ultrastructural changes and in vitro erythrocytes lysis was performed. The Ag NPs were spherical; the particles' size reached 50 nm, and presented a surface plasmon peak around 460 nm. The current study's findings indicated the powerful in vitro scolicidal efficacy of the green biosynthesized AgNPs. Several morphological alterations were observed on the protoscoleces by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Lysis of RBCs at different doses of Ag NPs was significantly (P≤0.05) less than the positive control value, thus proposing its biocompatibility. This work suggests that chemicals like polyphenols present in the extract of Z. spina- christi act as reducing and stabilizers agents to create Ag NPs Nevertheless, further investigations are needed to investigate the Ag NPs scolicidial effects in animal models.
{"title":"Silver Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis, Characterization, Blood Compatibility and Protoscolicidal Efficacy against Echinococcus granulosus","authors":"P. Jalil","doi":"10.29261/pakvetj/2021.039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2021.039","url":null,"abstract":"Spillage of protoscoleces within hydatid fluid during surgery for hydatid cyst is the main reason for its recurrence. Therefore, to inactivate the protoscoleces, various scolicidal substances have been tested. However, novel and more efficient agents are needed owing to several associated complications. This study focused on the effects of green synthetic Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Zizyphus spina- christi leaves on Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces. Also, to evaluate the blood compatibility of Ag NPs. The Ag NPs were identified by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Visible) spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy imaging, and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Hydatid fluid was aspirated aseptically from cysts of infected sheep liver. The protoscoleces were exposed to Ag NPs at several concentrations. Also, scanning electron microscopy for ultrastructural changes and in vitro erythrocytes lysis was performed. The Ag NPs were spherical; the particles' size reached 50 nm, and presented a surface plasmon peak around 460 nm. The current study's findings indicated the powerful in vitro scolicidal efficacy of the green biosynthesized AgNPs. Several morphological alterations were observed on the protoscoleces by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Lysis of RBCs at different doses of Ag NPs was significantly (P≤0.05) less than the positive control value, thus proposing its biocompatibility. This work suggests that chemicals like polyphenols present in the extract of Z. spina- christi act as reducing and stabilizers agents to create Ag NPs Nevertheless, further investigations are needed to investigate the Ag NPs scolicidial effects in animal models.","PeriodicalId":22797,"journal":{"name":"The Pakistan Veterinary Journal","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85812404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.29261/pakvetj/2021.044
S. Aziz
Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NPs) are abundantly utilized on a large scale in different applications due to positive attributes and cause environmental pollution that may affect not only aquatic organisms but also the human beings. The co-precipitation method was used to synthesize NiO-NPs and particles were characterized through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). FTIR and SEM confirmed the attached functional group and crystal structure of synthesized nanoparticles, respectively. From XRD pattern, average particle size, X-ray density, lattice parameters (a, b and c) and volume of unit cell of nickel oxide nanoparticles were found to be 53.44 nm, 6.65 g/cm3, (a =b=c=4.56 Å) and 94.81 Å3, respectively. During this study, the acute toxicity of NiO-NPs was determined by using fish, Labeo rohita. The mean 96-h LC50 and lethal concentration were measured as 418.26 and 634.94 mg/L, respectively. The activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase was determined in fish gills and liver after chronic exposure to sub-lethal concentration of NiO-NPs for 90 days and sampling was done in 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days. Significant time dependent variations in the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase were determined in tissues of the gills and liver than control group during studied time interval. The overall results indicated that induced toxicity of NiO-NPs in aquatic organisms may be due to release of Ni ions from NiO-NPs and NPs induce toxicity in cells through oxidative stress under long term exposure.
{"title":"Effect of Engineered Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles on Antioxidant Enzymes in Freshwater Fish, Labeo rohita","authors":"S. Aziz","doi":"10.29261/pakvetj/2021.044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2021.044","url":null,"abstract":"Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NPs) are abundantly utilized on a large scale in different applications due to positive attributes and cause environmental pollution that may affect not only aquatic organisms but also the human beings. The co-precipitation method was used to synthesize NiO-NPs and particles were characterized through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). FTIR and SEM confirmed the attached functional group and crystal structure of synthesized nanoparticles, respectively. From XRD pattern, average particle size, X-ray density, lattice parameters (a, b and c) and volume of unit cell of nickel oxide nanoparticles were found to be 53.44 nm, 6.65 g/cm3, (a =b=c=4.56 Å) and 94.81 Å3, respectively. During this study, the acute toxicity of NiO-NPs was determined by using fish, Labeo rohita. The mean 96-h LC50 and lethal concentration were measured as 418.26 and 634.94 mg/L, respectively. The activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase was determined in fish gills and liver after chronic exposure to sub-lethal concentration of NiO-NPs for 90 days and sampling was done in 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days. Significant time dependent variations in the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase were determined in tissues of the gills and liver than control group during studied time interval. The overall results indicated that induced toxicity of NiO-NPs in aquatic organisms may be due to release of Ni ions from NiO-NPs and NPs induce toxicity in cells through oxidative stress under long term exposure.","PeriodicalId":22797,"journal":{"name":"The Pakistan Veterinary Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89967520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.29261/pakvetj/2021.032
Hussam Askar
Bovine respiratory diseases are widespread and too costly disease impacting contributes to economically essential diseases like mastitis and pneumonia worldwide. The present study aimed to explore the influence of M. bovis field strain 07801 on the status of PBMCs in the challenged cattle group and the immunized one. For this aim, the PBMCs proliferation, apoptosis, and cytokine profile changes were determined. In this study, M. bovis strain Mb 07801 and reference strain PG45 were used; ten calves (2-3 months old) were arranged into two groups (5 calve each): 1) PBS-challenged group (with M. bovis 07801 at about 1010 CFU/ml), and 2) immunized group (by Inactivated M. bovis 07801); both groups were treated nasally and intra-tracheal. Blood samples were obtained from both groups and examined for PBMCs proliferation and apoptosis, as well as serum cytokine profile, before infection and at day zero and days 7, 14, 21, and 36 post bacterial treatment. The results revealed that M. bovis strain (07801and PG45) antigen increased the proliferative response of the stimulated PBMC compared with the unstimulated cells and ConA-alone stimulated. The PBMC apoptosis showed a non-significant increase in both challenged and immunized groups compared to the negative and positive control (treated with apoptosis inducer) groups. Besides, the levels of cytokines profile showed a significant up-regulation in IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-2, IL-18, TNF-α, IFN-α, IL-6, IL-10 IL-1β, and IL-13, in both groups, except IL-4 and IL-18 those recorded a down-regulation in the immunized group at days 7,14, 21, and 36 post-M. bovis infection. In conclusion, immunization markedly ameliorated the immune deterioration induced by M. bovis strain 07801.
{"title":"Evaluation of the PBMC Proliferation, Apoptosis and Cytokines Profiling in Cattle Infected with Mycoplasma bovis Strain 07801","authors":"Hussam Askar","doi":"10.29261/pakvetj/2021.032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2021.032","url":null,"abstract":"Bovine respiratory diseases are widespread and too costly disease impacting contributes to economically essential diseases like mastitis and pneumonia worldwide. The present study aimed to explore the influence of M. bovis field strain 07801 on the status of PBMCs in the challenged cattle group and the immunized one. For this aim, the PBMCs proliferation, apoptosis, and cytokine profile changes were determined. In this study, M. bovis strain Mb 07801 and reference strain PG45 were used; ten calves (2-3 months old) were arranged into two groups (5 calve each): 1) PBS-challenged group (with M. bovis 07801 at about 1010 CFU/ml), and 2) immunized group (by Inactivated M. bovis 07801); both groups were treated nasally and intra-tracheal. Blood samples were obtained from both groups and examined for PBMCs proliferation and apoptosis, as well as serum cytokine profile, before infection and at day zero and days 7, 14, 21, and 36 post bacterial treatment. The results revealed that M. bovis strain (07801and PG45) antigen increased the proliferative response of the stimulated PBMC compared with the unstimulated cells and ConA-alone stimulated. The PBMC apoptosis showed a non-significant increase in both challenged and immunized groups compared to the negative and positive control (treated with apoptosis inducer) groups. Besides, the levels of cytokines profile showed a significant up-regulation in IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-2, IL-18, TNF-α, IFN-α, IL-6, IL-10 IL-1β, and IL-13, in both groups, except IL-4 and IL-18 those recorded a down-regulation in the immunized group at days 7,14, 21, and 36 post-M. bovis infection. In conclusion, immunization markedly ameliorated the immune deterioration induced by M. bovis strain 07801.","PeriodicalId":22797,"journal":{"name":"The Pakistan Veterinary Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90444300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.29261/pakvetj/2021.040
Yuru Guo
Trueperella pyogenes is considered as a causative agent of many infections, such as mastitis, endometritis, pneumonia, liver abscessation. T. pyogenes can express several virulence genes such as plo, fimA, cbpA, nanH and nanP contributing to its pathogenicity. The aim of this study was to provide an investigation about antimicrobial resistance, as well as virulence genes distribution and gene cassettes among T. pyogenes isolates from dairy cows with clinical mastitis. The susceptibility to different antimicrobial agents was determined by the Broth Microdilution Method, and virulence genes and gene cassette was detected by polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). There are 10.49% (17/162) of milk samples from dairy cows with mastitis were positive for T. pyogenes. High levels of resistance were found to clindamycin (23.53%), oxytetracycline (23.53%), ciprofloxacin (47.06%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (100%). Moreover, all isolates carried class I integrons, and gene cassette arrays were aadA9 (2/17) or aadA5-dfrA17 (3/17). Finally, all isolates harbored plo nanH and fimA genes, but other genes encoding virulence genes including fimC, fimE, nanP and cbpA are ranged from 47.06% to 88.23%. Our study showed T. pyogenes isolates from dairy cows with clinical mastitis were susceptible to β-lactams. In addition, all seven virulence genes occurred in isolates, and plo, nanH, and fimA gene showed a significantly higher frequency in T. pyogenes of the Liaoning Province, China.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes Distribution in Trueperella pyogenes Isolated from Dairy Cows with Clinical Mastitis in Liaoning of China","authors":"Yuru Guo","doi":"10.29261/pakvetj/2021.040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2021.040","url":null,"abstract":"Trueperella pyogenes is considered as a causative agent of many infections, such as mastitis, endometritis, pneumonia, liver abscessation. T. pyogenes can express several virulence genes such as plo, fimA, cbpA, nanH and nanP contributing to its pathogenicity. The aim of this study was to provide an investigation about antimicrobial resistance, as well as virulence genes distribution and gene cassettes among T. pyogenes isolates from dairy cows with clinical mastitis. The susceptibility to different antimicrobial agents was determined by the Broth Microdilution Method, and virulence genes and gene cassette was detected by polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). There are 10.49% (17/162) of milk samples from dairy cows with mastitis were positive for T. pyogenes. High levels of resistance were found to clindamycin (23.53%), oxytetracycline (23.53%), ciprofloxacin (47.06%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (100%). Moreover, all isolates carried class I integrons, and gene cassette arrays were aadA9 (2/17) or aadA5-dfrA17 (3/17). Finally, all isolates harbored plo nanH and fimA genes, but other genes encoding virulence genes including fimC, fimE, nanP and cbpA are ranged from 47.06% to 88.23%. Our study showed T. pyogenes isolates from dairy cows with clinical mastitis were susceptible to β-lactams. In addition, all seven virulence genes occurred in isolates, and plo, nanH, and fimA gene showed a significantly higher frequency in T. pyogenes of the Liaoning Province, China.","PeriodicalId":22797,"journal":{"name":"The Pakistan Veterinary Journal","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72980415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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