To better understand the interactions between bacteriophages and host bacteria, one factor to observe is chemotaxis. Chemotaxis describes the biased directional movement of bacteria either towards or away from a substance. This phenomenon is created by the inhibition or potentiation of tumbling events, which randomize the direction of the host every few seconds. The presence of chemoattractants and chemorepellents can modify the number of tumbling events that occur. In order to elucidate the role of bacteriophages in bacterial chemotaxis, this project aimed to optimize an assay to qualitatively observe chemotaxis within E. coli BW2511 (WT) in comparison to a mutant strain with cheA deletion. Three main assay methods were tested: Tris HCl plate assays, Tris HCl microcapillary assays, and TTC Eppendorf assays. Of all the methods tested, only TTC Eppendorf assays with TTC indicator consistently showed chemotaxis. This study continued to use the Eppendorf assay and determined if various bacteriophages could attract E. coli BW2511 to chemotactically move up a layer of 0.4% PBS-based agar and against gravitational pull.
{"title":"Developing a qualitative chemotaxis-sensitive assay for bacteriophage-host interactions on E. coli BW2511","authors":"Aaron Wen, Esra Rakab","doi":"10.35493/medu.36.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35493/medu.36.22","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000To better understand the interactions between bacteriophages and host bacteria, one factor to observe is chemotaxis. Chemotaxis describes the biased directional movement of bacteria either towards or away from a substance. This phenomenon is created by the inhibition or potentiation of tumbling events, which randomize the direction of the host every few seconds. The presence of chemoattractants and chemorepellents can modify the number of tumbling events that occur. In order to elucidate the role of bacteriophages in bacterial chemotaxis, this project aimed to optimize an assay to qualitatively observe chemotaxis within E. coli BW2511 (WT) in comparison to a mutant strain with cheA deletion. Three main assay methods were tested: Tris HCl plate assays, Tris HCl microcapillary assays, and TTC Eppendorf assays. Of all the methods tested, only TTC Eppendorf assays with TTC indicator consistently showed chemotaxis. This study continued to use the Eppendorf assay and determined if various bacteriophages could attract E. coli BW2511 to chemotactically move up a layer of 0.4% PBS-based agar and against gravitational pull. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":22813,"journal":{"name":"The Meducator","volume":"120 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76255110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tick-borne diseases are prevalent throughout central and eastern Canada, including Ontario. Of the many infections transmissible through tick bites, Lyme disease is the most well-known. However, lesser known tick-borne diseases, such as Powassan encephalitis, can have debilitating, or even lethal complications. The incidence of all tick-borne infections has increased over the past decade, with reported cases of Lyme disease seeing a tenfold increase. Identifying both Lyme disease and Powassan encephalitis can be challenging, as patients only show abnormalities in the later stages of disease progression. Even following successful treatment for Lyme disease, patients may continue to suffer from chronic disease sequelae. As tick populations continue to increase, primary prevention is the most effective method of combating tick-borne diseases.
{"title":"Tick-borne diseases: From well-known Lyme disease to deadly Powassan encephalitis","authors":"Jerry Chang, Ruby Zheng","doi":"10.35493/medu.36.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35493/medu.36.14","url":null,"abstract":"Tick-borne diseases are prevalent throughout central and eastern Canada, including Ontario. Of the many infections transmissible through tick bites, Lyme disease is the most well-known. However, lesser known tick-borne diseases, such as Powassan encephalitis, can have debilitating, or even lethal complications. The incidence of all tick-borne infections has increased over the past decade, with reported cases of Lyme disease seeing a tenfold increase. Identifying both Lyme disease and Powassan encephalitis can be challenging, as patients only show abnormalities in the later stages of disease progression. Even following successful treatment for Lyme disease, patients may continue to suffer from chronic disease sequelae. As tick populations continue to increase, primary prevention is the most effective method of combating tick-borne diseases.","PeriodicalId":22813,"journal":{"name":"The Meducator","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90261448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Does the CMPA serve the interests of patients?","authors":"","doi":"10.35493/medu.36.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35493/medu.36.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22813,"journal":{"name":"The Meducator","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74310358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The hidden curriculum can be defined as that which is taught to studentsunintentionally by the culture, structure, and people of their educational setting.Although most authors agree on its importance, little is written about howthe hidden curriculum affects nursing students in both university and clinicalplacements. The purpose of this review is to take a broad look at the researchon the hidden curriculum in an attempt to better understand its current value andfuture potential, as it affects nursing students and the profession. A brief historyof the hidden curriculum is provided in relation to nursing education, followed bya review of the literature with a specific focus on the variety of educational andclinical applications in which it plays important roles. These topics arose frominteractions with peers, nurses, non-faculty staff, and other community members,all of which had potential impacts on the students. Ultimately, the hidden curriculumis an understudied, underappreciated component of education, and is one in whichstudents play a major personal role in developing. Both faculty and students need tounderstand the power and importance of this tool, as it has the capacity to shapethe future of the nursing profession.
{"title":"What is the hidden curriculum, and how does it affect nursing students?","authors":"S. Farquharson, Laura Nguyen","doi":"10.35493/medu.35.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35493/medu.35.31","url":null,"abstract":"The hidden curriculum can be defined as that which is taught to studentsunintentionally by the culture, structure, and people of their educational setting.Although most authors agree on its importance, little is written about howthe hidden curriculum affects nursing students in both university and clinicalplacements. The purpose of this review is to take a broad look at the researchon the hidden curriculum in an attempt to better understand its current value andfuture potential, as it affects nursing students and the profession. A brief historyof the hidden curriculum is provided in relation to nursing education, followed bya review of the literature with a specific focus on the variety of educational andclinical applications in which it plays important roles. These topics arose frominteractions with peers, nurses, non-faculty staff, and other community members,all of which had potential impacts on the students. Ultimately, the hidden curriculumis an understudied, underappreciated component of education, and is one in whichstudents play a major personal role in developing. Both faculty and students need tounderstand the power and importance of this tool, as it has the capacity to shapethe future of the nursing profession.","PeriodicalId":22813,"journal":{"name":"The Meducator","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81413306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is very little research concerning human regulatory B cells and this may in part be due to their inconsistent responsesto immunosuppressive cytokines such as IL-10. The purpose of this critical review is to examine our current understandingof regulatory B cell development, such as time points of differentiation, and how in silico computer modelling can improvethis understanding. Specifically, bioinformatic analysis of the changes in cell surface markers and signalling moleculescan help guide our understanding of the timing of cell-fate decisions and regulatory B cell differentiation. Trackingregulatory B cell trajectory with bioinformatics and in silico methods may improve our understanding of their role in manyneurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
{"title":"Understanding regulatory B cell development with single cell analyses","authors":"S. Visva, J. Oliveria, Ruby Zheng","doi":"10.35493/medu.35.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35493/medu.35.19","url":null,"abstract":"There is very little research concerning human regulatory B cells and this may in part be due to their inconsistent responsesto immunosuppressive cytokines such as IL-10. The purpose of this critical review is to examine our current understandingof regulatory B cell development, such as time points of differentiation, and how in silico computer modelling can improvethis understanding. Specifically, bioinformatic analysis of the changes in cell surface markers and signalling moleculescan help guide our understanding of the timing of cell-fate decisions and regulatory B cell differentiation. Trackingregulatory B cell trajectory with bioinformatics and in silico methods may improve our understanding of their role in manyneurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis.","PeriodicalId":22813,"journal":{"name":"The Meducator","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89414504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Selective inhibitors are an important advancement in clinical medicine, providing a method to target proteins within signal transductionpathways. One such inhibitor, pacritinib, targets Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2) to treat patients with myelofibrosis (MF). In MF patients diagnosedwith a specific point mutation (JAK2V61F), the JAK/STAT pathway is over-activated, leading to an increase in cell proliferation rates.Pacritinib restores normal JAK/STAT activity by targeting aberrant activity of JAK2V61F mutant proteins and inhibiting cell proliferation inbone marrow tissue. In recent studies, pacritinib has shown better results at treating MF than the best available therapy. Though pacritinibis a potentially effective treatment option, it does not address all aspects of MF and should be supplemented with other treatments.
{"title":"Pacritinib: A novel therapeutic agent for treating myelofibrosis","authors":"Kashyap Patel, Ruby Zheng","doi":"10.35493/medu.35.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35493/medu.35.15","url":null,"abstract":"Selective inhibitors are an important advancement in clinical medicine, providing a method to target proteins within signal transductionpathways. One such inhibitor, pacritinib, targets Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2) to treat patients with myelofibrosis (MF). In MF patients diagnosedwith a specific point mutation (JAK2V61F), the JAK/STAT pathway is over-activated, leading to an increase in cell proliferation rates.Pacritinib restores normal JAK/STAT activity by targeting aberrant activity of JAK2V61F mutant proteins and inhibiting cell proliferation inbone marrow tissue. In recent studies, pacritinib has shown better results at treating MF than the best available therapy. Though pacritinibis a potentially effective treatment option, it does not address all aspects of MF and should be supplemented with other treatments.","PeriodicalId":22813,"journal":{"name":"The Meducator","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78858031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Youth smoking is prevalent in Indonesia. 90% of Indonesian childrenhave smoked a cigarette by age 13 and many remain as smokersinto adulthood. As a result of this addiction, many householdshave cigarettes as their second highest expenditure. Smokingis a considerable financial burden on families and the Indonesianhealth system. Previous international and domestic attempts toreduce Indonesian smoking rates from economic, political, andhealth systems fronts have not succeeded due to lobbying fromtobacco corporations. A stronger stance must be considered—oneof childhood development and a right to freedom from addiction.Advocating for physician-patient education, age limits, and childhoodeducation to key stakeholders in the federal government may helpleverage strategic foreign policies to internationally address thishuman rights issue.
{"title":"Youth Tobacco Use: A Pressing Global Health and Human Rights Challenge","authors":"M. Lee, Puru Panchal","doi":"10.35493/medu.35.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35493/medu.35.13","url":null,"abstract":"Youth smoking is prevalent in Indonesia. 90% of Indonesian childrenhave smoked a cigarette by age 13 and many remain as smokersinto adulthood. As a result of this addiction, many householdshave cigarettes as their second highest expenditure. Smokingis a considerable financial burden on families and the Indonesianhealth system. Previous international and domestic attempts toreduce Indonesian smoking rates from economic, political, andhealth systems fronts have not succeeded due to lobbying fromtobacco corporations. A stronger stance must be considered—oneof childhood development and a right to freedom from addiction.Advocating for physician-patient education, age limits, and childhoodeducation to key stakeholders in the federal government may helpleverage strategic foreign policies to internationally address thishuman rights issue.","PeriodicalId":22813,"journal":{"name":"The Meducator","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90419041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The proviral latency of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a principal obstacle to curing the infection and halting disease pathogenesis. In fact, HIV infection remainsincurable due to a long-lived latent reservoir of HIV within the central nervous system (CNS), as well as the most impervious reservoir, CD4+ T cells. This review evaluates “shock and kill” therapy, an emerging curative strategy thattargets HIV reservoirs. The novel approach aims to “shock” latently infected cells by inducing HIV viral expression through latency reversing agents (LRA). Upon reactivation,the “kill” method refers to the termination of virus-infected cells by employing strategies involving HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. The potential benefits of purging immune cells ofHIV-infected individuals and limiting the size of the latent reservoir must be assessed to advance the “shock and kill” technique.
{"title":"\"It's a metaphor\"","authors":"Paul Lee","doi":"10.35493/medu.34.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35493/medu.34.21","url":null,"abstract":"The proviral latency of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a principal obstacle to curing the infection and halting disease pathogenesis. In fact, HIV infection remainsincurable due to a long-lived latent reservoir of HIV within the central nervous system (CNS), as well as the most impervious reservoir, CD4+ T cells. This review evaluates “shock and kill” therapy, an emerging curative strategy thattargets HIV reservoirs. The novel approach aims to “shock” latently infected cells by inducing HIV viral expression through latency reversing agents (LRA). Upon reactivation,the “kill” method refers to the termination of virus-infected cells by employing strategies involving HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. The potential benefits of purging immune cells ofHIV-infected individuals and limiting the size of the latent reservoir must be assessed to advance the “shock and kill” technique.","PeriodicalId":22813,"journal":{"name":"The Meducator","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82049246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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