An increasing number of patients require life-saving stem cell transplants, often from unrelated donors. In order to facilitate this process, bone marrow and stem cell registries have been established to genetically catalog potential donors and can be used to find matches for patients in need. Given the wide genetic variability in populations and significant ethnic disparities in donor registries worldwide, there are substantial gaps in the availability of compatible unrelated stem cell donors. Limited understanding of the procedures involved in stem cell donation, along with potential misconceptions of associated risks, may discourage prospective donors. Many people are unaware that there are two established methods for stem cell donation from adult donors, either through bone marrow harvest or—more commonly— through peripheral blood stem cell harvest. This evidence-based commentary explores these two procedures, deconstructs misconstrued fears associated with stem cell donation, and subsequently encourages readers to consider registering as stem cell donors.
{"title":"Ethics of Paediatric Medical Assistance in Dying","authors":"A. Dong, Aaron Wen, P. Ren","doi":"10.35493/medu.34.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35493/medu.34.11","url":null,"abstract":"An increasing number of patients require life-saving stem cell transplants, often from unrelated donors. In order to facilitate this process, bone marrow and stem cell registries have been established to genetically catalog potential donors and can be used to find matches for patients in need. Given the wide genetic variability in populations and significant ethnic disparities in donor registries worldwide, there are substantial gaps in the availability of compatible unrelated stem cell donors. Limited understanding of the procedures involved in stem cell donation, along with potential misconceptions of associated risks, may discourage prospective donors. Many people are unaware that there are two established methods for stem cell donation from adult donors, either through bone marrow harvest or—more commonly— through peripheral blood stem cell harvest. This evidence-based commentary explores these two procedures, deconstructs misconstrued fears associated with stem cell donation, and subsequently encourages readers to consider registering as stem cell donors.","PeriodicalId":22813,"journal":{"name":"The Meducator","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78109879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study was to explore researchers’ perspectives on the challenges and strategies associated with recruiting infants for non-invasive experiments. Nine researchers participated in semi-structured interviews. The interviews were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Access was cited as a major challenge to recruitment. Successful strategies involved forming positive relationships with participants, hospitals, and community partners. Those who agreed to participate were often of high socioeconomic status or had a connection to McMaster University. Interviewed researchers believed that collaborating with colleagues, communicating directly with new mothers, and establishing partnerships with individuals in related professional fields were all effective in facilitating infant recruitment. As recruiting infants for non-invasive studies remains challenging, this study aims to assist researchers in finding successful strategies.
{"title":"Developing Effective Recruitment Strategies for Young Infants","authors":"Hanzhuang Zhu, N. Wagner, R. Sonnadara","doi":"10.35493/medu.34.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35493/medu.34.13","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to explore researchers’ perspectives on the challenges and strategies associated with recruiting infants for non-invasive experiments. Nine researchers participated in semi-structured interviews. The interviews were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Access was cited as a major challenge to recruitment. Successful strategies involved forming positive relationships with participants, hospitals, and community partners. Those who agreed to participate were often of high socioeconomic status or had a connection to McMaster University. Interviewed researchers believed that collaborating with colleagues, communicating directly with new mothers, and establishing partnerships with individuals in related professional fields were all effective in facilitating infant recruitment. As recruiting infants for non-invasive studies remains challenging, this study aims to assist researchers in finding successful strategies.","PeriodicalId":22813,"journal":{"name":"The Meducator","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74335298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Infectious Agent Carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae or Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, specifically Klebsiella species and E. coli, are gram-negative bacilli that have the ability to break down the carbapenem antibiotic rendering it ineffective. Carbapenem resistance by Enterobacteriaceae can occur by many mechanisms, including the production of a metallo-beta-lactamase or a carbapenemase (such as Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase, KPC) which can be transmitted from one Enterobacteriaceae to another. Metallo-beta-lactamases such as New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM), are more common outside the United States. CRE can also have additional resistance mechanisms such as Verona Integron-Mediated Metallo-B-lactamase (VIM) and OXA-48, which enable organisms to be non-susceptible to many other classes of commonly used antibiotics.
{"title":"Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae","authors":"Arbaaz Patel","doi":"10.35493/medu.34.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35493/medu.34.17","url":null,"abstract":"Infectious Agent Carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae or Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, specifically Klebsiella species and E. coli, are gram-negative bacilli that have the ability to break down the carbapenem antibiotic rendering it ineffective. Carbapenem resistance by Enterobacteriaceae can occur by many mechanisms, including the production of a metallo-beta-lactamase or a carbapenemase (such as Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase, KPC) which can be transmitted from one Enterobacteriaceae to another. Metallo-beta-lactamases such as New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM), are more common outside the United States. CRE can also have additional resistance mechanisms such as Verona Integron-Mediated Metallo-B-lactamase (VIM) and OXA-48, which enable organisms to be non-susceptible to many other classes of commonly used antibiotics.","PeriodicalId":22813,"journal":{"name":"The Meducator","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85956408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen associated with a variety of life-threatening diseases. Infections caused by P. aeruginosa can be nearly untreatable because of its multidrug-resistance. One of the characteristics of P. aeruginosa that helps it survive in high drug concentrations is its ability to form biofilms–large communities of cells encompassed by extracellular polymeric substances that defend against many antibiotics. In fact, sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics stimulate biofilm production. This project aims to identify genes associated with biofilm induction in P. aeruginosa by screening a transposon mutant library for mutants that fail to show increased biofilm production when exposed to sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of cefixime, tobramycin, and thiostrepton. So far, we have identified one gene, PA2714, that encodes a predicted molybdopterin oxidoreductase required for biofilm production. Because of the strong association between biofilm production and antibiotic tolerance in P. aeruginosa, the gene identified in this screen may be a useful therapeutic target for novel antimicrobialsthat can disrupt biofilm formation.
{"title":"Identifying genes associated with biofilm production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","authors":"Jessica Chee","doi":"10.15173/M.V1I33.1796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15173/M.V1I33.1796","url":null,"abstract":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen associated with a variety of life-threatening diseases. Infections caused by P. aeruginosa can be nearly untreatable because of its multidrug-resistance. One of the characteristics of P. aeruginosa that helps it survive in high drug concentrations is its ability to form biofilms–large communities of cells encompassed by extracellular polymeric substances that defend against many antibiotics. In fact, sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics stimulate biofilm production. This project aims to identify genes associated with biofilm induction in P. aeruginosa by screening a transposon mutant library for mutants that fail to show increased biofilm production when exposed to sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of cefixime, tobramycin, and thiostrepton. So far, we have identified one gene, PA2714, that encodes a predicted molybdopterin oxidoreductase required for biofilm production. Because of the strong association between biofilm production and antibiotic tolerance in P. aeruginosa, the gene identified in this screen may be a useful therapeutic target for novel antimicrobialsthat can disrupt biofilm formation.","PeriodicalId":22813,"journal":{"name":"The Meducator","volume":"28 1","pages":"19-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88185024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), a procedure involving the transfer of stool from healthy donors to patients, has demonstrated success in re-establishing gut microbiota homeostasis and facilitating the recovery of metabolic and immune function. Based on positive results from numerous clinical trials, current North American and European clinical guidelines recommend FMT as a treatment option for recurrent Clostridium difficile infections. Ongoing investigations into FMT’s efficacy in the treatment of other conditions, such as multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease, may expand the application of FMT to a myriad of diseases. Nonetheless, challenges regarding biosafety concerns and public perception need to be addressed before FMTs can be considered for broaderapplications.
{"title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation: the power of poop","authors":"E. Liu, M. Hou","doi":"10.15173/M.V1I33.1797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15173/M.V1I33.1797","url":null,"abstract":"Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), a procedure involving the transfer of stool from healthy donors to patients, has demonstrated success in re-establishing gut microbiota homeostasis and facilitating the recovery of metabolic and immune function. Based on positive results from numerous clinical trials, current North American and European clinical guidelines recommend FMT as a treatment option for recurrent Clostridium difficile infections. Ongoing investigations into FMT’s efficacy in the treatment of other conditions, such as multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease, may expand the application of FMT to a myriad of diseases. Nonetheless, challenges regarding biosafety concerns and public perception need to be addressed before FMTs can be considered for broaderapplications.","PeriodicalId":22813,"journal":{"name":"The Meducator","volume":"19 1","pages":"23-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85718806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On October 16, 1846, William Morton took part in an operation to remove a tumour from a patient’s neck. However, this surgery was unlike any other that had been completed before. 1 Morton’s stage was the local surgical amphitheater in the Massachusetts General Hospital, and his main prop was the ether, a novel substance that promised to alleviate pain in an unprecedented manner. Within the amphitheater, scientists, dentists, and doctors eagerly awaited the awakening of Morton’s patient after the surgery. To everyone’s delight, after awakening, the patient announced that he did not feel any pain during the operation. Barely a month later, this local stage turned global when Henry Jacob Bigelow published this case study in the Boston Medical & Surgical Journal. 2,3 To this date, the birth of anesthesia is considered a landmark medical discovery.
1846年10月16日，威廉·莫顿参加了从病人颈部切除肿瘤的手术。然而，这次手术不同于以往完成的任何手术。莫顿的舞台是马萨诸塞州总医院当地的外科圆形剧场，他的主要道具是乙醚，这是一种新型物质，有望以前所未有的方式减轻疼痛。在圆形剧场里，科学家、牙医和医生们急切地等待着莫顿的病人在手术后醒来。令大家高兴的是，病人醒来后宣布他在手术过程中没有感到任何疼痛。仅仅一个月后，当Henry Jacob Bigelow在《波士顿医学与外科杂志》上发表了这个案例研究时，这个地方的舞台就变成了全球的舞台。直到今天，麻醉的诞生被认为是一个里程碑式的医学发现。
{"title":"Re-evaluating the Hierarchy of Evidence: What is the Gold Standard?","authors":"Brandon Tang, Stephanie J. Wan","doi":"10.15173/M.V1I25.847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15173/M.V1I25.847","url":null,"abstract":"On October 16, 1846, William Morton took part in an operation to remove a tumour from a patient’s neck. However, this surgery was unlike any other that had been completed before. 1 Morton’s stage was the local surgical amphitheater in the Massachusetts General Hospital, and his main prop was the ether, a novel substance that promised to alleviate pain in an unprecedented manner. Within the amphitheater, scientists, dentists, and doctors eagerly awaited the awakening of Morton’s patient after the surgery. To everyone’s delight, after awakening, the patient announced that he did not feel any pain during the operation. Barely a month later, this local stage turned global when Henry Jacob Bigelow published this case study in the Boston Medical & Surgical Journal. 2,3 To this date, the birth of anesthesia is considered a landmark medical discovery.","PeriodicalId":22813,"journal":{"name":"The Meducator","volume":"2008 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86241197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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