This study numerically investigates mixed convective cooling in a two‐dimensional horizontal channel containing periodically heated blocks by applying proportional (P), proportional‐integral (PI), and proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID) controllers. Three different controller configurations regulate the amount of cold air entering the chamber. The air's non‐dimensional temperature is continuously monitored at the set point to compare the controllers’ performance, and the percentage of overshoot and the steady‐state error are analysed. The investigated chamber comprises one inlet and two exit ports, a temperature sensor, and two heated blocks that are isotherm heat sources. The Galerkin finite element approach computationally solves the equations of continuity, momentum, and energy to analyse the thermo‐fluid phenomena occurring within the chamber. Parametric simulation is carried for different values of the proportional gain (Kp = 0.005, 0.010, 0.050 m s−1 K−1), the integral gain (Ki = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 m s−2 K−1), the derivative gain (Kd = 10−5, 10−4, 10−3 m K−1) to achieve a consistent and expeditious response. Variations of Reynolds, Richardson, and mean Nusselt numbers with time are plotted to compare the system's performance. The investigation indicates that the PI controller produces a comparable level of performance with the PID controller, reducing the necessity to add a derivative controller.
本研究采用比例 (P)、比例积分 (PI) 和比例积分派生 (PID) 控制器，对包含周期性加热块的二维水平通道中的混合对流冷却进行了数值研究。三种不同的控制器配置可调节进入腔室的冷空气量。在设定点连续监测空气的非尺寸温度，以比较控制器的性能，并分析过冲百分比和稳态误差。所研究的腔室包括一个入口和两个出口、一个温度传感器和两个等温热源加热块。Galerkin 有限元方法通过计算求解连续性、动量和能量方程来分析腔体内发生的热流体现象。针对不同的比例增益值（Kp = 0.005、0.010、0.050 m s-1 K-1）、积分增益值（Ki = 0.05、0.10、0.15 m s-2 K-1）和导数增益值（Kd = 10-5、10-4、10-3 m K-1）进行了参数模拟，以获得一致且快速的响应。绘制了雷诺数、理查森数和平均努塞尔特数随时间的变化曲线，以比较系统的性能。调查表明，PI 控制器的性能与 PID 控制器相当，从而减少了添加导数控制器的必要性。
{"title":"Regulation of mixed convective flow in a horizontal channel with multiple slots using P, PI, and PID controllers","authors":"Sonjoy Chandra Debnath, Shuvo Chowdhury, Md Asaduzzaman, Most. Naznin Nahar, Ankita Binte Sattar, Sumon Saha","doi":"10.1049/tje2.12401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/tje2.12401","url":null,"abstract":"This study numerically investigates mixed convective cooling in a two‐dimensional horizontal channel containing periodically heated blocks by applying proportional (P), proportional‐integral (PI), and proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID) controllers. Three different controller configurations regulate the amount of cold air entering the chamber. The air's non‐dimensional temperature is continuously monitored at the set point to compare the controllers’ performance, and the percentage of overshoot and the steady‐state error are analysed. The investigated chamber comprises one inlet and two exit ports, a temperature sensor, and two heated blocks that are isotherm heat sources. The Galerkin finite element approach computationally solves the equations of continuity, momentum, and energy to analyse the thermo‐fluid phenomena occurring within the chamber. Parametric simulation is carried for different values of the proportional gain (Kp = 0.005, 0.010, 0.050 m s−1 K−1), the integral gain (Ki = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 m s−2 K−1), the derivative gain (Kd = 10−5, 10−4, 10−3 m K−1) to achieve a consistent and expeditious response. Variations of Reynolds, Richardson, and mean Nusselt numbers with time are plotted to compare the system's performance. The investigation indicates that the PI controller produces a comparable level of performance with the PID controller, reducing the necessity to add a derivative controller.","PeriodicalId":22858,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141413329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study proposes an improved Hybrid Network‐on‐Chip (HNoC) with a flexible topology and frugal routing. The key advantage is in terms of latency and saturation because of the optimal use of RF‐based wireless networks. The performance improvement is achieved by managing the communication resources through a radio bandwidth allocation algorithm and a frugal routing algorithm that optimizes RF consumption by choosing between wired and wireless networks. The architecture of a hybrid network‐on‐chip has been modeled in SystemC by extending IP from the SoCLib library and Noxim simulator. The distinction of the flexible topology is exhibited by an 11% reduced delay compared to the fixed topology and a 31% shorter delay compared to a wired mesh network for lower transaction rates. A 21% increase in saturation has also established the superiority of the frugal routing algorithm. The hybrid design can be useful in addressing the limitations of purely wireless design, and the frugal routing algorithm can be seen as a complex topology for increasing the size of on‐chip networks.
{"title":"An improved hybrid network‐on‐chip with flexible topology and frugal routing","authors":"Qaiser Ijaz, E. Bourennane","doi":"10.1049/tje2.12395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/tje2.12395","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes an improved Hybrid Network‐on‐Chip (HNoC) with a flexible topology and frugal routing. The key advantage is in terms of latency and saturation because of the optimal use of RF‐based wireless networks. The performance improvement is achieved by managing the communication resources through a radio bandwidth allocation algorithm and a frugal routing algorithm that optimizes RF consumption by choosing between wired and wireless networks. The architecture of a hybrid network‐on‐chip has been modeled in SystemC by extending IP from the SoCLib library and Noxim simulator. The distinction of the flexible topology is exhibited by an 11% reduced delay compared to the fixed topology and a 31% shorter delay compared to a wired mesh network for lower transaction rates. A 21% increase in saturation has also established the superiority of the frugal routing algorithm. The hybrid design can be useful in addressing the limitations of purely wireless design, and the frugal routing algorithm can be seen as a complex topology for increasing the size of on‐chip networks.","PeriodicalId":22858,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141401639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reports the results of an investigation into the use of magnetic sensors for measuring AC currents and subsequently, estimating AC current phasors in low‐ and medium voltage AC power systems. Tunnelling magnetoresistive (TMR) sensor of high sensitivity and a wide range was used for the magnetic field measurement around AC conductor. The sensor was calibrated to overcome the inequality in the sensed magnetic field due to various aspects such as the distance from the source, minute structural variations, the magnitude of the source current, and presence of harmonics. Performance was tested for accuracy at lower frequencies such as 1, 2, 5 and 10 Hz as well as at higher frequencies such as 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th harmonics of the fundamental frequency. The percentage total vector error (TVE) was calculated for current phasors with input current magnitudes varying from 5 to 1500 A of various frequencies and was compared with the actual current as well as with the outputs of a high accuracy conventional core‐wound donut type current transformer (CT). The measurement accuracy corresponding to magnitude, phase and TVE during laboratory and field applications validated the suitability of TMR sensor for contactless and non‐invasive AC current measurement.
{"title":"Magnetic sensors for contactless and non‐intrusive measurement of current in AC power systems","authors":"Prasad Shrawane, Tarlochan Sidhu","doi":"10.1049/tje2.12371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/tje2.12371","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports the results of an investigation into the use of magnetic sensors for measuring AC currents and subsequently, estimating AC current phasors in low‐ and medium voltage AC power systems. Tunnelling magnetoresistive (TMR) sensor of high sensitivity and a wide range was used for the magnetic field measurement around AC conductor. The sensor was calibrated to overcome the inequality in the sensed magnetic field due to various aspects such as the distance from the source, minute structural variations, the magnitude of the source current, and presence of harmonics. Performance was tested for accuracy at lower frequencies such as 1, 2, 5 and 10 Hz as well as at higher frequencies such as 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th harmonics of the fundamental frequency. The percentage total vector error (TVE) was calculated for current phasors with input current magnitudes varying from 5 to 1500 A of various frequencies and was compared with the actual current as well as with the outputs of a high accuracy conventional core‐wound donut type current transformer (CT). The measurement accuracy corresponding to magnitude, phase and TVE during laboratory and field applications validated the suitability of TMR sensor for contactless and non‐invasive AC current measurement.","PeriodicalId":22858,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141411154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carrier phase‐shifted sine pulse width modulation is a common modulation strategy for medium‐ and low‐voltage cascaded H‐bridges (CHB). This paper proposes a novel jittered‐carrier phase‐shifted sine pulse width modulation (JCPS‐SPWM) to reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the converter. It makes the carrier jitter regularly while the total switching times remain unchanged, which reduces the THD of the bridge arm voltage and current by moving the low‐order output harmonics of the bridge arm voltage and current to filterable high‐order harmonics. Since the total number of switching times remains unchanged, this modulation strategy will not cause any increase in switching loss. A seven‐level CHB simulation model and an experimental prototype are built to verify the effectiveness of the approach. The results show that harmonic content can be reduced by 47.5% compared with the traditional method, thus verifying the effectiveness of the JCPS‐SPWM.
载波相移正弦脉宽调制是中低压级联 H 桥（CHB）的常用调制策略。本文提出了一种新颖的抖动载波相移正弦脉宽调制（JCPS-SPWM），以降低转换器的总谐波失真（THD）。它使载波有规律地抖动，而总开关次数保持不变，从而通过将桥臂电压和电流的低阶输出谐波移至可滤除的高阶谐波来降低桥臂电压和电流的总谐波失真。由于总开关次数保持不变，这种调制策略不会导致开关损耗增加。为验证该方法的有效性，建立了一个七级 CHB 仿真模型和一个实验原型。结果表明，与传统方法相比，谐波含量可减少 47.5%，从而验证了 JCPS-SPWM 的有效性。
{"title":"A novel jittered‐carrier phase‐shifted sine pulse width modulation for cascaded H‐bridge converter","authors":"Dan Luo, Dong Lin, Wenzhong Zhang, Wenwu Lian","doi":"10.1049/tje2.12391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/tje2.12391","url":null,"abstract":"Carrier phase‐shifted sine pulse width modulation is a common modulation strategy for medium‐ and low‐voltage cascaded H‐bridges (CHB). This paper proposes a novel jittered‐carrier phase‐shifted sine pulse width modulation (JCPS‐SPWM) to reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the converter. It makes the carrier jitter regularly while the total switching times remain unchanged, which reduces the THD of the bridge arm voltage and current by moving the low‐order output harmonics of the bridge arm voltage and current to filterable high‐order harmonics. Since the total number of switching times remains unchanged, this modulation strategy will not cause any increase in switching loss. A seven‐level CHB simulation model and an experimental prototype are built to verify the effectiveness of the approach. The results show that harmonic content can be reduced by 47.5% compared with the traditional method, thus verifying the effectiveness of the JCPS‐SPWM.","PeriodicalId":22858,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141396146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Automatic Violence Detection and Classification (AVDC) with deep learning has garnered significant attention in computer vision research. This paper presents a novel approach for combining a custom Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) with a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) in developing a new AVDC model called BrutNet. Specifically, a time‐distributed DCNN (TD‐DCNN) is developed to generate a compact 2D representation with 512 spatial features per frame from a set of equally‐spaced frames of dimension 16090 in short video segments. Further to leverage the temporal information, a GRU layer is utilised, generating a condensed 1D vector that enables binary classification of violent or non‐violent content through multiple dense layers. Overfitting is addressed by incorporating dropout layers with a rate of 0.5, while the hidden and output layers employ rectified linear unit (ReLU) and sigmoid activations, respectively. The model is trained on the NVIDIA Tesla K80 GPU through Google Colab, demonstrating superior performance compared to existing models across various video datasets, including hockey fights, movie fights, AVD, and RWF‐2000. Notably, the model stands out by requiring only 3.416 million parameters and achieving impressive test accuracies of 97.62%, 100%, 97.22%, and 86.43% on the respective datasets. Thus, BrutNet exhibits the potential to emerge as a highly efficient and robust AVDC model in support of greater public safety, content moderation and censorship, computer‐aided investigations, and law enforcement.
{"title":"BrutNet: A novel approach for violence detection and classification using DCNN with GRU","authors":"M. Haque, Hussain Nyeem, Syma Afsha","doi":"10.1049/tje2.12375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/tje2.12375","url":null,"abstract":"Automatic Violence Detection and Classification (AVDC) with deep learning has garnered significant attention in computer vision research. This paper presents a novel approach for combining a custom Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) with a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) in developing a new AVDC model called BrutNet. Specifically, a time‐distributed DCNN (TD‐DCNN) is developed to generate a compact 2D representation with 512 spatial features per frame from a set of equally‐spaced frames of dimension 16090 in short video segments. Further to leverage the temporal information, a GRU layer is utilised, generating a condensed 1D vector that enables binary classification of violent or non‐violent content through multiple dense layers. Overfitting is addressed by incorporating dropout layers with a rate of 0.5, while the hidden and output layers employ rectified linear unit (ReLU) and sigmoid activations, respectively. The model is trained on the NVIDIA Tesla K80 GPU through Google Colab, demonstrating superior performance compared to existing models across various video datasets, including hockey fights, movie fights, AVD, and RWF‐2000. Notably, the model stands out by requiring only 3.416 million parameters and achieving impressive test accuracies of 97.62%, 100%, 97.22%, and 86.43% on the respective datasets. Thus, BrutNet exhibits the potential to emerge as a highly efficient and robust AVDC model in support of greater public safety, content moderation and censorship, computer‐aided investigations, and law enforcement.","PeriodicalId":22858,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140760730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to determine the pile internal forces of wharf under simultaneous seismic excitation in orthogonal horizontal directions with ease, the total internal forces can be obtained by multiplying the pile forces of two‐dimensional model under transverse earthquake loading with a magnification factor. The factors were computed from the seismic response of wharves having various aspect ratios (length to width) and eccentricity ratios when subjected to 30 pairs of bi‐directional earthquake records. Mean magnification factors and their corresponding dispersion are presented for all ground motion ensembles. The influence of aspect ratio and eccentricity ratio is evaluated and discussed. It is concluded that the magnification factor can be expressed as the function of aspect ratio and eccentricity ratio, and follows lognormal distribution. The proposed equation of magnification factor can be an alternative for internal force analysis of wharves under bi‐directional ground motion.
{"title":"Magnification factor for pile internal forces of pile‐supported wharves under bi‐directional ground motions","authors":"Yunfen Feng, Shufei Gao, Fanli Jing","doi":"10.1049/tje2.12376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/tje2.12376","url":null,"abstract":"In order to determine the pile internal forces of wharf under simultaneous seismic excitation in orthogonal horizontal directions with ease, the total internal forces can be obtained by multiplying the pile forces of two‐dimensional model under transverse earthquake loading with a magnification factor. The factors were computed from the seismic response of wharves having various aspect ratios (length to width) and eccentricity ratios when subjected to 30 pairs of bi‐directional earthquake records. Mean magnification factors and their corresponding dispersion are presented for all ground motion ensembles. The influence of aspect ratio and eccentricity ratio is evaluated and discussed. It is concluded that the magnification factor can be expressed as the function of aspect ratio and eccentricity ratio, and follows lognormal distribution. The proposed equation of magnification factor can be an alternative for internal force analysis of wharves under bi‐directional ground motion.","PeriodicalId":22858,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140771046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper deals with the control and performance improvement of parallel‐operated voltage‐source inverters (VSIs) controlled as virtual synchronous generators (VSGs). In publications regarding the parallel‐operated VSGs, transmission lines are considered to be mainly inductive. However, less analytical works have been done regarding the control of paralleled VSGs in low‐voltage grids with dominant resistive impedances. Once VSIs are controlled as VSGs in a microgrid with more resistive transmission lines, swing equation and system representation for the power‐angle synchronization will change leading to a new control structure. Therefore, this paper deals with the control of parallel‐operated converter‐based VSGs in low‐voltage grids with dominant resistive line impedances. In this way, the VSG representation, comprising the swing equation and V‐P droop characteristic, for applications in highly resistive microgrids is presented, in which the swing equation and VSG frequency are related to reactive power. Then, the V‐P droop characteristic is modified and an enhanced P‐V droop characteristic for proper sharing of active power between the VSGs in highly resistive microgrids is proposed. Next, the VSG control is modified so that the R/X ratio at the VSG output increases and thus the decoupled control of active/reactive powers in relatively inductive cases is realized as well.
{"title":"VSG‐controlled parallel‐connected voltage‐source converters in low‐voltage microgrid with dominant resistive impedance","authors":"Mohsen Rahimi","doi":"10.1049/tje2.12379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/tje2.12379","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the control and performance improvement of parallel‐operated voltage‐source inverters (VSIs) controlled as virtual synchronous generators (VSGs). In publications regarding the parallel‐operated VSGs, transmission lines are considered to be mainly inductive. However, less analytical works have been done regarding the control of paralleled VSGs in low‐voltage grids with dominant resistive impedances. Once VSIs are controlled as VSGs in a microgrid with more resistive transmission lines, swing equation and system representation for the power‐angle synchronization will change leading to a new control structure. Therefore, this paper deals with the control of parallel‐operated converter‐based VSGs in low‐voltage grids with dominant resistive line impedances. In this way, the VSG representation, comprising the swing equation and V‐P droop characteristic, for applications in highly resistive microgrids is presented, in which the swing equation and VSG frequency are related to reactive power. Then, the V‐P droop characteristic is modified and an enhanced P‐V droop characteristic for proper sharing of active power between the VSGs in highly resistive microgrids is proposed. Next, the VSG control is modified so that the R/X ratio at the VSG output increases and thus the decoupled control of active/reactive powers in relatively inductive cases is realized as well.","PeriodicalId":22858,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140790931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the rapidly evolving landscape of digital systems and modern technology, including computing and device peripherals, a paradigm shift is evident across various engineering fields. This transformation is characterized by the integration of cutting‐edge concepts such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Cloud Computing, and Smart Digital Systems. Notably, these advancements hold significant promise in Biomedical Engineering, where they play crucial roles in comprehending human conditions and anatomy. Given the paramount importance of health, especially amidst rising diseases and health‐related challenges, there arises a pressing need for optimal solutions. This research focuses on the integration of Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems with AI to deliver efficient solutions. Specifically, the research targets issues related to prioritization and segment queue management, with the aim of enhancing overall proficiency and efficiency in healthcare operations. The research presents a prototype version developed, deployed, and experimentally evaluated to assess its performance in achieving the stated objectives. Through this investigation, the research seeks to contribute to the advancement of EHR systems and AI integration in healthcare, ultimately aiming to enhance patient care and healthcare delivery processes.
{"title":"The design approach of an artificial intelligent (AI) medical system based on electronical health records (EHR) and priority segmentations","authors":"Zarif Bin Akhtar","doi":"10.1049/tje2.12381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/tje2.12381","url":null,"abstract":"In the rapidly evolving landscape of digital systems and modern technology, including computing and device peripherals, a paradigm shift is evident across various engineering fields. This transformation is characterized by the integration of cutting‐edge concepts such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Cloud Computing, and Smart Digital Systems. Notably, these advancements hold significant promise in Biomedical Engineering, where they play crucial roles in comprehending human conditions and anatomy. Given the paramount importance of health, especially amidst rising diseases and health‐related challenges, there arises a pressing need for optimal solutions. This research focuses on the integration of Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems with AI to deliver efficient solutions. Specifically, the research targets issues related to prioritization and segment queue management, with the aim of enhancing overall proficiency and efficiency in healthcare operations. The research presents a prototype version developed, deployed, and experimentally evaluated to assess its performance in achieving the stated objectives. Through this investigation, the research seeks to contribute to the advancement of EHR systems and AI integration in healthcare, ultimately aiming to enhance patient care and healthcare delivery processes.","PeriodicalId":22858,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140785899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mingyu Jiang, Yue Xia, Tian Lan, Ruikai Song, Songhuai Du, Juan Su
Electromagnetic transients program (EMTP) is widely used to analyze transients in power systems. With the increased interest in integrated energy systems (IESs), it would be beneficial to extend the application of EMTP to multi‐physics transients in integrated electrical and heating networks. In this paper, an accurate and efficient lumped‐element circuit model of the heating district pipe is developed in EMTP. The pipe is split into segments using spatial discretization. The application of the numerical discretization to the energy conservation equation gives the discretized pipe equation which is expressed in the form of a companion model of EMTP. In order to reduce the computational effort, the time‐varying terms in the admittance matrix of the companion model of pipe are eliminated. The modification of the admittance matrix is avoided. Furthermore, the internal nodes resulting from spatial discretization are eliminated, resulting in a lumped‐element circuit model with only two external nodes. Case studies are carried out to validate the proposed model in terms of accuracy and efficiency. The 2‐norm error of the proposed model is 0.0153%. With a pipe length of 100 m, the computational speed of the proposed model is increased by a factor of 2.94 compared with the existing distributed‐element circuit model. The implementation of the proposed pipe model in the EMTP‐type simulator enables the analysis of multi‐physics transients in a multi‐carrier energy system.
{"title":"Lumped‐element equivalent circuit modelling of district heating pipe in electromagnetic transients program","authors":"Mingyu Jiang, Yue Xia, Tian Lan, Ruikai Song, Songhuai Du, Juan Su","doi":"10.1049/tje2.12377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/tje2.12377","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetic transients program (EMTP) is widely used to analyze transients in power systems. With the increased interest in integrated energy systems (IESs), it would be beneficial to extend the application of EMTP to multi‐physics transients in integrated electrical and heating networks. In this paper, an accurate and efficient lumped‐element circuit model of the heating district pipe is developed in EMTP. The pipe is split into segments using spatial discretization. The application of the numerical discretization to the energy conservation equation gives the discretized pipe equation which is expressed in the form of a companion model of EMTP. In order to reduce the computational effort, the time‐varying terms in the admittance matrix of the companion model of pipe are eliminated. The modification of the admittance matrix is avoided. Furthermore, the internal nodes resulting from spatial discretization are eliminated, resulting in a lumped‐element circuit model with only two external nodes. Case studies are carried out to validate the proposed model in terms of accuracy and efficiency. The 2‐norm error of the proposed model is 0.0153%. With a pipe length of 100 m, the computational speed of the proposed model is increased by a factor of 2.94 compared with the existing distributed‐element circuit model. The implementation of the proposed pipe model in the EMTP‐type simulator enables the analysis of multi‐physics transients in a multi‐carrier energy system.","PeriodicalId":22858,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140784404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents a simple yet novel method of designing a fractional‐order proportional derivative (namely, ) controller for all types of integrating plants. Considering the importance of the direct synthesis approach, the method obtains robust closed‐loop performance. The setpoint parameter is obtained using the multi‐optimization Pareto solution, considering the optimal values in control efforts and performance index together. The numerical investigations have shown improved servo and regulatory responses compared to recently published strategies with fractional orders. It is also known that classical PIDs cannot accurately follow a ramp setpoint. A real‐world situation also demands that the reference inputs become an acceleration ramp type. The proposed technique can handle rising ramp setpoints with plant uncertainty and measurement noise. Hardware verification is also performed on a quadrotor minidrone to check for real‐time issues.
{"title":"Direct synthesis approach to design PDμ${text{PD}}^mu$ based smith predictor for integrating plants: Studied on a quadrotor UAV","authors":"A. Ranjan, Utkal Mehta, Surya Prakash, S. Azid","doi":"10.1049/tje2.12378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/tje2.12378","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a simple yet novel method of designing a fractional‐order proportional derivative (namely, ) controller for all types of integrating plants. Considering the importance of the direct synthesis approach, the method obtains robust closed‐loop performance. The setpoint parameter is obtained using the multi‐optimization Pareto solution, considering the optimal values in control efforts and performance index together. The numerical investigations have shown improved servo and regulatory responses compared to recently published strategies with fractional orders. It is also known that classical PIDs cannot accurately follow a ramp setpoint. A real‐world situation also demands that the reference inputs become an acceleration ramp type. The proposed technique can handle rising ramp setpoints with plant uncertainty and measurement noise. Hardware verification is also performed on a quadrotor minidrone to check for real‐time issues.","PeriodicalId":22858,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140793005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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