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Developing a narrative theory of deception for the analysis of mock-Covert Human Intelligence Source (CHIS) accounts 为分析模拟人类情报来源(CHIS)账户开发一种欺骗叙事理论
Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.1177/0032258x241232880
Lee Moffett, Gavin E. Oxburgh, Paul Dresser, Fiona Gabbert
Human source intelligence (HUMINT) practitioners are concerned with detecting informant deception, and previous research indicates that the verbal content of an informant’s narrative can be used to identify potential deceit. The current study extends previous research by analysing the narrative structure and narrative identity of accounts provided by 22 participants undertaking the role of a mock-informant. Results indicate that deception affects the structure of a mock-informant narrative, with deceptive mock-informants employing abstract introductions and evaluative remarks to withhold information and to distract their listeners with emotional content. Additionally, deceptive mock-informants are more likely to express a low potency narrative role, such as a victim or tragic hero. Furthermore, there is tentative evidence to suggest that an analysis of narrative identity can also provide an indication of varying levels of motivation and cooperation among truthful mock-informants. These findings have implications for HUMINT practitioners in the field and add to the wider body of deception detection research.
人源情报(HUMINT)工作者关注的是如何发现线人的欺骗行为,以往的研究表明,线人叙述的言语内容可用于识别潜在的欺骗行为。本研究通过分析 22 名扮演模拟线人角色的参与者提供的叙述结构和叙述身份,对以往的研究进行了扩展。结果表明,欺骗会影响模拟信息提供者的叙述结构,欺骗性模拟信息提供者会使用抽象的开场白和评价性话语来隐瞒信息,并用情感内容来分散听众的注意力。此外,欺骗性模拟告密者更倾向于表达低效力的叙事角色,如受害者或悲剧英雄。此外,有初步证据表明,对叙事身份的分析也能表明真实的模拟线人之间不同程度的动机和合作。这些发现对人类情报侦察领域的从业人员具有重要意义,并为更广泛的欺骗侦测研究增添了新的内容。
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引用次数: 0
Examining correlates of police officers’ attitudes towards seeking mental health support: A scoping review 研究警官对寻求心理健康支持的态度的相关因素:范围界定审查
Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1177/0032258x241230762
Imogen Elizabeth Grumley Traynor, Michelle Rydon-Grange
Police officers are often unwilling to seek psychological support when needed. This scoping review explored research into the correlates of police help-seeking attitudes. Searches returned 1754 initial results, with 21 quantitative, peer-reviewed studies retained (published 1995–2022 across six countries; of moderate quality). The most consistent positive associates of police help-seeking attitudes were past help-seeking, perceived service availability, and having a mental health diagnosis. Current PTSD symptoms were the most consistent negative associate. However, of the 102 correlates identified, most were under-researched and/or had inconsistent findings. The operationalisation of terms also varied greatly. High-quality replication of current research is now needed.
警察往往不愿意在需要时寻求心理支持。本范围界定综述探讨了警察求助态度的相关研究。搜索返回了 1754 项初步结果,保留了 21 项经同行评审的定量研究(发表于 1995-2022 年,横跨六个国家;质量中等)。与警察求助态度最一致的正相关因素是过去的求助经历、感知到的服务可用性以及有心理健康诊断。目前的创伤后应激障碍症状是最一致的负面关联。然而,在确定的 102 个相关因素中,大多数研究不足和/或研究结果不一致。术语的操作也有很大差异。现在需要对目前的研究进行高质量的复制。
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引用次数: 0
Examining correlates of police officers’ attitudes towards seeking mental health support: A scoping review 研究警官对寻求心理健康支持的态度的相关因素:范围界定审查
Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1177/0032258x241230762
Imogen Elizabeth Grumley Traynor, Michelle Rydon-Grange
Police officers are often unwilling to seek psychological support when needed. This scoping review explored research into the correlates of police help-seeking attitudes. Searches returned 1754 initial results, with 21 quantitative, peer-reviewed studies retained (published 1995–2022 across six countries; of moderate quality). The most consistent positive associates of police help-seeking attitudes were past help-seeking, perceived service availability, and having a mental health diagnosis. Current PTSD symptoms were the most consistent negative associate. However, of the 102 correlates identified, most were under-researched and/or had inconsistent findings. The operationalisation of terms also varied greatly. High-quality replication of current research is now needed.
警察往往不愿意在需要时寻求心理支持。本范围界定综述探讨了警察求助态度的相关研究。搜索返回了 1754 项初步结果,保留了 21 项经同行评审的定量研究(发表于 1995-2022 年,横跨六个国家;质量中等)。与警察求助态度最一致的正相关因素是过去的求助经历、感知到的服务可用性以及有心理健康诊断。目前的创伤后应激障碍症状是最一致的负面关联。然而,在确定的 102 个相关因素中,大多数研究不足和/或研究结果不一致。术语的操作也有很大差异。现在需要对目前的研究进行高质量的复制。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding how online solution–focused hypnotherapy can support the wellbeing of police personnel and treat symptoms of anxiety and depression 了解以解决方案为重点的在线催眠疗法如何为警务人员的福祉提供支持并治疗焦虑和抑郁症状
Pub Date : 2024-01-23 DOI: 10.1177/0032258x241228493
Emily Barney, Emma Treby, Gary Johannes, Kerry Seymour
Background: The mental health and wellbeing of police personnel has received increased attention over the last 5 years and rates of mental illness amongst employees are high. Anxiety and depression are the most common mental illnesses within the police force, yet little is known about how effective psychotherapeutic interventions are in treating the symptoms of these mental illnesses in police personnel, that is, how many police personnel recover from anxiety and depression after completing a course of psychotherapy. In the psychotherapy outcome literature, recovery rates for anxiety and depression in clinical samples following treatment are low, between 37% and 47%, suggesting similar outcomes can be expected within the police force using current therapy models. Further research into new or unused interventions is therefore needed to improve recovery rates within the police force. Method: This pilot study explored how a new type of psychotherapy, online Solution Focused Hypnotherapy (SFH), can support the wellbeing of police personnel and effectively treat symptoms of anxiety and depression. A quantitative design was used to measure changes in anxiety (GAD-7) and depression (PHQ-9) symptom severity at pre- and post-intervention and measure changes in wellness using a rating scale (Life Wellness Indicator Tool) at the end of each session. Results: A total of 42 police personnel, both officers and staff, participated in the study and 20 qualified SFH therapists delivered the online intervention. The main finding was that 78% of police personnel who completed a course of SFH and started with clinically significant symptoms of anxiety and/or depression had recovered from their illness following the intervention (i.e. scored below 5 on at least one outcome measure). A total of 97.2% of participants achieved ‘wellness’ after the intervention, compared to 19% at pre-intervention and no participants experienced an increase in symptom scores after completing the intervention. Conclusion: Online Solution Focused Hypnotherapy (SFH) can support the wellbeing of both police officers and staff and effectively treat the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Our findings suggest that SFH is an effective, well liked and safe intervention to use within the police force and provides support for more resources into a larger randomised controlled trial.
背景:过去 5 年来,警务人员的心理健康和福祉受到越来越多的关注,员工的精神疾病发病率很高。焦虑症和抑郁症是警察队伍中最常见的精神疾病,但人们对心理治疗干预在治疗警务人员这些精神疾病症状方面的效果知之甚少,也就是说,有多少警务人员在完成心理治疗课程后从焦虑症和抑郁症中恢复过来。在心理治疗结果的文献中,临床样本中焦虑症和抑郁症患者在治疗后的康复率很低,在 37% 到 47% 之间,这表明采用当前的治疗模式在警务人员中也会产生类似的结果。因此,需要进一步研究新的或未使用过的干预措施,以提高警察队伍中的康复率。方法:本试验性研究探讨了一种新型心理疗法--在线焦点解决催眠疗法(SFH)--如何为警务人员的健康提供支持,并有效治疗焦虑和抑郁症状。研究采用定量设计,测量干预前后焦虑(GAD-7)和抑郁(PHQ-9)症状严重程度的变化,并在每次治疗结束后使用评分量表(生活健康指标工具)测量健康状况的变化。结果共有 42 名警务人员(包括警官和工作人员)参与了研究,20 名合格的 SFH 治疗师提供了在线干预。主要发现是,78%的警务人员在完成 SFH 课程并开始出现临床上明显的焦虑和/或抑郁症状后,在干预后已从疾病中恢复过来(即在至少一项结果测量中得分低于 5 分)。共有 97.2% 的参与者在干预后达到了 "健康 "状态,而干预前这一比例仅为 19%,并且没有参与者在完成干预后症状得分有所增加。结论在线焦点解决催眠疗法(SFH)可以为警官和工作人员的健康提供支持,并有效治疗焦虑和抑郁症状。我们的研究结果表明,SFH 是一种有效、广受欢迎且安全的干预方法,可在警察部队中使用,并为更大规模的随机对照试验提供更多资源支持。
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引用次数: 0
Policing the pandemic: Exploring public perceptions of the enforcement of COVID-19 restrictions in the United Kingdom 大流行病的治安问题:探索公众对英国执行 COVID-19 限制措施的看法
Pub Date : 2024-01-19 DOI: 10.1177/0032258x241228048
L. Boulton, Tia Simanovic, Michelle McManus, Dominique Walker
Traditional UK policing relies on Peelian principles of policing by consent in which public views of police legitimacy are crucial. This study used a mixed methods survey design to explore the impact of the Coronavirus Act 2020 on public perceptions towards the police in one UK force region. The findings indicate that self-reported compliance with COVID-19 measures was significantly related to trust in local policing. Qualitative responses indicate that police enforcement of Covid regulations was believed to infringe on individual liberties while losing focus on ‘real crime’ and decreasing trust in police.
传统的英国警务依赖于皮尔的 "同意警务 "原则,其中公众对警察合法性的看法至关重要。本研究采用混合方法调查设计,探讨了《2020 年冠状病毒法案》对英国某警力地区公众对警察看法的影响。研究结果表明,自我报告是否遵守 COVID-19 措施与对当地警务工作的信任度密切相关。定性回答表明,人们认为警方执行 Covid 法规侵犯了个人自由,同时失去了对 "真正犯罪 "的关注,降低了对警方的信任。
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引用次数: 0
‘It’s why you get up in the morning’. A Straussian grounded theory study of coping in police officers who investigate rape and child abuse 这是你早上起床的原因"。关于调查强奸和虐待儿童案件的警官的应对措施的施特劳斯基础理论研究
Pub Date : 2024-01-19 DOI: 10.1177/0032258x241228491
J. Foley, Alex Hassett, Emma Williams
Policing by its very nature has been widely recognised as being inherently stressful with little that can be done to prevent police officers’ exposure to both primary and secondary trauma. Officers involved in the investigation of child abuse and sexual offences have been further recognised as working in some of the most stressful and demanding roles in policing. However, there has been little research within this high-risk group of officers which seeks to understand how they cope with both the organisational and occupational stressors they are exposed to, as well as which strategies help them to ‘ get up in the morning’. Data were collected through twenty-three (23) semi-structured interviews, with Straussian Grounded Theory used as a framework to develop a model of coping. This study highlighted that although some officers were affected by the traumatic nature of their work, there were other risk factors present which appear to have impacted on them more significantly including ‘burnout’, ’compassion fatigue’ and ‘moral injury’. Protective factors were identified as ‘being in control’, ‘organisational, social and peer support’ as well as ‘having a purpose’ all of which impacted on an officer’s ability to cope with the work they do. The present findings extend our knowledge of key concepts relating to police officer coping which may help officers working in these high-risk roles to cope with challenges they face daily. Recommendations for further research on how to support this group of officers, as well as implications for practice are discussed.
人们普遍认为,警务工作就其本质而言本身压力就很大,几乎没有什么办法可以防止警官遭受原发性和继发性创伤。参与调查虐待儿童和性犯罪的警官被进一步认为是警务工作中压力最大、要求最高的角色。然而,针对这一高风险警官群体的研究却很少,这些研究旨在了解他们如何应对所面临的组织和职业压力,以及哪些策略有助于他们 "早上起床"。通过二十三(23)次半结构式访谈收集了数据,并以施特劳斯基础理论为框架建立了应对模式。这项研究强调,尽管一些警官受到其工作创伤性质的影响,但还有其他风险因素似乎对他们产生了更大的影响,包括 "职业倦怠"、"同情疲劳 "和 "道德伤害"。保护性因素包括 "掌控"、"组织、社会和同伴支持 "以及 "有目标",所有这些因素都会对警官应对工作的能力产生影响。本研究结果扩展了我们对警官应对能力相关关键概念的认识,这可能有助于从事这些高风险工作的警官应对他们每天面临的挑战。本文还讨论了就如何支持这类警官开展进一步研究的建议,以及对实践的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding the physical fitness standard, recruitment, and retention of Canadian Emergency Response Teams 了解加拿大应急小组的体能标准、招募和留用情况
Pub Date : 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.1177/0032258x241228180
Zachary Towns, Rosemary Ricciardelli, K. Cyr
Canadian police services rely on their Emergency Response Teams (ERT) to respond to diverse calls for service, requiring ERT members to meet physical fitness standards aligned with the physically demanding components of ERT responsibilities. In the current article, we explore the different physical testing components of Canadian tactical teams to better understand the physical testing standards for ERT. We do this by investigating how members of the Association of Canadian Critical Incident Commanders respond to closed and open-ended survey items related to fitness testing for ERT members, consequences of not passing ERT physical testing standards, and how fitness standards are perceived as creating barriers to member retention and recruitment to ERT. We center our discussion on the need for a physically capable police service to ensure security, reduce risk, and enhance public safety and suggest potential avenues for policy changes tied to physical testing standards as ways forward.
加拿大警察部门依靠其应急反应小组(ERT)应对各种服务请求,要求应急反应小组成员达到与应急反应小组职责中对体能要求较高的部分相一致的体能标准。在本文中,我们探讨了加拿大战术小组的不同体能测试内容,以更好地了解应急反应小组的体能测试标准。为此,我们调查了加拿大突发事件指挥官协会成员如何回应与应急反应小组成员体能测试相关的封闭式和开放式调查项目、未通过应急反应小组体能测试标准的后果,以及如何看待体能标准对应急反应小组成员留任和招募造成的障碍。我们将讨论的中心放在需要一支有体能的警察队伍来确保安全、降低风险和加强公共安全上,并提出了与体能测试标准相关的政策变化的潜在途径。
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引用次数: 0
Investigating methods of sharing data between police, health, education, and social services: Semi-structured interviews with police service areas in Wales 调查警察、卫生、教育和社会服务部门之间共享数据的方法:对威尔士警务服务区的半结构式访谈
Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.1177/0032258x231220864
H. Jones, A. Bandyopadhyay, N. Kennedy, S. Brophy, J. Evans, M. Bellis, B. Rowe, C. McNerney, S. Moore
The Crime and Disorder Act (1998) requires the police, local authorities, NHS, and other organisations to share intelligence and collectively work to reduce violent crime. This paper aimed to explore opinions on linking police data with other agency data. Interviews were undertaken with individuals from police forces in Wales, UK. Barriers to sharing data with other organisations involve differences in the systems used to store police data and uncertainties around what is allowed to be shared. Overcoming barriers would allow data linkage across organisations leading to deeper insights into the causes of violence, and therefore intelligence that supports crime prevention. The Crime and Disorder Act of 1998 requires the police, local authorities, the NHS, and other organisations to work together on collective approaches to reduce crime and to analyse shared data to inform resource allocation decisions. Data sharing has been conducted on a per-project basis, but it is rare for whole population data to be linked across organisations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of linking national data from the police with national data from other agencies including health data from General Practitioners, hospitals, and Emergency Departments (EDs). In addition, this study explored the views and opinions from police service areas in Wales on using a single software system to cover all police service areas for public protection purposes and to facilitate sharing data with other agencies. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 36 individuals from the 4 police services in Wales along with representatives from the Violence Prevention Unit (VPU) and the Police Liaison Unit (PLU). The interviews were analysed using codebook thematic analysis to generate key themes from qualitative responses. Two key themes and seven sub-themes were developed from the qualitative data. The key themes include the following: (1) Opinions on the systems used in the police for public protection including thoughts on the current system and moving to using one system. (2) Opinions on data sharing including what data should be shared, benefits of data sharing, barriers to data sharing (within the police and across organisations), and overcoming barriers to data sharing. Interviewees identified that a proprietary relational database, Niche, was the most used system for public protection, was highly regarded, and individuals felt that if all forces moved to the same system this would be a positive development. However, work needs to be undertaken to ensure there is a minimum dataset entered in each area as there is high variability in data quality. Barriers included not knowing what was possible to share and fear of sharing. An unambiguous framework endorsed at a high level of what data should and shouldn’t be shared was recommended to overcome this. The main barriers to shared police data included a lack of clarity around data governance and what is appropria
犯罪与骚乱法案》(1998 年)要求警方、地方当局、国家医疗服务体系和其他组织共享情报,共同致力于减少暴力犯罪。本文旨在探讨将警方数据与其他机构数据联系起来的意见。我们对英国威尔士警察部队的人员进行了访谈。与其他机构共享数据的障碍包括用于存储警方数据的系统存在差异,以及允许共享的内容存在不确定性。克服这些障碍可以实现跨组织的数据链接,从而更深入地了解暴力的原因,进而提供支持预防犯罪的情报。1998 年的《犯罪与扰乱法案》要求警方、地方当局、国家医疗服务系统和其他组织共同采取集体措施减少犯罪,并分析共享数据,为资源分配决策提供信息。数据共享是按项目进行的,但将整个人口的数据在各组织间进行链接的情况并不多见。本研究旨在调查将警方提供的全国数据与其他机构提供的全国数据(包括全科医生、医院和急诊科提供的健康数据)联系起来的可行性。此外,本研究还探讨了威尔士警务服务区对使用单一软件系统覆盖所有警务服务区以达到公共保护目的并促进与其他机构共享数据的看法和意见。研究人员与来自威尔士 4 个警署的 36 名个人以及暴力预防股 (VPU) 和警察联络股 (PLU) 的代表进行了半结构式访谈。访谈分析采用代码主题分析法,从定性回答中生成关键主题。从定性数据中得出了两个关键主题和七个次主题。关键主题包括以下内容:(1) 对警方用于保护公众的系统的看法,包括对当前系统和转向使用一个系统的看法。(2) 对数据共享的看法,包括应共享哪些数据、数据共享的好处、数据共享的障碍(警方内部和跨组织)以及克服数据共享的障碍。受访者指出,专有关系数据库 Niche 是公众保护方面使用最多的系统,受到高度评价,个人认为如果所有部队都转用同一系统,这将是一个积极的发展。然而,由于数据质量差异很大,因此需要开展工作,确保每个地区都有一个最低限度的数据集。障碍包括不知道哪些数据可以共享以及害怕共享。为克服这一障碍,建议制定一个明确的框架,在较高的层次上认可哪些数据应该共享,哪些数据不应该共享。共享警方数据的主要障碍包括数据管理不明确,以及哪些数据适合共享。与会者认为,共享应该是默认的立场,在支持下可以消除这些障碍。机构间的数据共享需要高层的支持和明确的指导方针,说明哪些数据可以共享、与谁共享、以何种格式共享。
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引用次数: 0
Book review: Police administration working process and living condition of UP police 书评:警察行政工作流程与 UP 警察的生活状况
Pub Date : 2023-12-17 DOI: 10.1177/0032258x231221452
Rebant Juyal
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引用次数: 0
A machine learning approach to police recruitment: Exploring the predictive value of social identity measurement instruments 警察招聘的机器学习方法:探索社会身份测量工具的预测价值
Pub Date : 2023-12-08 DOI: 10.1177/0032258x231221429
Ian Gibson, Gareth Stubbs
Existing research on police recruitment is eclectic, with examples of multiple methodologies in multiple police-related settings. These methods often resemble psychological measurement of individual traits yet neglect the potential recruits’ social resources or network-based influence. More recent research has utilised social identity and social network theory to understand the route to a police candidate’s eventual recruitment, but this is underdeveloped. This literature indicates that further research utilising social identity theory could assist with understanding what was before for police recruits and whether that matters. This study explores the use of random forest machine learning to analyse one partial and two full self-report social identity measurement instruments completed by 886 police recruit applicants. It aimed to explore whether the results of these instruments completed by potential police recruits were predictive of their success in the recruitment process. The results reveal that the combined use of these validated social identity instruments offers a reliable predictive base for successful and unsuccessful applicants, with an overall accuracy rate of 86% across the model’s performance metrics. The implications from this study highlight the significance of perceived social identity in the context of police recruitment, emphasising the potential impact of using its measurement to gain improved understanding of candidate selection. Social identity measurement instruments could be incorporated into recruitment processes, allowing police departments to enhance their ability to identify individuals who are more likely to succeed at an earlier stage via machine learning. Practically, this could reduce the need for multiple, expensive recruitment stages. Theoretically, it illustrates that a police recruit’s social identity is of importance to whether a candidate is successful or not, presenting police forces with both challenges and opportunities.
现有的关于警察招聘的研究是折衷的,在多种与警察有关的环境中有多种方法的例子。这些方法往往类似于个体特征的心理测量,而忽视了潜在新兵的社会资源或网络影响。最近的研究利用社会身份和社会网络理论来理解警察候选人最终被录用的途径,但这是不发达的。这些文献表明,利用社会认同理论的进一步研究可以帮助理解警察新兵以前的情况,以及这是否重要。本研究探讨了使用随机森林机器学习来分析886名警察招聘申请人完成的一个部分和两个完整的自我报告社会身份测量工具。它的目的是探讨潜在警察新兵完成的这些文书的结果是否预示着他们在征聘过程中的成功。结果显示,这些经过验证的社会身份工具的综合使用为成功和不成功的申请人提供了可靠的预测基础,在整个模型的性能指标中,总体准确率为86%。本研究的含义强调了感知社会身份在警察招聘背景下的重要性,强调了使用其测量方法来提高对候选人选择的理解的潜在影响。社会身份测量工具可以纳入招聘流程,使警察部门能够通过机器学习提高识别更有可能在早期阶段取得成功的个人的能力。实际上,这可以减少多个昂贵的招聘阶段的需要。从理论上讲,它说明了警察新兵的社会身份对候选人的成功与否至关重要,这给警察部队带来了挑战和机遇。
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引用次数: 0
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The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles
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