Pub Date : 2023-11-21DOI: 10.1177/0032258x231217943
Jerôme Lam, N. Kop
In missing person cases, police often face spontaneous searches by citizens. This study examined the involvement of police and citizens in a well-known Dutch case. It shows that the relationship between police and volunteers is not static, but changes over time. Initially, citizens are more quickly organized and take charge. As the investigation progresses, different types of volunteers are incorporated into the police structure. Citizens pose dilemmas regarding direction and information sharing, but provide valuable search capacity and expertise. The results show the importance of not opposing citizen initiatives, but rather making contact, establishing structure and coordinating efforts early on.
{"title":"Emergent volunteerism in missing person cases — A Dutch case study","authors":"Jerôme Lam, N. Kop","doi":"10.1177/0032258x231217943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258x231217943","url":null,"abstract":"In missing person cases, police often face spontaneous searches by citizens. This study examined the involvement of police and citizens in a well-known Dutch case. It shows that the relationship between police and volunteers is not static, but changes over time. Initially, citizens are more quickly organized and take charge. As the investigation progresses, different types of volunteers are incorporated into the police structure. Citizens pose dilemmas regarding direction and information sharing, but provide valuable search capacity and expertise. The results show the importance of not opposing citizen initiatives, but rather making contact, establishing structure and coordinating efforts early on.","PeriodicalId":22939,"journal":{"name":"The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles","volume":"30 1-2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139252418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-16DOI: 10.1177/0032258x231213723
Marina Sorochinski, C. Salfati, Rosanne Libretti, Sneha Gupta
While the time dimension is part of the definition of serial crime, little attention has been given to understanding offending timelines and the impact of patterns of shorter or longer delays between crimes on the evolution of series on the ability to link crimes. Given the scarcity of research focusing on the timelines of serial offenders, the current study aimed to (1) determine whether series can be classified based on their timeline trajectories (e.g., progressively shorter intervals or progressively longer), and (2) determine whether these timeline trajectories correlate with trajectories of behavioral consistency and change across series. Data included 43 homicide series encompassing 216 crime scenes. Trajectories were determined based on whether intervals increased, decreased, or remained consistent across series, and whether timeline trajectories and behavioral trajectories align. Results revealed that distinct timeline trajectories can reliably distinguish between series. Results also suggested a complex interaction between time between crimes and how this relates to behavioral consistency and change trajectories, thus, suggesting that time is a useful, but potentially separate dimension in the linkage process.
{"title":"The fourth dimension: Time between crimes and impact on behavioral change in violent serial crime","authors":"Marina Sorochinski, C. Salfati, Rosanne Libretti, Sneha Gupta","doi":"10.1177/0032258x231213723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258x231213723","url":null,"abstract":"While the time dimension is part of the definition of serial crime, little attention has been given to understanding offending timelines and the impact of patterns of shorter or longer delays between crimes on the evolution of series on the ability to link crimes. Given the scarcity of research focusing on the timelines of serial offenders, the current study aimed to (1) determine whether series can be classified based on their timeline trajectories (e.g., progressively shorter intervals or progressively longer), and (2) determine whether these timeline trajectories correlate with trajectories of behavioral consistency and change across series. Data included 43 homicide series encompassing 216 crime scenes. Trajectories were determined based on whether intervals increased, decreased, or remained consistent across series, and whether timeline trajectories and behavioral trajectories align. Results revealed that distinct timeline trajectories can reliably distinguish between series. Results also suggested a complex interaction between time between crimes and how this relates to behavioral consistency and change trajectories, thus, suggesting that time is a useful, but potentially separate dimension in the linkage process.","PeriodicalId":22939,"journal":{"name":"The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles","volume":"21 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139267607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-24DOI: 10.1177/0032258x231196116
S. Moore, K. Pease
Deterrence is a subject of discussion across the disciplines of criminology and Security Studies. However, scholars in the latter discipline have access to a far richer relevant terminology. The terminology of deterrence in Security Studies has particularly grown in relation to terrorism. This paper seeks to use that terminology as an aid to the detailed examination of an approach to crime reduction: Focused Deterrence. Use of Focused Deterrence has delivered promising results, but mechanistic explanation of such outcomes has been found wanting. It is hoped that access to a more detailed terminology will assist those seeking to identify causal mechanisms.
{"title":"‘Focused Deterrence’: Works in practice, but does it work in theory?","authors":"S. Moore, K. Pease","doi":"10.1177/0032258x231196116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258x231196116","url":null,"abstract":"Deterrence is a subject of discussion across the disciplines of criminology and Security Studies. However, scholars in the latter discipline have access to a far richer relevant terminology. The terminology of deterrence in Security Studies has particularly grown in relation to terrorism. This paper seeks to use that terminology as an aid to the detailed examination of an approach to crime reduction: Focused Deterrence. Use of Focused Deterrence has delivered promising results, but mechanistic explanation of such outcomes has been found wanting. It is hoped that access to a more detailed terminology will assist those seeking to identify causal mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":22939,"journal":{"name":"The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79535420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-17DOI: 10.1177/0032258x231196117
L. Hoel, Cathrine Filstad
Major, acute crises call for efficient crisis management. This study examines how understandings of police operational and intelligence officers affect collaboration and information sharing during acute crises. The paper shows the crisis management structure impedes collaboration in developing a collective understanding. Knowledge gaps led to difficulty in sharing information and intelligence, and, in decision-making meetings, in trusting the intelligence analysis. The study provides insight into social prerequisites necessary for managers’ collaborative work to be coherent and meaningful. The discussion concentrates on bridging the gap between operational and intelligence practices by reducing the existing knowledge boundaries.
{"title":"The police’s intelligence-led crisis management: Crossing knowledge boundaries of operational and intelligence practices during acute crises","authors":"L. Hoel, Cathrine Filstad","doi":"10.1177/0032258x231196117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258x231196117","url":null,"abstract":"Major, acute crises call for efficient crisis management. This study examines how understandings of police operational and intelligence officers affect collaboration and information sharing during acute crises. The paper shows the crisis management structure impedes collaboration in developing a collective understanding. Knowledge gaps led to difficulty in sharing information and intelligence, and, in decision-making meetings, in trusting the intelligence analysis. The study provides insight into social prerequisites necessary for managers’ collaborative work to be coherent and meaningful. The discussion concentrates on bridging the gap between operational and intelligence practices by reducing the existing knowledge boundaries.","PeriodicalId":22939,"journal":{"name":"The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84293551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-14DOI: 10.1177/0032258x231196120
Bobur Rakhmatullaev
What differentiates personal safety habits of police officers who live with family and officers who live alone? The current explorative, qualitative study explores the personal safety habits and security measures of police officers in relation to their household composition. 30 police officers answered an online study and described their personal safety habits and security measures, which are then analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Five personal safety habits and two security measures are identified that aim to improve officer and household safety, and the failure to differentiate the personal safety habits and security measures between the officer groups are analyzed.
{"title":"Personal safety habits and security measures of police officers in relation to their household composition. A qualitative study","authors":"Bobur Rakhmatullaev","doi":"10.1177/0032258x231196120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258x231196120","url":null,"abstract":"What differentiates personal safety habits of police officers who live with family and officers who live alone? The current explorative, qualitative study explores the personal safety habits and security measures of police officers in relation to their household composition. 30 police officers answered an online study and described their personal safety habits and security measures, which are then analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Five personal safety habits and two security measures are identified that aim to improve officer and household safety, and the failure to differentiate the personal safety habits and security measures between the officer groups are analyzed.","PeriodicalId":22939,"journal":{"name":"The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78051291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-28DOI: 10.1177/0032258x231192009
Eric Chartrand, Eric‐Alexandre Verret
Based on the conclusions of a workload-based assessment of patrol staffing needs conducted at a Canadian police force between 2012 and 2016, this article highlights the importance of capturing time spent on components of calls for service (CFS) that result in an incident report for police allocation and deployment analyses. Initial Computer-Aided Dispatch System (CAD) data analysis suggested that CFS that results in an incident report have a significantly higher completion time than other types of calls. In order to account for CFS handling phases that were not captured by CAD data, a survey was conducted to measure the time spent on the scene, the time spent by backup units on the call, the time spent with the person arrested or taken in charge and time spent on subsequent administrative duties. Research findings suggest that CFS that require the completion of an incident report generate most of the reactive workload of patrol officers, even if they frequently constitute a minority of calls. Results also reveal that the use of supplemental data to assess the workload generated by incidents reports may allow the use of a workload-based approach in police agencies that record less than 15 000 citizen-initiated calls for service per year.
{"title":"Beyond the scene: The importance of time consumed on incident report task components in workload-based patrol allocation and deployment assessments","authors":"Eric Chartrand, Eric‐Alexandre Verret","doi":"10.1177/0032258x231192009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258x231192009","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the conclusions of a workload-based assessment of patrol staffing needs conducted at a Canadian police force between 2012 and 2016, this article highlights the importance of capturing time spent on components of calls for service (CFS) that result in an incident report for police allocation and deployment analyses. Initial Computer-Aided Dispatch System (CAD) data analysis suggested that CFS that results in an incident report have a significantly higher completion time than other types of calls. In order to account for CFS handling phases that were not captured by CAD data, a survey was conducted to measure the time spent on the scene, the time spent by backup units on the call, the time spent with the person arrested or taken in charge and time spent on subsequent administrative duties. Research findings suggest that CFS that require the completion of an incident report generate most of the reactive workload of patrol officers, even if they frequently constitute a minority of calls. Results also reveal that the use of supplemental data to assess the workload generated by incidents reports may allow the use of a workload-based approach in police agencies that record less than 15 000 citizen-initiated calls for service per year.","PeriodicalId":22939,"journal":{"name":"The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles","volume":"30 7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77865925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-28DOI: 10.1177/0032258x231192001
Scott W. Phillips, S. M. Gayadeen
This study is a qualitative exploration of the thoughts of police chiefs and upper-level police administrators in New York State regarding the hiring of applicants who hold left-wing or right-wing ideological perspectives. A near equal number of respondents indicated little hesitancy to hire, while others stating they should not hire such an applicant. Some respondents offered non-committal viewpoints. Most respondents provided a more thoughtful response, indicating the complexity of this issue for police agencies. The overall conclusion is that employing officers who hold biased opinions can impact police legitimacy. Policy implications and considerations for future research are discussed.
{"title":"Hiring police applicants who support far-left or far-right organizations: A qualitative exploration of New York State chiefs’ and administrators’ viewpoint","authors":"Scott W. Phillips, S. M. Gayadeen","doi":"10.1177/0032258x231192001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258x231192001","url":null,"abstract":"This study is a qualitative exploration of the thoughts of police chiefs and upper-level police administrators in New York State regarding the hiring of applicants who hold left-wing or right-wing ideological perspectives. A near equal number of respondents indicated little hesitancy to hire, while others stating they should not hire such an applicant. Some respondents offered non-committal viewpoints. Most respondents provided a more thoughtful response, indicating the complexity of this issue for police agencies. The overall conclusion is that employing officers who hold biased opinions can impact police legitimacy. Policy implications and considerations for future research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":22939,"journal":{"name":"The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90238959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.1177/0032258x231186946
Meike Hecker
Current public debates about rising violence against police officers, and conversely, criticism of racial profiling by the police force, contradict the high levels of trust in the German police reported by public surveys. This raises the question of why the tension between the police and citizens arises. German Criminology has not yet exploited the potential of procedural justice theory to explain the shifting dynamics of trust. Empirical studies on how evaluations of police fairness and effectiveness influence police legitimacy in Germany have long been overdue. Additionally, there is minimal evidence of whether police fairness is experienced differently in different social contexts. Therefore, this study answers two pertinent research questions: (1) To what extent does trust in German police and police legitimacy depend on procedural fairness? (2) To what extent do residents in socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods have lower levels of trust in police fairness? Consistent with international research on procedural justice theory, the results reveal significant effects of normative predictors of trust in the police, such as perceived fairness and neighbourhood trust. Using advanced multilevel modelling, this study observes the effects of two contextual variables (welfare recipients and official crime rates) on neighbourhood levels of trust in police fairness. The results reveal that the impact of personal assessments of the neighbourhood, personal disadvantages, and experiences with the police exceeds neighbourhood context effects.
{"title":"Social disadvantage and trust in German police: Empirical evidence on procedural justice theory and context effects on perceived fairness in urban neighbourhoods","authors":"Meike Hecker","doi":"10.1177/0032258x231186946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258x231186946","url":null,"abstract":"Current public debates about rising violence against police officers, and conversely, criticism of racial profiling by the police force, contradict the high levels of trust in the German police reported by public surveys. This raises the question of why the tension between the police and citizens arises. German Criminology has not yet exploited the potential of procedural justice theory to explain the shifting dynamics of trust. Empirical studies on how evaluations of police fairness and effectiveness influence police legitimacy in Germany have long been overdue. Additionally, there is minimal evidence of whether police fairness is experienced differently in different social contexts. Therefore, this study answers two pertinent research questions: (1) To what extent does trust in German police and police legitimacy depend on procedural fairness? (2) To what extent do residents in socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods have lower levels of trust in police fairness? Consistent with international research on procedural justice theory, the results reveal significant effects of normative predictors of trust in the police, such as perceived fairness and neighbourhood trust. Using advanced multilevel modelling, this study observes the effects of two contextual variables (welfare recipients and official crime rates) on neighbourhood levels of trust in police fairness. The results reveal that the impact of personal assessments of the neighbourhood, personal disadvantages, and experiences with the police exceeds neighbourhood context effects.","PeriodicalId":22939,"journal":{"name":"The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80870690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-29DOI: 10.1177/0032258x231186948
Kelly S Treece
Police officers face many challenges in their profession. These challenges can impact an officer physically, mentally, and emotionally. Although male and female police officers face many of the same struggles within the profession, there are notable differences. Some challenges female police officers face more frequently are sexual discrimination, sexual harassment, and isolation which can cause stressors such as anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues. As such, mental health services that are offered should take into consideration specific gender needs. This study examined the availability of mental health services for female police officers and their experiences when contemplating participation in such services. In this qualitative study, 10 female police officers were interviewed about their work experiences, mental health service needs, and the mental health services available to them. The data were thematically analyzed across participant responses. The interviews yielded various mental health service availability on a national level with no specific focus on gender needs.
{"title":"Female police officers: An exploration of the availability and utilization of mental health services","authors":"Kelly S Treece","doi":"10.1177/0032258x231186948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258x231186948","url":null,"abstract":"Police officers face many challenges in their profession. These challenges can impact an officer physically, mentally, and emotionally. Although male and female police officers face many of the same struggles within the profession, there are notable differences. Some challenges female police officers face more frequently are sexual discrimination, sexual harassment, and isolation which can cause stressors such as anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues. As such, mental health services that are offered should take into consideration specific gender needs. This study examined the availability of mental health services for female police officers and their experiences when contemplating participation in such services. In this qualitative study, 10 female police officers were interviewed about their work experiences, mental health service needs, and the mental health services available to them. The data were thematically analyzed across participant responses. The interviews yielded various mental health service availability on a national level with no specific focus on gender needs.","PeriodicalId":22939,"journal":{"name":"The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles","volume":"133 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89297637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-19DOI: 10.1177/0032258x231184778
T. Andrews
The theory of ‘enclothed cognition’ posits that clothes alone can significantly alter their wearer's outlook on life. Based on this idea, this article examines the world view of uniformed British police officers seeking to understand whether their uniform impacts on their attitudes and behaviours. Using data from a survey of 91 uniformed officers, results suggest that their uniform does indeed affect how they behave and their perceptions of self. Recommendations are made for changes to uniforms with the intent to reduce assaults by and against officers and complaints, as well as increase morale and productivity.
{"title":"The superhero effect: How enclothed cognition can impact on the perceptions and actions of serving UK police officers","authors":"T. Andrews","doi":"10.1177/0032258x231184778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258x231184778","url":null,"abstract":"The theory of ‘enclothed cognition’ posits that clothes alone can significantly alter their wearer's outlook on life. Based on this idea, this article examines the world view of uniformed British police officers seeking to understand whether their uniform impacts on their attitudes and behaviours. Using data from a survey of 91 uniformed officers, results suggest that their uniform does indeed affect how they behave and their perceptions of self. Recommendations are made for changes to uniforms with the intent to reduce assaults by and against officers and complaints, as well as increase morale and productivity.","PeriodicalId":22939,"journal":{"name":"The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85464677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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