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The non-stranger rapist-oriented interview for complainants: Eliciting high-quality accounts 针对投诉人的非陌生人性侵犯导向访谈:引出高质量的陈述
Pub Date : 2023-06-18 DOI: 10.1177/0032258x231184980
Sharita Gajadhar, R. Bull
Non-stranger rape (NSR) cases are often not prosecuted because of the poor quality of the accounts obtained from complainants. However, a growing body of research suggests that such high attrition rates are likely to improve when the quality of these accounts is increased by skilled interviewing. To assist police interviewers in eliciting high-quality accounts, the development of a guide for the interviewing of NSR complainants has recently been recommended. The present study aims to make the first step in developing such a guide. A multidisciplinary literature search was conducted. The newly developed Non-Stranger Rapist-Oriented Interview (NSROI) is specifically designed to promote complainants’ disclosure of evidentially relevant information in the form of a clear, chronological and concise narrative (i.e., a high-quality account). The guide is divided into the ‘preparatory’, ‘rape’ and ‘rape aftermath’ phase. The three themes and questions of the first phase focus on revealing the context in which the alleged rape occurred. The five themes and questions of the second phase concentrate on the day of sexual penetration. The third phase’s ninth theme and questions focus on the psychological impact of the events on the complainant. The guide includes the following themes: (i) vulnerabilities, (ii) relationship history, (iii) indications of planning and premeditation, (iv) method to gain control, (v) method to keep control, (vi) offered resistance, (vii) sexual acts performed, sequence and degree of penetration, (viii) perpetrator’s behaviour after the performed sexual acts and (ix) victim’s post-event psychological injury. The potential, implications and limitations of the NSROI are discussed.
非陌生人强奸案件往往不被起诉,因为从投诉人那里获得的证词质量很差。然而,越来越多的研究表明,如果通过熟练的面试提高这些客户的质量,这种高流失率可能会得到改善。为协助警方访谈人员获得高质素的陈述,最近建议编制一份访谈“噪音感应强”投诉人的指引。本研究旨在为制定这样一份指南迈出第一步。进行多学科文献检索。新开发的非陌生人强奸犯导向访谈(NSROI)专门用于促进投诉人以清晰,按时间顺序和简明的叙述形式披露证据相关信息(即高质量的叙述)。该指南分为“准备”、“强奸”和“强奸后果”三个阶段。第一阶段的三个主题和问题集中于揭示所指控的强奸发生的背景。第二阶段的五个主题和问题集中在性渗透的那一天。第三阶段的第九个主题和问题侧重于事件对投诉人的心理影响。该指南包括以下主题:(i)脆弱性,(ii)关系历史,(iii)计划和预谋的迹象,(iv)获得控制的方法,(v)保持控制的方法,(vi)提出抵抗,(vii)实施的性行为,插入的顺序和程度,(viii)犯罪者在实施性行为后的行为以及(ix)受害者在事件后的心理伤害。讨论了NSROI的潜力、影响和局限性。
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引用次数: 0
Mental health and exercise habits among police students in Sweden: A three-year retrospective study 瑞典警察专业学生的心理健康和运动习惯:一项为期三年的回顾性研究
Pub Date : 2023-06-16 DOI: 10.1177/0032258x231181327
A. Jansson, Daniel Bjärsholm, Sandra Krugly, Joakim Ingrell, Jenny Vikman
This study aims to explore police students’ self-rated mental health and physical activity levels and the relationship between them. Based on longitudinal and cross-sectional data ( N = 722), two scales on mental health orientation were developed. The scales and levels of physical activity were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, and X 2. During police education, (1) the level of physical activity decreases for men, (2) there is a decline in positive health orientation for both sexes, and (3) women report a more negative health orientation. This raises questions regarding whether “enough” is done to provide police students with sufficient conditions for improving their health.
本研究旨在探讨警校学生自评心理健康与体育活动水平的关系。基于纵向和横断面数据(N = 722),编制了心理健康取向量表。体力活动的规模和水平采用t检验、方差分析和x2进行分析。在警察教育期间,(1)男性的体育活动水平下降,(2)两性的积极健康倾向都有所下降,(3)女性的消极健康倾向有所增加。这就提出了一个问题,即为警察学生提供改善其健康的充分条件是否“足够”。
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引用次数: 0
‘Holding onto trauma?’ The prevalence and predictors of PTSD, anxiety and depression in police officers working with child abuse, rape and sexual exploitation victims “坚持创伤?”“在处理虐待儿童、强奸和性剥削受害者的警察中,PTSD、焦虑和抑郁的患病率和预测因素。
Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.1177/0032258x231183638
J. Foley, F. Jones, A. Hassett, E. Williams
Research into post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other common mental disorders (CMDs) in police officers is limited, with the majority of research predominately conducted outside the UK, and no study quantitatively examining the role of social support in relation to the mental health of UK police officers working with victims of trauma. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the prevalence and predictors of PTSD and CMD in UK police officers who investigate rape, sexual exploitation and child abuse, along with the potential protective role of social support. Participants were police officers ( n = 353) within one police area, who completed self-report measures of PTSD, anxiety, depression and social support. Results showed that 23% of officers had potentially clinical levels of PTSD, 26% had moderate to severe levels of anxiety and 35% had moderate to severe levels of depression. Female officers, those of constable rank, those working with victims of child abuse, and those with lowest levels of social support had poorer mental health. There was tentative evidence that social support statistically moderated the relationship between tenure and depression. These findings suggest the need for bespoke help for the sub-group of officers experiencing mental health problems and for further research into the potential protective role of social support.
对警察的创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)和其他常见精神障碍(cmd)的研究有限,大多数研究主要在联合王国以外进行,没有研究定量审查社会支持在与创伤受害者一起工作的联合王国警察的心理健康方面的作用。因此,本研究旨在调查调查强奸、性剥削和虐待儿童的英国警察中PTSD和CMD的患病率和预测因素,以及社会支持的潜在保护作用。参与者是一个警区的警官(n = 353),他们完成了创伤后应激障碍、焦虑、抑郁和社会支持的自我报告测量。结果显示,23%的警官有潜在的临床水平的创伤后应激障碍,26%有中度到重度的焦虑,35%有中度到重度的抑郁。女警官、警官级别的女警官、与虐待儿童受害者打交道的女警官以及社会支持水平最低的女警官的心理健康状况较差。有初步证据表明,社会支持在统计上缓和了任期与抑郁之间的关系。这些发现表明,有必要为经历心理健康问题的警官小组提供定制化的帮助,并进一步研究社会支持的潜在保护作用。
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引用次数: 0
The case for case-based learning in police recruit training 警察招聘培训中案例学习的案例
Pub Date : 2023-06-05 DOI: 10.1177/0032258x231181322
Ryan Buhrig
Case-based learning is an andragogical approach that requires students to apply knowledge by discussing scenarios resembling real-life situations. Despite its history of practical and effective application in several educational settings, little empirical research on case-based learning in Canadian police recruit training exists. For this study, administrators from six Canadian police recruit training institutions were interviewed on their approach to training and case-based learning. Four key themes emerged, including (1) interrelated training content, (2) andragogical methods, (3) case-based learning, and (4) resourcing challenges. Case-based learning is then discussed as a strategy to enhance knowledge acquisition and critical thinking among police recruits.
基于案例的学习是一种教学方法,要求学生通过讨论类似于现实生活中的情景来应用知识。尽管它在几个教育环境中有实际和有效的应用历史,但在加拿大警察招募培训中很少有基于案例的学习的实证研究。在这项研究中,来自六个加拿大警察招募培训机构的管理人员就他们的培训方法和基于案例的学习进行了访谈。出现了四个关键主题,包括(1)相互关联的培训内容,(2)方法论,(3)基于案例的学习,以及(4)资源挑战。然后讨论了以案例为基础的学习作为一种策略,以加强警察新兵的知识获取和批判性思维。
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引用次数: 1
Positive action paradox in UK police recruitment: A critical perspective 英国警察招聘中的积极行动悖论:一个批判的视角
Pub Date : 2023-05-26 DOI: 10.1177/0032258x231172030
I. Hesketh, Gareth Stubbs
Police recruitment across the UK is under intense political and social pressure to increase representation and legitimacy. This layered in to a quest to raise the number of police officers in England and Wales by 20,000. However, despite decades of reform initiatives, police recruitment continues to be a challenging and potentially exclusionary process for candidates from ethnic minority backgrounds. Research in this area mainly comprises macro-level process evaluation and subsequent extrapolation of the results into positive action initiatives. There is a paucity of research at the micro-interaction level among social actors. In this paper, we present a case study of police recruitment in a large English Police Constabulary over four recruitment cohorts in 2018. We conducted 26 long-form, in-depth interviews with new police recruits. Utilising the embeddedness theoretical framework based on sociological studies of the labour market, we attempt to understand police recruitment at the micro-social interaction level. We demonstrate that police recruitment has a high level of social embeddedness within the Constabulary. Candidates utilise social connections throughout the recruitment process to develop competence in the recruitment stages, while also building their respective police social identities. Although positive action recipients also receive significant organisational and instrumental support, they build a relationship with the abstract organisation and not existing police officers. This creates an imbalance in social identity development and may have implications for how positive action initiative recipients may struggle within the policing environment. Further implications exist for positive action design and implementation.
英国各地的警察招聘都面临着巨大的政治和社会压力,要求增加代表性和合法性。在此基础上,英国政府要求在英格兰和威尔士增加2万名警察。然而,尽管有了几十年的改革举措,警察招聘仍然是一个具有挑战性的过程,对少数民族背景的候选人来说可能是被排斥的。这一领域的研究主要包括宏观层面的过程评价和随后将结果外推为积极的行动倡议。在社会行为者之间微观互动层面的研究还很缺乏。在本文中,我们对2018年英国一个大型警察局四个招聘队列的警察招聘进行了案例研究。我们对新招募的警察进行了26次长篇深入的采访。利用基于劳动力市场社会学研究的嵌入性理论框架,我们试图在微观社会互动层面理解警察招聘。我们证明了警察招聘在警察队伍中具有高度的社会嵌入性。候选人在整个招聘过程中利用社会关系来发展招聘阶段的能力,同时也建立他们各自的警察社会身份。虽然积极行动接受者也得到重要的组织和工具支持,但他们与抽象的组织建立关系,而不是与现有的警察建立关系。这造成了社会身份发展的不平衡,并可能对积极行动倡议接受者在警务环境中如何挣扎产生影响。对积极行动的设计和实施存在进一步的影响。
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引用次数: 0
A question of credibility: A focus group study examining the experiences of workers attending counter-terrorism training in UK crowded places 可信度问题:一项焦点小组研究调查了在英国拥挤地区参加反恐培训的工人的经历
Pub Date : 2023-05-23 DOI: 10.1177/0032258x231174992
Dylan Aplin
The UK authorities have exponentially increased the number of counter-terrorism (CT) training activities being delivered by the Police Service to workers in crowded places. Counter-terrorism training events are designed to help prevent attacks by raising awareness to hostile reconnaissance, assist workers to cope at the time of an incident, and aid recovery after an attack. This focus group study provided a reality check of what is happening on the ground in sessions. Eight focus groups were conducted in significant crowded places ( N = 55) and targeted workers who had already been in receipt of CT training. It found a paucity of evidence to indicate the effectiveness of CT training activities in improving the resilience of the public realm. Respondents supported the benefits of realistic and experiential training events closely related to their places of work. At the same time, they recounted how events were often poorly organised and delivered, with some CT practitioners lacking credibility. Sessions were often not based on learning need and were seldom evaluated. A series of recommendations are made to improve the credibility of CT products and their delivery, coupled with strategies to potentially aide evaluation and embedded organisational learning from events.
英国当局已成倍增加了警察部门向拥挤场所的工作人员提供的反恐(CT)培训活动的数量。反恐培训活动旨在通过提高对敌对侦察的认识来帮助防止袭击,帮助工作人员在事件发生时进行处理,并在袭击后帮助恢复。这个焦点小组研究提供了对会议现场情况的现实检查。8个焦点小组在重要人群密集的地方进行(N = 55),目标是已经接受过CT培训的工作人员。它发现缺乏证据表明CT培训活动在提高公共领域的弹性方面的有效性。受访者支持与其工作场所密切相关的现实和经验培训活动的好处。与此同时,他们讲述了活动的组织和交付往往很糟糕,一些CT从业者缺乏可信度。课程往往不是基于学习需要,也很少进行评估。提出了一系列建议,以提高CT产品及其交付的可信度,并结合可能有助于评估和嵌入式组织从事件中学习的策略。
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引用次数: 0
The power of anonymity: An exploratory study into the role of Crimestoppers in reporting and investigating crime in England and Wales 匿名的力量:一项关于英格兰和威尔士的犯罪阻止者在报告和调查犯罪中的作用的探索性研究
Pub Date : 2023-05-16 DOI: 10.1177/0032258x231171029
Ella Rabaiotti, Richard Smith
The UK charity Crimestoppers supports the police by taking and passing on information about crime. However, its service has been subject to little examination. This paper explores how Crimestoppers acts as an enabler to reporting crime and assists the police in solving crime. A small-scale qualitative study, using semi-structured interviews, was conducted with participants drawn from Crimestoppers’ contact centre and two Welsh police forces. Following a thematic analysis, the overarching finding submits that ‘anonymity’ is the golden thread which preserves Crimestoppers existence. The charity has a strong relationship with the police and exists in a network of plural policing.
英国慈善机构“犯罪制止者”通过收集和传递犯罪信息来支持警方。然而,它的服务几乎没有受到审查。本文探讨了犯罪嫌疑人如何作为举报犯罪和协助警方解决犯罪的推动者。一项小规模的定性研究,采用半结构化访谈,对来自“犯罪阻止者”联络中心和两个威尔士警察部队的参与者进行了调查。在主题分析之后,总体的发现表明,“匿名”是保护犯罪终结者存在的金线。该慈善机构与警方关系密切,存在于多元警务网络中。
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引用次数: 0
Examining reasons for victim retraction in domestic violence and abuse: A qualitative analysis of police retraction statements in the United Kingdom 检视家庭暴力和虐待中受害人退缩的原因:对英国警方退缩声明的定性分析
Pub Date : 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.1177/0032258x231159807
Anna Hopkins
Understanding the factors that influence domestic violence and abuse (DVA) victims to withdraw from the Criminal Justice System globally continues to be a key focus for professionals and academics working within this area. There is a dearth of extant literature examining the motivations behind victim withdrawal, particularly retraction occurring post provision of an initial statement. This paper examines the phenomenon of retraction, by thematically analysing N = 60 police retraction statements (PRS) collected by police officers in a large suburban police force in the North West of England. In examining these statements, insight can also be garnered from those victims still in an active relationship with their abusers. Findings highlight female victims’ motivations for retraction and are framed around victim problem solving including: a) accepting the relationship which resulted in a discordance in proceeding with the prosecution of the abuser b) rejecting the relationship thereby rendering the prosecution as redundant c) engaging in procedural problem solving where alternative measures such as civil actions were sought to substitute a CJS prosecution and d) the effect of children where motivations were split between retracting to return to the complete family unit including the victim as the mother and retracting due to recognising the importance of the father’s role without involvement from the mother. Notwithstanding limitations, this paper demonstrates that there is significant value in conducting an analysis of PRSs in furthering the understanding of why victims choose to retract at this point in their prosecution journey. The extracts from this dataset add insight and understanding into DVA female victim motivations to retract post-initial statement provision and highlight the differences within victim populations who retract their original statement.
了解影响全球家庭暴力和虐待受害者退出刑事司法系统的因素仍然是在这一领域工作的专业人员和学者的重点。现有文献缺乏审查受害者撤回背后的动机,特别是在提供初步陈述后发生的撤回。本文考察了撤稿现象,通过专题分析N = 60警察撤稿声明(PRS)收集的警察在一个大型郊区警察部队在英格兰西北部。在审查这些陈述时,也可以从那些仍然与施虐者保持积极关系的受害者那里获得洞察力。调查结果强调了女性受害者撤回言论的动机,并围绕解决受害者问题展开,包括:a)接受这种关系,导致在起诉施虐者的过程中出现不一致;b)拒绝这种关系,从而使起诉变得多余;c)在寻求民事诉讼等替代措施以取代刑事法院起诉的情况下,参与程序性问题解决;d)儿童的影响,其中动机分裂为撤回以返回完整的家庭单位,包括作为母亲的受害者在没有母亲参与的情况下,认识到父亲角色的重要性。尽管存在局限性,但本文表明,在进一步理解受害者在起诉过程中选择撤回的原因方面,对prs进行分析具有重要价值。该数据集的摘录增加了对DVA女性受害者撤回初始陈述条款的动机的洞察力和理解,并突出了撤回原始陈述的受害者群体中的差异。
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引用次数: 0
Sexual harassment and abuse in law enforcement: Best practices for creating safety for female officers 执法中的性骚扰和性虐待:为女警官创造安全的最佳做法
Pub Date : 2023-02-12 DOI: 10.1177/0032258x231156714
Monnica T. Williams, Amy Bartlett, Manzar Zare, Nathan Custer, M. Osman
Organizational culture, policies, and procedures can prevent or promote sexual violence. Lensed through a case study of one woman police officer and her abuse, this paper examines the organizational issues surrounding sexual harassment and abuse in law enforcement and the impact on officers' psychological well-being. We review issues surrounding workplace discrimination that pose hurdles to reporting. We present concrete guidelines for promoting gender equity, workplace safety, and accountability for reports of sexual abuse and misconduct in law enforcement. This paper is a call-to-action and resource to improve practices for managing sexual harassment and abuse to improve safety of female officers.
组织文化、政策和程序可以预防或促进性暴力。本文通过对一名女警察及其性虐待的案例研究,探讨了执法中围绕性骚扰和性虐待的组织问题以及对警察心理健康的影响。我们审查了与工作场所歧视有关的问题,这些问题对举报构成了障碍。我们提出了具体的指导方针,以促进性别平等、工作场所安全以及对执法中的性侵犯和不当行为的报告问责。本文是一份行动呼吁和资源,旨在改善管理性骚扰和性虐待的做法,以改善女警官的安全。
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引用次数: 0
Mindfulness training for law enforcement to reduce occupational impact: A systematic review and meta-analysis 执法人员正念训练减少职业影响:系统回顾和荟萃分析
Pub Date : 2023-02-11 DOI: 10.1177/0032258x231156710
Ashley Withrow, Katie Russell, Braveheart Gillani
Law enforcement officers are frequently subjected to highly stressful and traumatic situations with increased negative physical and mental health outcomes. Mindfulness is proposed as a means of improving self-reported physical or mental health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, burnout, and sleep disturbances. This meta-analysis aims to pool the results from studies evaluating mindfulness for police officers, providing an overall effect size for each outcome of interest. Through systematic review, four studies were identified for meta-analysis. Fixed and random inverse variance effects were used. Results indicate that mindfulness-based intervention programs likely decrease depression and may result in reductions of anxiety and burnout.
执法人员经常处于高度紧张和创伤的情况下,对身心健康的负面影响越来越大。正念被认为是改善自我报告的身体或心理健康结果的一种手段,包括抑郁、焦虑、倦怠和睡眠障碍。本荟萃分析旨在汇总评估警察正念的研究结果,为每个感兴趣的结果提供总体效应大小。通过系统评价,选取4项研究进行meta分析。采用固定和随机反方差效应。结果表明,以正念为基础的干预项目可能会减少抑郁,并可能导致焦虑和倦怠的减少。
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引用次数: 0
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The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles
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