Pub Date : 2020-10-15DOI: 10.2174/1874196702008010047
Falaq Naz, Y. Siddique
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder that mainly results due to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. It is well known that dopamine is synthesized in substantia nigra and is transported to the striatum via nigrostriatal tract. Besides the sporadic forms of PD, there are also familial cases of PD and number of genes (both autosomal dominant as well as recessive) are responsible for PD. There is no permanent cure for PD and to date, L-dopa therapy is considered to be the best option besides having dopamine agonists. In the present review, we have described the genes responsible for PD, the role of dopamine, and treatment strategies adopted for controlling the progression of PD in humans.
{"title":"Role of Genes and Treatments for Parkinson’s Disease","authors":"Falaq Naz, Y. Siddique","doi":"10.2174/1874196702008010047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874196702008010047","url":null,"abstract":"Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder that mainly results due to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. It is well known that dopamine is synthesized in substantia nigra and is transported to the striatum via nigrostriatal tract. Besides the sporadic forms of PD, there are also familial cases of PD and number of genes (both autosomal dominant as well as recessive) are responsible for PD. There is no permanent cure for PD and to date, L-dopa therapy is considered to be the best option besides having dopamine agonists. In the present review, we have described the genes responsible for PD, the role of dopamine, and treatment strategies adopted for controlling the progression of PD in humans.","PeriodicalId":22949,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biology Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"47-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89870943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-25DOI: 10.2174/1874196702008010022
O. M. Omer, A. H. Abdalla, Z. Mahmoud
Fish specimens were collected from eight sites representing the White Nile, Blue Nile and the River Nile. Tissue samples from gills and dorsal fin were removed from individual specimens and preserved separately in absolute ethanol prior to molecular analysis by RAPD-PCR using eight primers. DNA analysis using OPA-04, OPA-13, OPA-03, OPA-06, OPA-07, OPA-09, OPA-10 and RAPD-8 produced different bands for each.
{"title":"Genetic Diversity of Two Tilapia Species (Oreochromis Niloticus and Sarthrodon Galilaeus) Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA","authors":"O. M. Omer, A. H. Abdalla, Z. Mahmoud","doi":"10.2174/1874196702008010022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874196702008010022","url":null,"abstract":"Fish specimens were collected from eight sites representing the White Nile, Blue Nile and the River Nile. Tissue samples from gills and dorsal fin were removed from individual specimens and preserved separately in absolute ethanol prior to molecular analysis by RAPD-PCR using eight primers. DNA analysis using OPA-04, OPA-13, OPA-03, OPA-06, OPA-07, OPA-09, OPA-10 and RAPD-8 produced different bands for each.","PeriodicalId":22949,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biology Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"22-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76330777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-25DOI: 10.2174/1874196702008010006
Falaq Naz, Y. Siddique
The brain is the command center of the Central Nervous System (CNS) made up of a large mass of nerve cells, protected in the skull [1 3]. It has three main parts i.e. the cerebrum, the brainstem, and the cerebellum. It controls the intellectual activities of the body, like processing, integrating, and coordinating the information received from the sensory organs. It is a jelly-like mass of tissue, weighing about 1.4 kg, and containing 86 billion nerve cells [4 7]. The cerebrum is connected to the brainstem, which, on the other end, connects to the spinal cord. The brainstem consists of three parts, namely the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. Underneath the cerebral cortex, there are several brain structures, namely the thalamus, the pineal gland, the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, the amygdala and the hippocampus. The cross-section of each cerebral hemisphere shows a ventricle cavity where the cerebrospinal fluid is produced and circulated. Below the corpus callosum is the septum pellucidum, a membrane that separates the lateral ventricles [8, 9]. The cerebrum is the largest part of the human
{"title":"Human Brain Disorders: A Review","authors":"Falaq Naz, Y. Siddique","doi":"10.2174/1874196702008010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874196702008010006","url":null,"abstract":"The brain is the command center of the Central Nervous System (CNS) made up of a large mass of nerve cells, protected in the skull [1 3]. It has three main parts i.e. the cerebrum, the brainstem, and the cerebellum. It controls the intellectual activities of the body, like processing, integrating, and coordinating the information received from the sensory organs. It is a jelly-like mass of tissue, weighing about 1.4 kg, and containing 86 billion nerve cells [4 7]. The cerebrum is connected to the brainstem, which, on the other end, connects to the spinal cord. The brainstem consists of three parts, namely the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. Underneath the cerebral cortex, there are several brain structures, namely the thalamus, the pineal gland, the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, the amygdala and the hippocampus. The cross-section of each cerebral hemisphere shows a ventricle cavity where the cerebrospinal fluid is produced and circulated. Below the corpus callosum is the septum pellucidum, a membrane that separates the lateral ventricles [8, 9]. The cerebrum is the largest part of the human","PeriodicalId":22949,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biology Journal","volume":"150 1","pages":"6-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77384107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-23DOI: 10.2174/1874196702008010029
J. Fedotova
RESEARCH ARTICLE Different Effects of Fluoxetine and Paroxetine Combined with Vitamin D3 in Ovariectomized Rats Exposed to Unpredictable Stress Julia Fedotova Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, I.P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology RASci., 6 Emb. Makarova, St. Petersburg199034, Russia The International Research Centre “Biotechnologies of the Third Millennium”, ITMO University, 9 Lomonosova Str., St. Petersburg191002, Russia
{"title":"Different Effects of Fluoxetine and Paroxetine Combined with Vitamin D3 in Ovariectomized Rats Exposed to Unpredictable Stress","authors":"J. Fedotova","doi":"10.2174/1874196702008010029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874196702008010029","url":null,"abstract":"RESEARCH ARTICLE Different Effects of Fluoxetine and Paroxetine Combined with Vitamin D3 in Ovariectomized Rats Exposed to Unpredictable Stress Julia Fedotova Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, I.P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology RASci., 6 Emb. Makarova, St. Petersburg199034, Russia The International Research Centre “Biotechnologies of the Third Millennium”, ITMO University, 9 Lomonosova Str., St. Petersburg191002, Russia","PeriodicalId":22949,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biology Journal","volume":"2008 1","pages":"29-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86233194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-28DOI: 10.2174/1874196701907010039
H. Famitafreshi, M. Karimian
Despite many advances in the treatment of stroke, this disease still causes great morbidity and mortality. For this purpose, different kinds of studies have been conducted based on different mechanisms. The research findings highlight the role of remote ischemic preconditioning, microRNAs, neurogenesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Nearly a quarter of patients with ischemic stroke will experience a recurrent stroke. It means not just immediate intervention, but also long term intervention is necessary to alleviate stroke patients. Therefore, it is mandatory to predict unwanted events and implement a thoughtful treatment, especially targeting high-risk patients with a high rate of mortality and morbidity. In this review, new advances in animal models have been proposed and overall, it is concluded that stroke patients may greatly benefit from multidisciplinary solutions and more studies are being conducted for timely implementing the best therapy.
{"title":"Overview of Advances in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Stroke: A New Plan for Stroke Treatment","authors":"H. Famitafreshi, M. Karimian","doi":"10.2174/1874196701907010039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874196701907010039","url":null,"abstract":"Despite many advances in the treatment of stroke, this disease still causes great morbidity and mortality. For this purpose, different kinds of studies have been conducted based on different mechanisms. The research findings highlight the role of remote ischemic preconditioning, microRNAs, neurogenesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Nearly a quarter of patients with ischemic stroke will experience a recurrent stroke. It means not just immediate intervention, but also long term intervention is necessary to alleviate stroke patients. Therefore, it is mandatory to predict unwanted events and implement a thoughtful treatment, especially targeting high-risk patients with a high rate of mortality and morbidity. In this review, new advances in animal models have been proposed and overall, it is concluded that stroke patients may greatly benefit from multidisciplinary solutions and more studies are being conducted for timely implementing the best therapy.","PeriodicalId":22949,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biology Journal","volume":"36 1","pages":"39-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90121928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-30DOI: 10.2174/1874196701907010025
A. T. M. Mohammed, Z. Mahmoud, H. M. Abushama
Twenty-two morphometric characters and seven meristic counts were recorded from 324 Alestes specimens from Kreima at the River Nile. Specimens collected were identified to the species level as Alestes baremoze (100 specimens), Brycinus nurse (100 specimens), Brycinus macrolepidotus (24 specimens), and Alestes dentex (100 specimens). The principal component analysis showed that the lateral line scales and the scale above the lateral line contributed to the percentage variance by 97.01% and 2.56%, respectively. Discriminant function analysis was done to discriminate between field-collected samples of Alestes sp. The LLS, AFR, and LDFL (Longest of Dorsal Fin Lings) were found to be the main characters that discriminate between the four populations. The first function showed that they were significantly different. This discrimination was a complete one since 98.1% of original grouped specimens and 97.8% of the cross-validated ones were correctly classified. The scatter plot of Discriminant scores from the three functions showed some relatedness between Alestes baremoze and Alestes dentex. 16S ribosomal RNA primers have been used to identify the species at the molecular level. All species have shown a characteristic band (680 bp) indicating successful amplification. Five RAPD primers have been used to investigate the Alestes species. Similar and dissimilar DNA bands indicate the evolutionary connections and genetic spacing, respectively. The derived dendrograms based on morphometric measurements and meristic counts were closer to that derived from the RAPD PCR results. The study showed co-existence of four Alestes species in the main River Nile.
{"title":"Morphometric Measurements, Meristic Counts, and Molecular Identification of Alestes Dentex, Alestes Baremoze, Brycinus Nurse, and Brycinus macrolepidotus from the River Nile at Kreima","authors":"A. T. M. Mohammed, Z. Mahmoud, H. M. Abushama","doi":"10.2174/1874196701907010025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874196701907010025","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Twenty-two morphometric characters and seven meristic counts were recorded from 324 Alestes specimens from Kreima at the River Nile.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Specimens collected were identified to the species level as Alestes baremoze (100 specimens), Brycinus nurse (100 specimens), Brycinus macrolepidotus (24 specimens), and Alestes dentex (100 specimens). The principal component analysis showed that the lateral line scales and the scale above the lateral line contributed to the percentage variance by 97.01% and 2.56%, respectively. Discriminant function analysis was done to discriminate between field-collected samples of Alestes sp. The LLS, AFR, and LDFL (Longest of Dorsal Fin Lings) were found to be the main characters that discriminate between the four populations.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The first function showed that they were significantly different. This discrimination was a complete one since 98.1% of original grouped specimens and 97.8% of the cross-validated ones were correctly classified. The scatter plot of Discriminant scores from the three functions showed some relatedness between Alestes baremoze and Alestes dentex.\u0000 16S ribosomal RNA primers have been used to identify the species at the molecular level. All species have shown a characteristic band (680 bp) indicating successful amplification. Five RAPD primers have been used to investigate the Alestes species. Similar and dissimilar DNA bands indicate the evolutionary connections and genetic spacing, respectively. The derived dendrograms based on morphometric measurements and meristic counts were closer to that derived from the RAPD PCR results.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The study showed co-existence of four Alestes species in the main River Nile.\u0000","PeriodicalId":22949,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biology Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90337852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.2174/1874196701907010021
H. Carvajal-Chitty, Aivlé C. Cabrera G.
Giant timber flies Pantophthalmus bellardii (Austen 1923) have been collected at 1200 meters above sea level, at Sartenejas Valley, a campus of the Universidad Simón Bolívar, Miranda State, Venezuela. Giant timber flies are very difficult to find in nature and rarer yet in the urban environments. Their biology and interactions with environmental variables are virtually unknown. In Venezuela, these flies have been observed from 100 to 1100 meters above sea level. This record extends the geographical distribution of this rare timber fly within Venezuelan territory. An updated distribution map for P. bellardii in Venezuela is provided.
{"title":"New Record of the Giant Timber Flies (Diptera: Pantophathalmidae) from Sartenejas Valley, Miranda, Venezuela","authors":"H. Carvajal-Chitty, Aivlé C. Cabrera G.","doi":"10.2174/1874196701907010021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874196701907010021","url":null,"abstract":"Giant timber flies Pantophthalmus bellardii (Austen 1923) have been collected at 1200 meters above sea level, at Sartenejas Valley, a campus of the Universidad Simón Bolívar, Miranda State, Venezuela. Giant timber flies are very difficult to find in nature and rarer yet in the urban environments. Their biology and interactions with environmental variables are virtually unknown. In Venezuela, these flies have been observed from 100 to 1100 meters above sea level. This record extends the geographical distribution of this rare timber fly within Venezuelan territory. An updated distribution map for P. bellardii in Venezuela is provided.","PeriodicalId":22949,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biology Journal","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80335782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-31DOI: 10.2174/1874196701907010014
J. Korf, A. A. Sas
Life-spanning population survivorship curves (the number of survivors versus age) are conventionally regarded as a demographic issue. Most often, the term hazard, the relative mortality per age-interval, is used as a typical survivorship parameter. Population survivorship curves are construed from cross-sectional data (single event per individual; here, mortality). We tested (quantitatively) how Gompertz’ law describes the mortality pattern of a wide variety of organisms, some of them fed with lifespan affecting diets. Moreover, we tested (semi-quantitatively) whether Gompertz’ law describes the disintegration of a (biological) small-world network. The Gompertz tests, explored in demographic data of humans (male/female) and 4 animal species (mice, honeybees, fruit flies, houseflies), were analyzed with conventional software. The Gompertz law was examined in a small-world network model. Gompertz' law applies to all cohorts; thus, with or without exposure to experimental conditions. It describes in all cohorts old-age slowing of mortality. Gompertz’ law is compatible with a gradual and random increase of connections in the network model. Old-age deceleration of mortality is a characteristic of many populations. Aging has to be understood as a lifetime increasing of excitatory or, alternatively, of decreasing inhibitory (biological) connections, thereby facilitating pathogenic mechanisms.
{"title":"Gompertz’ Hazard Law as a Network Principle of Aging","authors":"J. Korf, A. A. Sas","doi":"10.2174/1874196701907010014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874196701907010014","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Life-spanning population survivorship curves (the number of survivors versus age) are conventionally regarded as a demographic issue. Most often, the term hazard, the relative mortality per age-interval, is used as a typical survivorship parameter. Population survivorship curves are construed from cross-sectional data (single event per individual; here, mortality).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 We tested (quantitatively) how Gompertz’ law describes the mortality pattern of a wide variety of organisms, some of them fed with lifespan affecting diets. Moreover, we tested (semi-quantitatively) whether Gompertz’ law describes the disintegration of a (biological) small-world network.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The Gompertz tests, explored in demographic data of humans (male/female) and 4 animal species (mice, honeybees, fruit flies, houseflies), were analyzed with conventional software. The Gompertz law was examined in a small-world network model.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Gompertz' law applies to all cohorts; thus, with or without exposure to experimental conditions. It describes in all cohorts old-age slowing of mortality. Gompertz’ law is compatible with a gradual and random increase of connections in the network model.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Old-age deceleration of mortality is a characteristic of many populations. Aging has to be understood as a lifetime increasing of excitatory or, alternatively, of decreasing inhibitory (biological) connections, thereby facilitating pathogenic mechanisms.\u0000","PeriodicalId":22949,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biology Journal","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77923201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.2174/1874196701907010001
J. Voorhees, M. E. Barnes, S. Chipps, Michael L. Brown
Alternative protein sources to fishmeal in fish feeds are needed. Evaluate rearing performance of adult rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (initial weight 139.0 ±1.5 g, length 232.9 ± 0.8 mm, mean ± SE) fed one of the two isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets (46% protein, 16% lipid) and reared at one of the two levels of exercise (water velocities of either 3.6 cm/s or 33.2 cm/s). Protein in the control diet was based on fishmeal. In the experimental diet, bioprocessed soybean meal replaced approximately 60% of the fishmeal. Fish were fed by hand once-per-day to near satiation, and the food was increased daily. The experiment lasted 90-days. There were no significant differences in gain, percent gain, or specific growth rate between the dietary treatments. However, the amount of food fed and feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in the 60% bioprocessed soybean meal diet. Intestinal morphology, relative fin length, splenosomatic index, hepatosomatic index, and viscerosomatic index were not significantly different in the trout fed either diet. Fish reared at 3.6 cm/s had a significantly lower feed conversion ratio (1.02 ± 0.02) than fish reared at 33.2 cm/s (1.13 ± 0.02). However, there were no significant differences in gain, percent gain, specific growth rate, or percentage mortality in fish reared with or without exercise. No significant interactions were observed between diet and exercise (higher water velocity). Based on these results, at least 60% of the fishmeal in adult rainbow trout diets can be replaced by bioprocessed soybean meal, even if higher water velocities are used to exercise the fish.
{"title":"Effects of Exercise and Bioprocessed Soybean Meal Diets during Rainbow Trout Rearing","authors":"J. Voorhees, M. E. Barnes, S. Chipps, Michael L. Brown","doi":"10.2174/1874196701907010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874196701907010001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Alternative protein sources to fishmeal in fish feeds are needed.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Evaluate rearing performance of adult rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (initial weight 139.0 ±1.5 g, length 232.9 ± 0.8 mm, mean ± SE) fed one of the two isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets (46% protein, 16% lipid) and reared at one of the two levels of exercise (water velocities of either 3.6 cm/s or 33.2 cm/s).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Protein in the control diet was based on fishmeal. In the experimental diet, bioprocessed soybean meal replaced approximately 60% of the fishmeal. Fish were fed by hand once-per-day to near satiation, and the food was increased daily. The experiment lasted 90-days.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 There were no significant differences in gain, percent gain, or specific growth rate between the dietary treatments. However, the amount of food fed and feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in the 60% bioprocessed soybean meal diet. Intestinal morphology, relative fin length, splenosomatic index, hepatosomatic index, and viscerosomatic index were not significantly different in the trout fed either diet. Fish reared at 3.6 cm/s had a significantly lower feed conversion ratio (1.02 ± 0.02) than fish reared at 33.2 cm/s (1.13 ± 0.02). However, there were no significant differences in gain, percent gain, specific growth rate, or percentage mortality in fish reared with or without exercise. No significant interactions were observed between diet and exercise (higher water velocity).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Based on these results, at least 60% of the fishmeal in adult rainbow trout diets can be replaced by bioprocessed soybean meal, even if higher water velocities are used to exercise the fish.\u0000","PeriodicalId":22949,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biology Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73268322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-29DOI: 10.2174/1874196701306010014
P. Wong
Erythrocyte ghosts isolated in hemolytic hypotonic buffers, pH 7.0-8.0, 0-4 o C were previously observed to be crenated by electrolytes. This shape transformation, which occurred rapidly and reversibly, was attributed to electrostatic interactions of cations with flexible filamentous anionic spectrin, the major protein component of the skeleton and/or anionic phospholipids, since divalent cationic salts crenated at concentrations substantially lower than those of monovalent cationic salts and that crenation appeared unrelated to the anion species. However, crenation by electrolytes was markedly influenced by ionic conditions and temperature. A mechanism of the erythrocyte shape control has been previously suggested in which band 3 (AE1), exchanging the monovalent anions Cl - and HCO 3 - and linked to spectrin, plays a pivotal role. Briefly, the alternative recruitment of its inward-facing (band 3 i ) and outward-facing (band 3 o ) conformations contract and relax the skeleton, thereby promoting echinocytosis and stomatocytosis, respectively. Band 3 transports also other anions, including endogenous inorganic phosphate, but at a slow rate. This mechanism would explain the above observations and would lead to some inferences, one of which is a Cl - -dependent crenation by Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ , suggesting that they specifically bind on sites on spectrin.
{"title":"A Basis of the Crenation of Erythrocyte Ghosts by Electrolytes","authors":"P. Wong","doi":"10.2174/1874196701306010014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874196701306010014","url":null,"abstract":"Erythrocyte ghosts isolated in hemolytic hypotonic buffers, pH 7.0-8.0, 0-4 o C were previously observed to be crenated by electrolytes. This shape transformation, which occurred rapidly and reversibly, was attributed to electrostatic interactions of cations with flexible filamentous anionic spectrin, the major protein component of the skeleton and/or anionic phospholipids, since divalent cationic salts crenated at concentrations substantially lower than those of monovalent cationic salts and that crenation appeared unrelated to the anion species. However, crenation by electrolytes was markedly influenced by ionic conditions and temperature. A mechanism of the erythrocyte shape control has been previously suggested in which band 3 (AE1), exchanging the monovalent anions Cl - and HCO 3 - and linked to spectrin, plays a pivotal role. Briefly, the alternative recruitment of its inward-facing (band 3 i ) and outward-facing (band 3 o ) conformations contract and relax the skeleton, thereby promoting echinocytosis and stomatocytosis, respectively. Band 3 transports also other anions, including endogenous inorganic phosphate, but at a slow rate. This mechanism would explain the above observations and would lead to some inferences, one of which is a Cl - -dependent crenation by Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ , suggesting that they specifically bind on sites on spectrin.","PeriodicalId":22949,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biology Journal","volume":"29 1","pages":"14-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83442712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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