Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1282170
Y. Paz, K. Friedwald, Y. Levkovitz, A. Zangen, U. Alyagon, U. Nitzan, A. Segev, H. Maoz, M. Koubi, Y. Bloch
Abstract Objectives: Recent studies support the possible effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and possible efficacy of bilateral prefrontal deep rTMS for the treatment of adult ADHD. Methods: Twenty-six adult ADHD patients were randomised blindly to sham or actual deep TMS (dTMS). Twenty daily sessions were conducted using the bilateral H5 dTMS coil (Brainsway, IL) in order to stimulate the prefrontal cortex at 120% of the motor threshold at high frequency. For assessment, Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale questionnaire and a computerised continuous performance test, Test of Variables of Attention, were used. Results: No differences in clinical outcomes were detected between the actual dTMS and sham groups. Conclusions: The presented evidence does not support the utility of bilateral prefrontal stimulation to treat adult ADHD. Due to the small sample size, caution must be exercised in interpreting our preliminary findings.
{"title":"Randomised sham-controlled study of high-frequency bilateral deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) to treat adult attention hyperactive disorder (ADHD): Negative results","authors":"Y. Paz, K. Friedwald, Y. Levkovitz, A. Zangen, U. Alyagon, U. Nitzan, A. Segev, H. Maoz, M. Koubi, Y. Bloch","doi":"10.1080/15622975.2017.1282170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2017.1282170","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objectives: Recent studies support the possible effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and possible efficacy of bilateral prefrontal deep rTMS for the treatment of adult ADHD. Methods: Twenty-six adult ADHD patients were randomised blindly to sham or actual deep TMS (dTMS). Twenty daily sessions were conducted using the bilateral H5 dTMS coil (Brainsway, IL) in order to stimulate the prefrontal cortex at 120% of the motor threshold at high frequency. For assessment, Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale questionnaire and a computerised continuous performance test, Test of Variables of Attention, were used. Results: No differences in clinical outcomes were detected between the actual dTMS and sham groups. Conclusions: The presented evidence does not support the utility of bilateral prefrontal stimulation to treat adult ADHD. Due to the small sample size, caution must be exercised in interpreting our preliminary findings.","PeriodicalId":22963,"journal":{"name":"The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry","volume":"5 1","pages":"561 - 566"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84856873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Objectives: Twin and family analyses have revealed a genetic contribution to Tourette syndrome (TS) and post-mortem studies have raised the intriguing possibility of a reduction in cholinergic interneuronsin TS patients. Methods: We selected five tag SNPs (rs100824791, rs12264845, rs1880676, rs3793790 and rs3793798) of choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) from the Han Chinese population Hapmap database. Genotyping was conducted on 401 TS nuclear family trios and 405 control subjects. Transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) and haplotype relative risk (HRR) analyses were used to analyse the family-based study and a case–control study was also used to assess the genetic susceptibility to TS. Results: The results revealed a significant over-transmission of rs3793790 (TDT, χ2 = 9.121, P = 0.003; HRR, χ2 = 6.579, P = 0.01), while case–control analysis found no differences between the two groups (genotype, χ2 = 0.436, P = 0.804; allele, χ2 = 0.149, P = 0.700). Also, rs3793798 also indicated a positive association associated with TS (TDT, χ2 = 5.025, P = 0.028; HRR, χ2 = 0.250, P = 0.617). However, the other three SNPs investigated were found not to be associated with TS in both in the family-based and case–control studies. Conclusions: Our association analysis demonstrates that CHAT may contribute to TS susceptibility in the Han Chinese population. This gives strong support to the involvement of cholinergic interneurons in the aetiology of TS and reveals a potential therapeutic target.
摘要目的:双胞胎和家族分析揭示了遗传对抽动秽语综合征(TS)的贡献，尸检研究提出了TS患者胆碱能间神经元素减少的有趣可能性。方法:从汉族人群Hapmap数据库中选择5个标签snp (rs100824791、rs12264845、rs1880676、rs3793790和rs3793798)。对401例TS三核家族和405例对照进行了基因分型。采用传播不平衡检验(TDT)和单倍型相对危险度分析(HRR)对家族研究进行分析，并采用病例对照研究对TS的遗传易感性进行评估。结果:rs3793790存在显著的过传(TDT， χ2 = 9.121, P = 0.003;HRR， χ2 = 6.579, P = 0.01)，而病例-对照分析显示两组间差异无统计学意义(χ2 = 0.436, P = 0.804;(χ2 = 0.149, P = 0.700)。rs3793798也与TS (TDT)呈正相关，χ2 = 5.025, P = 0.028;Hrr， χ2 = 0.250, p = 0.617)。然而，在以家庭为基础的研究和病例对照研究中，发现其他三个snp与TS无关。结论:我们的关联分析表明，CHAT可能有助于汉族人群对TS的易感性。这有力地支持了胆碱能中间神经元在TS病因学中的作用，并揭示了一个潜在的治疗靶点。
{"title":"Choline acetyltransferase may contribute to the risk of Tourette syndrome: Combination of family-based analysis and case–control study","authors":"Xiuling Yang, Wenmiao Liu, Mingji Yi, Ru Zhang, Yinglei Xu, Zuzhou Huang, Shiguo Liu, Tang Li","doi":"10.1080/15622975.2017.1282176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2017.1282176","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objectives: Twin and family analyses have revealed a genetic contribution to Tourette syndrome (TS) and post-mortem studies have raised the intriguing possibility of a reduction in cholinergic interneuronsin TS patients. Methods: We selected five tag SNPs (rs100824791, rs12264845, rs1880676, rs3793790 and rs3793798) of choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) from the Han Chinese population Hapmap database. Genotyping was conducted on 401 TS nuclear family trios and 405 control subjects. Transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) and haplotype relative risk (HRR) analyses were used to analyse the family-based study and a case–control study was also used to assess the genetic susceptibility to TS. Results: The results revealed a significant over-transmission of rs3793790 (TDT, χ2 = 9.121, P = 0.003; HRR, χ2 = 6.579, P = 0.01), while case–control analysis found no differences between the two groups (genotype, χ2 = 0.436, P = 0.804; allele, χ2 = 0.149, P = 0.700). Also, rs3793798 also indicated a positive association associated with TS (TDT, χ2 = 5.025, P = 0.028; HRR, χ2 = 0.250, P = 0.617). However, the other three SNPs investigated were found not to be associated with TS in both in the family-based and case–control studies. Conclusions: Our association analysis demonstrates that CHAT may contribute to TS susceptibility in the Han Chinese population. This gives strong support to the involvement of cholinergic interneurons in the aetiology of TS and reveals a potential therapeutic target.","PeriodicalId":22963,"journal":{"name":"The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry","volume":"70 1","pages":"521 - 526"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89834614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1262060
J. Bauer, A. Werner, W. Kohl, H. Kugel, A. Shushakova, A. Pedersen, P. Ohrmann
Abstract Objectives: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is closely linked to the dysregulation of dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission in the fronto-striatal neural network, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Additionally, increasing evidence supports the involvement of the glutamatergic system in the pathophysiology of ADHD. Impulsivity, a core symptom in patients with ADHD, has been repeatedly associated with glutamatergic neurotransmission, and pharmacological treatment of ADHD has been shown to reduce glutamate levels in the prefrontal cortex. Methods: We investigated glutamate levels in the ACC and the DLPFC in 30 adults with ADHD and 30 healthy controls using single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy on a 3T scanner. Results: The ADHD group showed a significant increase in glutamate in the ACC compared to controls, no significant differences in metabolites were observed in the DLPFC. Overall, glutamate levels in the ACC were positively correlated with ADHD symptomatology, especially hyperactivity and impulsivity symptoms. Conclusions: Increased levels of glutamate in the ACC, which were positively correlated with hyperactivity and impulsivity, support the hypothesis that dysfunctional glutamatergic neurotransmission is at least partially responsible for ADHD symptomatology. Modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission might therefore be a promising avenue for future pharmacological interventions.
{"title":"Hyperactivity and impulsivity in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is related to glutamatergic dysfunction in the anterior cingulate cortex","authors":"J. Bauer, A. Werner, W. Kohl, H. Kugel, A. Shushakova, A. Pedersen, P. Ohrmann","doi":"10.1080/15622975.2016.1262060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2016.1262060","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objectives: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is closely linked to the dysregulation of dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission in the fronto-striatal neural network, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Additionally, increasing evidence supports the involvement of the glutamatergic system in the pathophysiology of ADHD. Impulsivity, a core symptom in patients with ADHD, has been repeatedly associated with glutamatergic neurotransmission, and pharmacological treatment of ADHD has been shown to reduce glutamate levels in the prefrontal cortex. Methods: We investigated glutamate levels in the ACC and the DLPFC in 30 adults with ADHD and 30 healthy controls using single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy on a 3T scanner. Results: The ADHD group showed a significant increase in glutamate in the ACC compared to controls, no significant differences in metabolites were observed in the DLPFC. Overall, glutamate levels in the ACC were positively correlated with ADHD symptomatology, especially hyperactivity and impulsivity symptoms. Conclusions: Increased levels of glutamate in the ACC, which were positively correlated with hyperactivity and impulsivity, support the hypothesis that dysfunctional glutamatergic neurotransmission is at least partially responsible for ADHD symptomatology. Modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission might therefore be a promising avenue for future pharmacological interventions.","PeriodicalId":22963,"journal":{"name":"The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry","volume":"14 1","pages":"538 - 546"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88964461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1273551
P. Miguel, B. F. Deniz, Iohanna Deckmann, H. D. Confortim, Ramiro Diaz, D. Laureano, P. Silveira, L. Pereira
Abstract Objectives: The attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compromises the quality of life of individuals including adaptation to the social environment. ADHD aetiology includes perinatal conditions such as hypoxic-ischaemic events; preclinical studies have demonstrated attentional deficits and impulsive-hyperactive outcomes after neonatal hypoxic and/or ischaemic intervention, but data are missing to understand this relationship. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate executive function (EF) and impulsivity, and tissue integrity and dopaminergic function in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of rats submitted to hypoxia-ischaemia (HI). Methods: At postnatal day (PND) 7, male Wistar rats were divided into control (n = 10) and HI groups (n = 11) and the HI procedure was conducted. At PND60, the animals were tested in the attentional set-shifting (ASS) task to EF and in the tolerance to delay of reward for assessment of impulsivity. After, morphological analysis and the dopaminergic system were evaluated in the PFC. Results: Animals subjected to HI had impairments in EF evidenced by a behavioural inflexibility that was correlated to PFC atrophy. Moreover, HI animals presented reduced D2 receptors in the ipsilateral side of ischaemia in the PFC. Conclusions: Animals submitted to HI presented impaired EF associated with tissue atrophy and dopaminergic disturbance in the PFC.
{"title":"Prefrontal cortex dysfunction in hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy contributes to executive function impairments in rats: Potential contribution for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder","authors":"P. Miguel, B. F. Deniz, Iohanna Deckmann, H. D. Confortim, Ramiro Diaz, D. Laureano, P. Silveira, L. Pereira","doi":"10.1080/15622975.2016.1273551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2016.1273551","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objectives: The attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compromises the quality of life of individuals including adaptation to the social environment. ADHD aetiology includes perinatal conditions such as hypoxic-ischaemic events; preclinical studies have demonstrated attentional deficits and impulsive-hyperactive outcomes after neonatal hypoxic and/or ischaemic intervention, but data are missing to understand this relationship. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate executive function (EF) and impulsivity, and tissue integrity and dopaminergic function in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of rats submitted to hypoxia-ischaemia (HI). Methods: At postnatal day (PND) 7, male Wistar rats were divided into control (n = 10) and HI groups (n = 11) and the HI procedure was conducted. At PND60, the animals were tested in the attentional set-shifting (ASS) task to EF and in the tolerance to delay of reward for assessment of impulsivity. After, morphological analysis and the dopaminergic system were evaluated in the PFC. Results: Animals subjected to HI had impairments in EF evidenced by a behavioural inflexibility that was correlated to PFC atrophy. Moreover, HI animals presented reduced D2 receptors in the ipsilateral side of ischaemia in the PFC. Conclusions: Animals submitted to HI presented impaired EF associated with tissue atrophy and dopaminergic disturbance in the PFC.","PeriodicalId":22963,"journal":{"name":"The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry","volume":"2010 1","pages":"547 - 560"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86298161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-18DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1273548
King-Teh Lee, Jin‐Jia Lin, Hon-Yi Shi
Abstract Objectives: A natural experimental design was coupled with propensity score matching to assess the risks of anxiety and depression and to assess the longitudinal effects of anxiety and depression on healthcare utilisation and mortality in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Methods: This nationwide population-based cohort study retrospectively analysed 7304 patients treated for HCC during 1996–2010. Generalised estimating equations were used to estimate differences-in-differences models for examining the effects of anxiety and depression disorders. Results: Independent risk factors for anxiety and depression in the HCC patients were female gender (hazard ratio (HR) 1.45; P < 0.001), Charlson co-morbidity index score (HR 1.12; P = 0.005), and liver cirrhosis (HR 1.35; P = 0.004). Anxiety and depression (differences-in-differences value) had a significant (P < 0.001) positive net effect on number of physician visits. Furthermore, the mean overall survival time was 83.4 months (SD 5.4 months) in the anxiety/depression group and 65.4 months (SD 4.8 months) in the non-disorder group. Additionally, the overall survival rate was significantly higher in the anxiety/depression group compared to the non-disorder group during the study period (P = 0.003). Conclusions: Anxiety disorders and depression disorders are associated with a significantly increased overall survival rate in HCC patients. However, further studies are needed to investigate this association.
{"title":"Anxiety and depression are associated with long-term outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma: A nationwide study of a cohort from Taiwan","authors":"King-Teh Lee, Jin‐Jia Lin, Hon-Yi Shi","doi":"10.1080/15622975.2016.1273548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2016.1273548","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objectives: A natural experimental design was coupled with propensity score matching to assess the risks of anxiety and depression and to assess the longitudinal effects of anxiety and depression on healthcare utilisation and mortality in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Methods: This nationwide population-based cohort study retrospectively analysed 7304 patients treated for HCC during 1996–2010. Generalised estimating equations were used to estimate differences-in-differences models for examining the effects of anxiety and depression disorders. Results: Independent risk factors for anxiety and depression in the HCC patients were female gender (hazard ratio (HR) 1.45; P < 0.001), Charlson co-morbidity index score (HR 1.12; P = 0.005), and liver cirrhosis (HR 1.35; P = 0.004). Anxiety and depression (differences-in-differences value) had a significant (P < 0.001) positive net effect on number of physician visits. Furthermore, the mean overall survival time was 83.4 months (SD 5.4 months) in the anxiety/depression group and 65.4 months (SD 4.8 months) in the non-disorder group. Additionally, the overall survival rate was significantly higher in the anxiety/depression group compared to the non-disorder group during the study period (P = 0.003). Conclusions: Anxiety disorders and depression disorders are associated with a significantly increased overall survival rate in HCC patients. However, further studies are needed to investigate this association.","PeriodicalId":22963,"journal":{"name":"The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry","volume":"115 1","pages":"431 - 439"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79448566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-18DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1258490
R. Calati, J. Maller, C. Meslin, J. López-Castromán, K. Ritchie, P. Courtet, S. Artero
Abstract Objectives: The impact of stressful life events (SLEs) on brain anatomy is poorly understood, particularly its long-term neural consequences. We tested the hypothesis that a serious SLE (repatriation of French citizens living in Algeria in 1962) is associated with changes in brain regions previously implicated in psychopathology (hippocampus, amygdala, corpus callosum, prefrontal cortex, anterior, posterior and isthmus cingulate cortex (ICC)) in a large elderly population. Methods: Structural magnetic resonance imaging was used to acquire anatomical scans from 82 subjects repatriated from Algeria and 339 subjects without this experience or any other trauma. We derived quantitative regional estimates of subcortical volume using FreeSurfer Software. The General Linear Model was used to test the association between repatriation and changes in brain volume adjusted for confounders (gender, age, education, total brain volume, traumatic brain injury, Mini Mental State Examination score at baseline, current and lifetime major depression and recent SLEs). Results: Repatriation to France was associated with reduced volume in a number of areas; however, only left and right ICC survived to false discovery rate correction. Conclusions: In the elderly a previous (approximately 40 years before) serious SLE could be associated with long-term volume reduction in the ICC, independently of psychopathology.
{"title":"Repatriation is associated with isthmus cingulate cortex reduction in community-dwelling elderly","authors":"R. Calati, J. Maller, C. Meslin, J. López-Castromán, K. Ritchie, P. Courtet, S. Artero","doi":"10.1080/15622975.2016.1258490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2016.1258490","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objectives: The impact of stressful life events (SLEs) on brain anatomy is poorly understood, particularly its long-term neural consequences. We tested the hypothesis that a serious SLE (repatriation of French citizens living in Algeria in 1962) is associated with changes in brain regions previously implicated in psychopathology (hippocampus, amygdala, corpus callosum, prefrontal cortex, anterior, posterior and isthmus cingulate cortex (ICC)) in a large elderly population. Methods: Structural magnetic resonance imaging was used to acquire anatomical scans from 82 subjects repatriated from Algeria and 339 subjects without this experience or any other trauma. We derived quantitative regional estimates of subcortical volume using FreeSurfer Software. The General Linear Model was used to test the association between repatriation and changes in brain volume adjusted for confounders (gender, age, education, total brain volume, traumatic brain injury, Mini Mental State Examination score at baseline, current and lifetime major depression and recent SLEs). Results: Repatriation to France was associated with reduced volume in a number of areas; however, only left and right ICC survived to false discovery rate correction. Conclusions: In the elderly a previous (approximately 40 years before) serious SLE could be associated with long-term volume reduction in the ICC, independently of psychopathology.","PeriodicalId":22963,"journal":{"name":"The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry","volume":"83 9 1","pages":"421 - 430"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87656873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-18DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1274829
I. Wielaard, R. Schaakxs, H. Comijs, M. Stek, D. Rhebergen
Abstract Objectives: Childhood abuse has been associated with depression in later life. This may be related to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning. Therefore we aimed to examine the impact of childhood abuse and its interaction with depression on cortisol levels in older adults. Methods: Data from 418 participants (mean age 70.8 years) in the Netherlands Study of Depression in Older Persons (NESDO) were used; 187 participants experienced childhood abuse; 309 participants had a diagnosis of depression. Diurnal cortisol levels were determined using six saliva samples from every participant. Multiple regression analyses were performed. Results: Significant negative associations between childhood abuse and morning cortisol levels were found. In nondepressed persons, both psychological and sexual abuse were associated with greater dynamics of the HPA axis in response to awakening. Conclusions: Childhood abuse is associated with lower basal cortisol levels at awakening irrespective of major depressive disorder (MDD). Higher reactivity of the HPA axis during the hour after awakening was found in nondepressed participants only, which might suggest that late-life depression modifies the effect of childhood abuse on the HPA axis. Older adults with a history of childhood abuse may be more negatively affected by stress or stressful events and this is reflected in dysregulation of the HPA axis.
{"title":"The influence of childhood abuse on cortisol levels and the cortisol awakening response in depressed and nondepressed older adults","authors":"I. Wielaard, R. Schaakxs, H. Comijs, M. Stek, D. Rhebergen","doi":"10.1080/15622975.2016.1274829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2016.1274829","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objectives: Childhood abuse has been associated with depression in later life. This may be related to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning. Therefore we aimed to examine the impact of childhood abuse and its interaction with depression on cortisol levels in older adults. Methods: Data from 418 participants (mean age 70.8 years) in the Netherlands Study of Depression in Older Persons (NESDO) were used; 187 participants experienced childhood abuse; 309 participants had a diagnosis of depression. Diurnal cortisol levels were determined using six saliva samples from every participant. Multiple regression analyses were performed. Results: Significant negative associations between childhood abuse and morning cortisol levels were found. In nondepressed persons, both psychological and sexual abuse were associated with greater dynamics of the HPA axis in response to awakening. Conclusions: Childhood abuse is associated with lower basal cortisol levels at awakening irrespective of major depressive disorder (MDD). Higher reactivity of the HPA axis during the hour after awakening was found in nondepressed participants only, which might suggest that late-life depression modifies the effect of childhood abuse on the HPA axis. Older adults with a history of childhood abuse may be more negatively affected by stress or stressful events and this is reflected in dysregulation of the HPA axis.","PeriodicalId":22963,"journal":{"name":"The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry","volume":"41 1","pages":"440 - 449"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87098534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-04DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1289240
J. Lima-Ojeda, R. Rupprecht, T. Baghai
Abstract Objectives: The main aims of this paper are to review and evaluate the neurobiology of the depressive syndrome from a neurodevelopmental perspective. Methods: An English language literature search was performed using PubMed. Results: Depression is a complex syndrome that involves anatomical and functional changes that have an early origin in brain development. In subjects with genetic risk for depression, early stress factors are able to mediate not only the genetic risk but also gene expression. There is evidence that endocrine and immune interactions have an important impact on monoamine function and that the altered monoamine signalling observed in the depressive syndrome has a neuro-endocrino-immunological origin early in the development. Conclusions: Neurodevelopment is a key aspect to understand the whole neurobiology of depression.
{"title":"Neurobiology of depression: A neurodevelopmental approach","authors":"J. Lima-Ojeda, R. Rupprecht, T. Baghai","doi":"10.1080/15622975.2017.1289240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2017.1289240","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objectives: The main aims of this paper are to review and evaluate the neurobiology of the depressive syndrome from a neurodevelopmental perspective. Methods: An English language literature search was performed using PubMed. Results: Depression is a complex syndrome that involves anatomical and functional changes that have an early origin in brain development. In subjects with genetic risk for depression, early stress factors are able to mediate not only the genetic risk but also gene expression. There is evidence that endocrine and immune interactions have an important impact on monoamine function and that the altered monoamine signalling observed in the depressive syndrome has a neuro-endocrino-immunological origin early in the development. Conclusions: Neurodevelopment is a key aspect to understand the whole neurobiology of depression.","PeriodicalId":22963,"journal":{"name":"The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry","volume":"23 1","pages":"349 - 359"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76532959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-03DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1285048
M. Letmaier, R. Grohmann, C. Kren, S. Toto, S. Bleich, R. Engel, T. Gary, K. Papageorgiou, A. Konstantinidis, A. Holl, A. Painold, S. Kasper
Abstract Objectives: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) can be a life-threatening medical condition that may lead to leg swelling, respiratory distress and death. Methods: The AMSP (Arzneimittelsicherheit in der Psychiatrie) is a continuous multicentre drug surveillance programme that assesses severe adverse drug reactions during treatment of psychiatric inpatients. We report on a total of 264,422 inpatients who were treated with antipsychotics (APs) and monitored from 1993 to 2011 in 99 psychiatric hospitals. Results: During this period VTE events were reported for 89 inpatients, corresponding to an occurrence rate of 34 cases per 100,000 inpatient admissions treated with APs or 43 cases per 10,000 person-years. The occurrence of VTE was greatest in patients over the age of 65 years of age with mood disorders. The chemical class of butyrophenones (48/100,000) followed by atypical APs (36/100,000) showed the highest occurrence rate for VTE compared to thioxanthenes (23/100,000), which were less associated with VTE. If imputed alone, pipamperone (61/100,000) and risperidone (55/100,000) were most frequently associated with VTE. In general, there was no difference in occurrence rate of VTE between high- and low-potency APs. Conclusions: These results suggest that clinicians should consider AP drug exposure as a potential risk factor for VTE for patients older than 65 years. Additionally, the diagnosis of an affective disorder seems to increase the risk for VTE.
目的:静脉血栓栓塞(VTE)是一种危及生命的疾病，可能导致腿部肿胀、呼吸窘迫和死亡。方法:AMSP (Arzneimittelsicherheit in der psychiatry)是一个连续的多中心药物监测项目，用于评估精神科住院患者治疗期间的严重药物不良反应。我们报告了从1993年到2011年99家精神病院共264,422名接受抗精神病药物治疗和监测的住院患者。结果:在此期间，89名住院患者报告了静脉血栓栓塞事件，对应于每10万名接受APs治疗的住院患者中有34例或每1万人年有43例的发生率。静脉血栓栓塞在65岁以上伴有情绪障碍的患者中发生率最高。非典型APs(36/10万)与噻吩类(23/10万)相比，丁苯酮类(48/10万)的VTE发生率最高，与VTE的相关性较低。如果单独计算，匹潘培酮(61/10万)和利培酮(55/10万)与静脉血栓栓塞最常相关。总的来说，高效和低效ap在静脉血栓栓塞发生率上没有差异。结论:这些结果提示临床医生应将AP药物暴露视为65岁以上患者静脉血栓栓塞的潜在危险因素。此外，情感性障碍的诊断似乎会增加静脉血栓栓塞的风险。
{"title":"Venous thromboembolism during treatment with antipsychotics: Results of a drug surveillance programme","authors":"M. Letmaier, R. Grohmann, C. Kren, S. Toto, S. Bleich, R. Engel, T. Gary, K. Papageorgiou, A. Konstantinidis, A. Holl, A. Painold, S. Kasper","doi":"10.1080/15622975.2017.1285048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2017.1285048","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objectives: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) can be a life-threatening medical condition that may lead to leg swelling, respiratory distress and death. Methods: The AMSP (Arzneimittelsicherheit in der Psychiatrie) is a continuous multicentre drug surveillance programme that assesses severe adverse drug reactions during treatment of psychiatric inpatients. We report on a total of 264,422 inpatients who were treated with antipsychotics (APs) and monitored from 1993 to 2011 in 99 psychiatric hospitals. Results: During this period VTE events were reported for 89 inpatients, corresponding to an occurrence rate of 34 cases per 100,000 inpatient admissions treated with APs or 43 cases per 10,000 person-years. The occurrence of VTE was greatest in patients over the age of 65 years of age with mood disorders. The chemical class of butyrophenones (48/100,000) followed by atypical APs (36/100,000) showed the highest occurrence rate for VTE compared to thioxanthenes (23/100,000), which were less associated with VTE. If imputed alone, pipamperone (61/100,000) and risperidone (55/100,000) were most frequently associated with VTE. In general, there was no difference in occurrence rate of VTE between high- and low-potency APs. Conclusions: These results suggest that clinicians should consider AP drug exposure as a potential risk factor for VTE for patients older than 65 years. Additionally, the diagnosis of an affective disorder seems to increase the risk for VTE.","PeriodicalId":22963,"journal":{"name":"The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry","volume":"48 1","pages":"175 - 186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81730780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-03DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1273552
Linda Frintrop, Johanna Liesbrock, L. Paulukat, S. Johann, M. Kas, R. Tolba, N. Heussen, J. Neulen, K. Konrad, B. Herpertz-Dahlmann, C. Beyer, J. Seitz
Abstract Objectives: Severe grey and white matter volume reductions were found in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) that were linked to neuropsychological deficits while their underlying pathophysiology remains unclear. For the first time, we analysed the cellular basis of brain volume changes in an animal model (activity-based anorexia, ABA). Methods: Female rats had 24 h/day running wheel access and received reduced food intake until a 25% weight reduction was reached and maintained for 2 weeks. Results: In ABA rats, the volumes of the cerebral cortex and corpus callosum were significantly reduced compared to controls by 6% and 9%, respectively. The number of GFAP-positive astrocytes in these regions decreased by 39% and 23%, total astrocyte-covered area by 83% and 63%. In neurons no changes were observed. The findings were complemented by a 60% and 49% reduction in astrocyte (GFAP) mRNA expression. Conclusions: Volumetric brain changes in ABA animals mirror those in human AN patients. These alterations are associated with a reduction of GFAP-positive astrocytes as well as GFAP expression. Reduced astrocyte functioning could help explain neuronal dysfunctions leading to symptoms of rigidity and impaired learning. Astrocyte loss could constitute a new research target for understanding and treating semi-starvation and AN.
{"title":"Reduced astrocyte density underlying brain volume reduction in activity-based anorexia rats","authors":"Linda Frintrop, Johanna Liesbrock, L. Paulukat, S. Johann, M. Kas, R. Tolba, N. Heussen, J. Neulen, K. Konrad, B. Herpertz-Dahlmann, C. Beyer, J. Seitz","doi":"10.1080/15622975.2016.1273552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2016.1273552","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objectives: Severe grey and white matter volume reductions were found in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) that were linked to neuropsychological deficits while their underlying pathophysiology remains unclear. For the first time, we analysed the cellular basis of brain volume changes in an animal model (activity-based anorexia, ABA). Methods: Female rats had 24 h/day running wheel access and received reduced food intake until a 25% weight reduction was reached and maintained for 2 weeks. Results: In ABA rats, the volumes of the cerebral cortex and corpus callosum were significantly reduced compared to controls by 6% and 9%, respectively. The number of GFAP-positive astrocytes in these regions decreased by 39% and 23%, total astrocyte-covered area by 83% and 63%. In neurons no changes were observed. The findings were complemented by a 60% and 49% reduction in astrocyte (GFAP) mRNA expression. Conclusions: Volumetric brain changes in ABA animals mirror those in human AN patients. These alterations are associated with a reduction of GFAP-positive astrocytes as well as GFAP expression. Reduced astrocyte functioning could help explain neuronal dysfunctions leading to symptoms of rigidity and impaired learning. Astrocyte loss could constitute a new research target for understanding and treating semi-starvation and AN.","PeriodicalId":22963,"journal":{"name":"The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry","volume":"57 1","pages":"225 - 235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91035980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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