Summary Both sugar and hormone gibberellin (GA) are essential for anther-enclosed pollen development and thus for plant productivity in flowering plants. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AtSWEET13 and AtSWEET14, which are expressed in anthers and associated with seed yield, transport both sucrose and GA. However, it is still unclear which substrate transported by them directly affects anther development and seed yield. Histochemical staining, cross-sectioning and microscopy imaging techniques were used to investigate and interpret the phenotypes of AtSWEET13 and AtSWEET14 double mutant during anther development. Genetic complementation of atsweet13;14 using AtSWEET9 that transports sucrose but not GA was conducted to test the substrate preference relevant to the biological process. The loss of AtSWEET13 and AtSWEET14 resulted in reduced pollen viability and therefore decreased pollen germination. AtSWEET9 fully rescued the defects in pollen fertility of atsweet13;14, indicating AtSWEET13/14 mediated sucrose rather than GA is essential to pollen fertility. AtSWEET13 and AtSWEET14 mainly function at the anther wall during late anther development stages and are likely responsible for sucrose efflux into locules to support pollen development to maturation, which is vital for subsequent pollen viability and germination.
{"title":"Sucrose rather than GA transported by AtSWEET13 and AtSWEET14 supports pollen fitness at late anther development stages","authors":"Jiang Wang, Xueyi Xue, Houqing Zeng, Jiankun Li, Li‐Qing Chen","doi":"10.1101/2022.05.05.490840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.05.05.490840","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Both sugar and hormone gibberellin (GA) are essential for anther-enclosed pollen development and thus for plant productivity in flowering plants. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AtSWEET13 and AtSWEET14, which are expressed in anthers and associated with seed yield, transport both sucrose and GA. However, it is still unclear which substrate transported by them directly affects anther development and seed yield. Histochemical staining, cross-sectioning and microscopy imaging techniques were used to investigate and interpret the phenotypes of AtSWEET13 and AtSWEET14 double mutant during anther development. Genetic complementation of atsweet13;14 using AtSWEET9 that transports sucrose but not GA was conducted to test the substrate preference relevant to the biological process. The loss of AtSWEET13 and AtSWEET14 resulted in reduced pollen viability and therefore decreased pollen germination. AtSWEET9 fully rescued the defects in pollen fertility of atsweet13;14, indicating AtSWEET13/14 mediated sucrose rather than GA is essential to pollen fertility. AtSWEET13 and AtSWEET14 mainly function at the anther wall during late anther development stages and are likely responsible for sucrose efflux into locules to support pollen development to maturation, which is vital for subsequent pollen viability and germination.","PeriodicalId":23025,"journal":{"name":"The New phytologist","volume":"78 1","pages":"525 - 537"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83747337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-14DOI: 10.1101/2022.03.12.484015
Hen-Huang Chen, Y. Fang, A. Zwaenepoel, Sanwen Huang, Y. Van de Peer, Zhen Li
Ferns, and particularly homosporous ferns, have long been assumed to have experienced recurrent whole-genome duplication (WGD) events because of their substantially large genome sizes, surprisingly high chromosome numbers, and high degrees of polyploidy among many extant members. Although, consequently, the number of sequenced fern genomes is very limited, recent studies using transcriptome data to find evidence for WGDs in ferns reached conflicting results concerning the occurrence of ancient polyploidy, for instance, in the lineage of leptosporangiate ferns. Because identifying WGDs in a phylogenetic context is the foremost step in studying the contribution of ancient polyploidy to evolution, we revisited earlier identified WGDs in leptosporangiate ferns, mainly the core leptosporangiate ferns, by building age distributions and applying substitution rate corrections and by conducting statistical gene tree – species tree reconciliation analyses. Our integrative analyses confidently identified four ancient WGDs in the sampled core leptosporangiates and suggest both false positives and false negatives for the WGDs that recent studies have reported earlier. In conclusion, we underscore the significance of substitution rate corrections and uncertainties in gene tree – species tree reconciliations in calling WGD events, and that failing to do so likely leads to incorrect conclusions.
{"title":"Revisiting Ancient Polyploidy in Leptosporangiate Ferns","authors":"Hen-Huang Chen, Y. Fang, A. Zwaenepoel, Sanwen Huang, Y. Van de Peer, Zhen Li","doi":"10.1101/2022.03.12.484015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.12.484015","url":null,"abstract":"Ferns, and particularly homosporous ferns, have long been assumed to have experienced recurrent whole-genome duplication (WGD) events because of their substantially large genome sizes, surprisingly high chromosome numbers, and high degrees of polyploidy among many extant members. Although, consequently, the number of sequenced fern genomes is very limited, recent studies using transcriptome data to find evidence for WGDs in ferns reached conflicting results concerning the occurrence of ancient polyploidy, for instance, in the lineage of leptosporangiate ferns. Because identifying WGDs in a phylogenetic context is the foremost step in studying the contribution of ancient polyploidy to evolution, we revisited earlier identified WGDs in leptosporangiate ferns, mainly the core leptosporangiate ferns, by building age distributions and applying substitution rate corrections and by conducting statistical gene tree – species tree reconciliation analyses. Our integrative analyses confidently identified four ancient WGDs in the sampled core leptosporangiates and suggest both false positives and false negatives for the WGDs that recent studies have reported earlier. In conclusion, we underscore the significance of substitution rate corrections and uncertainties in gene tree – species tree reconciliations in calling WGD events, and that failing to do so likely leads to incorrect conclusions.","PeriodicalId":23025,"journal":{"name":"The New phytologist","volume":"43 1","pages":"1405 - 1417"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87752913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-12DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.11.475794
Lili Li, P. Milesi, M. Tiret, Jun Chen, Janek Sendrowski, John Baison, Zhiqiang Chen, Linghua Zhou, B. Karlsson, M. Berlin, J. Westin, Rosario Garcia-Gil, Harry X. Wu, M. Lascoux
Vast population movements induced by recurrent climatic cycles have shaped the genetic structure of plant species. This is especially true in Scandinavia that was repeatedly glaciated. During glacial periods trees were confined to refugia, south and east of the ice sheet, from which they recolonized Scandinavia as the ice melted away. This multi-pronged recolonization led to large contact zones in most species. We leverage large genomic data from 5000 trees to reconstruct the demographic history of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and test for the presence of natural selection during the recolonization process and the establishment of the contact zone. Sweden is today made up of two large genetic clusters, a southern one originating from the Baltics and a Northern one originating from Northern Russia. The contact zone delineating these two clusters closely matches the limit between two major climatic regions. This suggests that natural selection contributed to the establishment and the maintenance of the contact zone. To test this hypothesis we first used Approximate Bayesian Computation; an Isolation-with migration model with genome-wide linked selection fits the data better than a purely neutral one. Secondly, we identified loci characterized by both extreme allele frequency differences between geographic regions and association to the variables defining the climatic zones. These loci, many of which are related to phenology, form clusters present on all linkage groups. Altogether, the current genetic structure reflects the joint effect of climatic cycles, recolonization and selection on the establishment of strong local adaptation and contact zones. Significance Statement Understanding how past climatic events, human actions and evolutionary forces contributed to the present distribution of genetic diversity is crucial to predict their reaction to the current climate crisis. Vast distribution shifts induced by past environmental changes, local ecological processes, natural selection and human transfers contributed to the current distribution of Norway spruce across Northern Europe. Genome-wide polymorphisms from thousands of individuals show that Scandinavia was recolonized after the Last Glacial from both south and north. This two-pronged recolonization established a contact zone between two genetic clusters that matches the limit between two major climate zones. The contact zone is shaped and maintained by natural selection on a large number of loci that form blocks of co-adapted loci spread genome-wide.
{"title":"Teasing apart the joint effect of demography and natural selection in the birth of a contact zone","authors":"Lili Li, P. Milesi, M. Tiret, Jun Chen, Janek Sendrowski, John Baison, Zhiqiang Chen, Linghua Zhou, B. Karlsson, M. Berlin, J. Westin, Rosario Garcia-Gil, Harry X. Wu, M. Lascoux","doi":"10.1101/2022.01.11.475794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.01.11.475794","url":null,"abstract":"Vast population movements induced by recurrent climatic cycles have shaped the genetic structure of plant species. This is especially true in Scandinavia that was repeatedly glaciated. During glacial periods trees were confined to refugia, south and east of the ice sheet, from which they recolonized Scandinavia as the ice melted away. This multi-pronged recolonization led to large contact zones in most species. We leverage large genomic data from 5000 trees to reconstruct the demographic history of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and test for the presence of natural selection during the recolonization process and the establishment of the contact zone. Sweden is today made up of two large genetic clusters, a southern one originating from the Baltics and a Northern one originating from Northern Russia. The contact zone delineating these two clusters closely matches the limit between two major climatic regions. This suggests that natural selection contributed to the establishment and the maintenance of the contact zone. To test this hypothesis we first used Approximate Bayesian Computation; an Isolation-with migration model with genome-wide linked selection fits the data better than a purely neutral one. Secondly, we identified loci characterized by both extreme allele frequency differences between geographic regions and association to the variables defining the climatic zones. These loci, many of which are related to phenology, form clusters present on all linkage groups. Altogether, the current genetic structure reflects the joint effect of climatic cycles, recolonization and selection on the establishment of strong local adaptation and contact zones. Significance Statement Understanding how past climatic events, human actions and evolutionary forces contributed to the present distribution of genetic diversity is crucial to predict their reaction to the current climate crisis. Vast distribution shifts induced by past environmental changes, local ecological processes, natural selection and human transfers contributed to the current distribution of Norway spruce across Northern Europe. Genome-wide polymorphisms from thousands of individuals show that Scandinavia was recolonized after the Last Glacial from both south and north. This two-pronged recolonization established a contact zone between two genetic clusters that matches the limit between two major climate zones. The contact zone is shaped and maintained by natural selection on a large number of loci that form blocks of co-adapted loci spread genome-wide.","PeriodicalId":23025,"journal":{"name":"The New phytologist","volume":"1 1","pages":"1976 - 1987"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81859435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.28.462160
Jenalle L. Eck, M. Kytöviita, Anna‐Liisa Laine
While pathogenic and mutualistic microbes are ubiquitous across ecosystems and often co-occur within hosts, how they interact to determine patterns of disease in genetically diverse wild populations is unknown. To test whether microbial mutualists provide protection against pathogens, and whether this varies among host genotypes, we conducted a field experiment in three naturally-occurring epidemics of a fungal pathogen, Podosphaera plantaginis, infecting a host plant, Plantago lanceolata, in the Åland Islands, Finland. In each population, we collected epidemiological data on experimental plants from six allopatric populations that had been inoculated with a mixture of mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or a non-mycorrhizal control. Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased growth in plants from every population, but also increased host infection rate. Mycorrhizal effects on disease severity varied among host genotypes and strengthened over time during the epidemic. Host genotypes that were more susceptible to the pathogen received stronger protective effects from inoculation. Our results show that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi introduce both benefits and risks to host plants, and shift patterns of infection in host populations under pathogen attack. Understanding how mutualists alter host susceptibility to disease will be important for predicting infection outcomes in ecological communities and in agriculture. Plain Language Summary Beneficial, ‘mycorrhizal’ fungi in roots help plants grow and may protect them from diseases caused by pathogenic microbes. This study shows that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can influence patterns of plant disease during pathogen outbreaks in a natural landscape.
{"title":"Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence host infection during epidemics in a wild plant pathosystem","authors":"Jenalle L. Eck, M. Kytöviita, Anna‐Liisa Laine","doi":"10.1101/2021.09.28.462160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.28.462160","url":null,"abstract":"While pathogenic and mutualistic microbes are ubiquitous across ecosystems and often co-occur within hosts, how they interact to determine patterns of disease in genetically diverse wild populations is unknown. To test whether microbial mutualists provide protection against pathogens, and whether this varies among host genotypes, we conducted a field experiment in three naturally-occurring epidemics of a fungal pathogen, Podosphaera plantaginis, infecting a host plant, Plantago lanceolata, in the Åland Islands, Finland. In each population, we collected epidemiological data on experimental plants from six allopatric populations that had been inoculated with a mixture of mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or a non-mycorrhizal control. Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased growth in plants from every population, but also increased host infection rate. Mycorrhizal effects on disease severity varied among host genotypes and strengthened over time during the epidemic. Host genotypes that were more susceptible to the pathogen received stronger protective effects from inoculation. Our results show that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi introduce both benefits and risks to host plants, and shift patterns of infection in host populations under pathogen attack. Understanding how mutualists alter host susceptibility to disease will be important for predicting infection outcomes in ecological communities and in agriculture. Plain Language Summary Beneficial, ‘mycorrhizal’ fungi in roots help plants grow and may protect them from diseases caused by pathogenic microbes. This study shows that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can influence patterns of plant disease during pathogen outbreaks in a natural landscape.","PeriodicalId":23025,"journal":{"name":"The New phytologist","volume":"30 1","pages":"1922 - 1935"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84412789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-19DOI: 10.1101/2021.08.19.456989
Laura Castañeda, E. Giménez, B. Pineda, B. García-Sogo, Ana Ortíz-Atienza, R. Micol-Ponce, T. Angosto, J. Capel, V. Moreno, Fernando J. Yuste-Lisbona, R. Lozano
CRABS CLAW (CRC) orthologues play a crucial role in floral meristem (FM) determinacy and gynoecium formation across angiosperms, key developmental processes for ensuring successful plant reproduction and crop production. Here, we revealed that the incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity of the carpel-inside-carpel phenotype observed in flowers of the tomato fruit iterative growth (fig) mutant is due to a lack of function of a homologue of the CRC gene, Solanum lycopersicum CRCa (SlCRCa). Likewise, a comprehensive functional analysis of SlCRCa and SlCRCb paralogues, including Arabidopsis complementation experiments, allowed us to propose that they operate as positive regulators of FM determinacy by acting in a compensatory and partially redundant manner to safeguard the proper formation of flowers and fruits. Furthermore, we provide the first evidence for the role of putative CRC orthologues as members of the chromatin remodelling complex that terminates floral stem cell activity by repressing WUSCHEL expression.
{"title":"Tomato CRABS CLAW paralogues interact with chromatin remodelling factors to mediate carpel development and floral determinacy","authors":"Laura Castañeda, E. Giménez, B. Pineda, B. García-Sogo, Ana Ortíz-Atienza, R. Micol-Ponce, T. Angosto, J. Capel, V. Moreno, Fernando J. Yuste-Lisbona, R. Lozano","doi":"10.1101/2021.08.19.456989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.19.456989","url":null,"abstract":"CRABS CLAW (CRC) orthologues play a crucial role in floral meristem (FM) determinacy and gynoecium formation across angiosperms, key developmental processes for ensuring successful plant reproduction and crop production. Here, we revealed that the incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity of the carpel-inside-carpel phenotype observed in flowers of the tomato fruit iterative growth (fig) mutant is due to a lack of function of a homologue of the CRC gene, Solanum lycopersicum CRCa (SlCRCa). Likewise, a comprehensive functional analysis of SlCRCa and SlCRCb paralogues, including Arabidopsis complementation experiments, allowed us to propose that they operate as positive regulators of FM determinacy by acting in a compensatory and partially redundant manner to safeguard the proper formation of flowers and fruits. Furthermore, we provide the first evidence for the role of putative CRC orthologues as members of the chromatin remodelling complex that terminates floral stem cell activity by repressing WUSCHEL expression.","PeriodicalId":23025,"journal":{"name":"The New phytologist","volume":"35 1","pages":"1059 - 1074"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88540425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-30DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.30.454453
T. Wieloch, A. Augusti, J. Schleucher
- As the central carbon uptake pathway in photosynthetic cells, the Calvin-Benson cycle is among the most important biochemical cycles for life on Earth. A carbon flux of anaplerotic origin (i.e., through the chloroplast-localised oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway) into the Calvin-Benson cycle was proposed recently. - Here, we measured intramolecular deuterium abundances in leaf starch of Helianthus annuus grown at varying ambient CO2 concentrations, Ca. Additionally, we modelled deuterium fractionations expected for the anaplerotic pathway and compared modelled with measured fractionations. - We report deuterium fractionation signals at H1 and H2 of starch glucose. Below a Ca change point, these signals increase with decreasing Ca consistent with modelled fractionations by anaplerotic flux. Under standard conditions (Ca=450 ppm corresponding to intercellular CO2 concentrations, Ci, of 328 ppm), we estimate negligible anaplerotic flux. At Ca=180 ppm (Ci=140 ppm), more than 10% of the glucose 6-phosphate entering the starch biosynthesis pathway is diverted into the anaplerotic pathway. - In conclusion, we report evidence consistent with anaplerotic carbon flux into the Calvin-Benson cycle in vivo. We propose the flux may help to (i) maintain high levels of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate under source-limited growth conditions to facilitate photorespiratory nitrogen assimilation required to build-up source strength and (ii) counteract oxidative stress.
{"title":"Anaplerotic flux into the Calvin–Benson cycle: hydrogen isotope evidence for in vivo occurrence in C3 metabolism","authors":"T. Wieloch, A. Augusti, J. Schleucher","doi":"10.1101/2021.07.30.454453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.30.454453","url":null,"abstract":"- As the central carbon uptake pathway in photosynthetic cells, the Calvin-Benson cycle is among the most important biochemical cycles for life on Earth. A carbon flux of anaplerotic origin (i.e., through the chloroplast-localised oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway) into the Calvin-Benson cycle was proposed recently. - Here, we measured intramolecular deuterium abundances in leaf starch of Helianthus annuus grown at varying ambient CO2 concentrations, Ca. Additionally, we modelled deuterium fractionations expected for the anaplerotic pathway and compared modelled with measured fractionations. - We report deuterium fractionation signals at H1 and H2 of starch glucose. Below a Ca change point, these signals increase with decreasing Ca consistent with modelled fractionations by anaplerotic flux. Under standard conditions (Ca=450 ppm corresponding to intercellular CO2 concentrations, Ci, of 328 ppm), we estimate negligible anaplerotic flux. At Ca=180 ppm (Ci=140 ppm), more than 10% of the glucose 6-phosphate entering the starch biosynthesis pathway is diverted into the anaplerotic pathway. - In conclusion, we report evidence consistent with anaplerotic carbon flux into the Calvin-Benson cycle in vivo. We propose the flux may help to (i) maintain high levels of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate under source-limited growth conditions to facilitate photorespiratory nitrogen assimilation required to build-up source strength and (ii) counteract oxidative stress.","PeriodicalId":23025,"journal":{"name":"The New phytologist","volume":"27 1","pages":"405 - 411"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89257621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-23DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.22.453377
T. Wieloch, M. Grabner, A. Augusti, H. Serk, I. Ehlers, Jun Yu, J. Schleucher
– Stable isotope abundances convey valuable information about plant physiological processes and underlying environmental controls. Central gaps in our mechanistic understanding of hydrogen isotope abundances impede their widespread application within the plant and biogeosciences. – To address these gaps, we analysed intramolecular deuterium abundances in glucose of Pinus nigra extracted from an annually resolved tree-ring series (1961 to 1995). – We found fractionation signals (i.e., temporal variability in deuterium abundance) at glucose H1 and H2 introduced by closely related metabolic processes. Regression analysis indicates that these signals (and thus metabolism) respond to drought and atmospheric CO2 concentration beyond a response change point. They explain ≈60% of the whole-molecule deuterium variability. Altered metabolism is associated with below-average yet not exceptionally low growth. – We propose the signals are introduced at the leaf-level by changes in sucrose-to-starch carbon partitioning and anaplerotic carbon flux into the Calvin-Benson cycle. In conclusion, metabolism can be the main driver of hydrogen isotope variation in plant glucose.
{"title":"Metabolism is a major driver of hydrogen isotope fractionation recorded in tree‐ring glucose of Pinus nigra","authors":"T. Wieloch, M. Grabner, A. Augusti, H. Serk, I. Ehlers, Jun Yu, J. Schleucher","doi":"10.1101/2021.07.22.453377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.22.453377","url":null,"abstract":"– Stable isotope abundances convey valuable information about plant physiological processes and underlying environmental controls. Central gaps in our mechanistic understanding of hydrogen isotope abundances impede their widespread application within the plant and biogeosciences. – To address these gaps, we analysed intramolecular deuterium abundances in glucose of Pinus nigra extracted from an annually resolved tree-ring series (1961 to 1995). – We found fractionation signals (i.e., temporal variability in deuterium abundance) at glucose H1 and H2 introduced by closely related metabolic processes. Regression analysis indicates that these signals (and thus metabolism) respond to drought and atmospheric CO2 concentration beyond a response change point. They explain ≈60% of the whole-molecule deuterium variability. Altered metabolism is associated with below-average yet not exceptionally low growth. – We propose the signals are introduced at the leaf-level by changes in sucrose-to-starch carbon partitioning and anaplerotic carbon flux into the Calvin-Benson cycle. In conclusion, metabolism can be the main driver of hydrogen isotope variation in plant glucose.","PeriodicalId":23025,"journal":{"name":"The New phytologist","volume":"13 1","pages":"449 - 461"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86837690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adam Frew, P. Antunes, D. Cameron, S. Hartley, S. Johnson, M. Rillig, Alison E. Bennett
The symbiosis between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, subphylum Glomeromycotina, and terrestrial plants is one of the most widespread and arguably most successful plant symbioses on Earth. This ancient relationship, going back 475 MY (Remy et al., 1994; Redecker & Raab, 2006; Field et al., 2015; Rich et al., 2021) is beneficial for the fungi and normally benefits their plant partners. Through colonisation of plant roots, the fungi provide their host plants with access to soil elements including phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) while the fungi are provided with carbon (Hodge et al., 2001; Smith & Read, 2008; Keymer & Gutjahr, 2018). The contribution of AM fungi to ecosystems goes beyond nutrient delivery to plants.
{"title":"Plant herbivore protection by arbuscular mycorrhizas: A role for fungal diversity?","authors":"Adam Frew, P. Antunes, D. Cameron, S. Hartley, S. Johnson, M. Rillig, Alison E. Bennett","doi":"10.32942/osf.io/g6c3j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32942/osf.io/g6c3j","url":null,"abstract":"The symbiosis between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, subphylum Glomeromycotina, and terrestrial plants is one of the most widespread and arguably most successful plant symbioses on Earth. This ancient relationship, going back 475 MY (Remy et al., 1994; Redecker & Raab, 2006; Field et al., 2015; Rich et al., 2021) is beneficial for the fungi and normally benefits their plant partners. Through colonisation of plant roots, the fungi provide their host plants with access to soil elements including phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) while the fungi are provided with carbon (Hodge et al., 2001; Smith & Read, 2008; Keymer & Gutjahr, 2018). The contribution of AM fungi to ecosystems goes beyond nutrient delivery to plants.","PeriodicalId":23025,"journal":{"name":"The New phytologist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80662789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-23DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.23.445339
G. Eshel, Nick Duppen, Guannan Wang, Dong-ha Oh, Y. Kazachkova, P. Herzyk, A. Amtmann, M. Gordon, V. Chalifa-Caspi, Michelle Arland Oscar, S. Bar-David, Amy Marshall-Colón, M. Dassanayake, S. Barak
Plant adaptation to a desert environment and its endemic heat stress is poorly understood at the molecular level. The naturally heat-tolerant Brassicaceae species Anastatica hierochuntica is an ideal extremophyte model to identify genetic adaptations that have evolved to allow plants to tolerate heat stress and thrive in deserts. We generated an A. hierochuntica reference transcriptome and pinpointed extremophyte adaptations by comparing Arabidopsis thaliana and A. hierochuntica transcriptome responses to heat and identifying positively selected genes in A. hierochuntica. The two species exhibit similar transcriptome adjustment in response to heat and the A. hierochuntica transcriptome does not exist in a constitutive heat “stress-ready” state. Furthermore, the A. hierochuntica global transcriptome as well as heat-responsive orthologs, display a lower basal and higher heat-induced expression than in A. thaliana. Genes positively selected in multiple extremophytes are associated with stomatal opening, nutrient acquisition, and UV-B induced DNA repair while those unique to A. hierochuntica are consistent with its photoperiod-insensitive, early-flowering phenotype. We suggest that evolution of a flexible transcriptome confers the ability to quickly react to extreme diurnal temperature fluctuations characteristic of a desert environment while positive selection of genes involved in stress tolerance and early flowering could facilitate an opportunistic desert lifestyle.
{"title":"Positive selection and heat‐response transcriptomes reveal adaptive features of the Brassicaceae desert model, Anastatica hierochuntica","authors":"G. Eshel, Nick Duppen, Guannan Wang, Dong-ha Oh, Y. Kazachkova, P. Herzyk, A. Amtmann, M. Gordon, V. Chalifa-Caspi, Michelle Arland Oscar, S. Bar-David, Amy Marshall-Colón, M. Dassanayake, S. Barak","doi":"10.1101/2021.05.23.445339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.23.445339","url":null,"abstract":"Plant adaptation to a desert environment and its endemic heat stress is poorly understood at the molecular level. The naturally heat-tolerant Brassicaceae species Anastatica hierochuntica is an ideal extremophyte model to identify genetic adaptations that have evolved to allow plants to tolerate heat stress and thrive in deserts. We generated an A. hierochuntica reference transcriptome and pinpointed extremophyte adaptations by comparing Arabidopsis thaliana and A. hierochuntica transcriptome responses to heat and identifying positively selected genes in A. hierochuntica. The two species exhibit similar transcriptome adjustment in response to heat and the A. hierochuntica transcriptome does not exist in a constitutive heat “stress-ready” state. Furthermore, the A. hierochuntica global transcriptome as well as heat-responsive orthologs, display a lower basal and higher heat-induced expression than in A. thaliana. Genes positively selected in multiple extremophytes are associated with stomatal opening, nutrient acquisition, and UV-B induced DNA repair while those unique to A. hierochuntica are consistent with its photoperiod-insensitive, early-flowering phenotype. We suggest that evolution of a flexible transcriptome confers the ability to quickly react to extreme diurnal temperature fluctuations characteristic of a desert environment while positive selection of genes involved in stress tolerance and early flowering could facilitate an opportunistic desert lifestyle.","PeriodicalId":23025,"journal":{"name":"The New phytologist","volume":"148 1","pages":"1006 - 1026"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78132272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-20DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-505927/V1
Brandon E. Campitelli, Samsad Razzaque, Borja Barbero, Liliia R. Abdulkina, Mitchell H Hall, D. Shippen, T. Juenger, E. Shakirov
●Telomere length has been implicated in the organismal response to stress, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. ●Here we examine the impact of telomere length changes on Arabidopsis thaliana responses to three contrasting abiotic environments, and measure 32 fitness, development, physiology and leaf-level anatomy traits. ●We report that telomere length in wild type and short telomere mutants is resistant to abiotic stress, while elongated telomeres in ku70 mutants are more plastic. We also detect significant pleiotropic effects of telomere length on flowering time and key leaf physiology and anatomical traits. Furthermore, our data reveal a significant genotype by environment (GxE) interaction for reproductive fitness, with the benefits and costs to performance depending on the growth conditions. ●These results imply that life-history tradeoffs between flowering time and reproductive fitness are impacted by telomere length variation. We postulate that telomere length in plants is subject to natural selection imposed by different environments.
{"title":"Plasticity, pleiotropy and fitness tradeoffs in Arabidopsis genotypes with different telomere lengths.","authors":"Brandon E. Campitelli, Samsad Razzaque, Borja Barbero, Liliia R. Abdulkina, Mitchell H Hall, D. Shippen, T. Juenger, E. Shakirov","doi":"10.21203/RS.3.RS-505927/V1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/RS.3.RS-505927/V1","url":null,"abstract":"●Telomere length has been implicated in the organismal response to stress, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. ●Here we examine the impact of telomere length changes on Arabidopsis thaliana responses to three contrasting abiotic environments, and measure 32 fitness, development, physiology and leaf-level anatomy traits. ●We report that telomere length in wild type and short telomere mutants is resistant to abiotic stress, while elongated telomeres in ku70 mutants are more plastic. We also detect significant pleiotropic effects of telomere length on flowering time and key leaf physiology and anatomical traits. Furthermore, our data reveal a significant genotype by environment (GxE) interaction for reproductive fitness, with the benefits and costs to performance depending on the growth conditions. ●These results imply that life-history tradeoffs between flowering time and reproductive fitness are impacted by telomere length variation. We postulate that telomere length in plants is subject to natural selection imposed by different environments.","PeriodicalId":23025,"journal":{"name":"The New phytologist","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84519682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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