The New phytologist最新文献

{"title":"The Arabidopsis WRR4A and WRR4B paralogous NLR proteins both confer recognition of multiple Albugo candida effectors","authors":"A. Redkar, V. Cevik, Kate Bailey, He Zhao, Daesung Kim, Zhou Zou, Oliver J. Furzer, Sebastian Fairhead, M. H. Borhan, E. Holub, Jonathan D. G. Jones","doi":"10.1101/2021.03.29.436918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.29.436918","url":null,"abstract":"The oomycete Albugo candida causes white blister rust, an important disease of Brassica crops. Distinct races of A. candida are defined by their specificity for infecting different host species. The White Rust Resistance 4 (WRR4) locus in Col-0 accession of Arabidopsis thaliana contains three genes that encode TIR-NLR resistance proteins. The Col-0 alleles of WRR4A and WRR4B confer resistance to at least four A. candida races (2, 7 and 9 from B. juncea, B. rapa and B. oleracea, respectively, and Race 4 from Capsella bursa-pastoris). Resistance mediated by both paralogs can be overcome by Col-0-virulent isolates of Race 4. After comparing repertoires of candidate effectors in resisted and resistance-breaking strains, we used transient co-expression in tobacco or Arabidopsis to identify effectors recognized by WRR4A and WRR4B. A library of CCG effectors from four A. candida races was screened for WRR4A- or WRR4B- dependent elicitation of hypersensitive response (HR). These CCG genes were validated for WRR-dependent HR by bombardment assays in wild type Col-0, wrr4A or wrr4B mutants. Our analysis revealed eight WRR4A-recognized CCGs and four WRR4B-recognized CCGs. Remarkably, the N-terminal region of 100 amino acids after the secretion signal is sufficient for WRR4A recognition of these eight recognized effectors. This multiple recognition capacity potentially explains the broad-spectrum resistance to many A. candida races conferred by WRR4 paralogs.","PeriodicalId":23025,"journal":{"name":"The New phytologist","volume":"7 1","pages":"532 - 547"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85634883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Parastagonospora nodorum necrotrophic effector SnTox5 targets the wheat gene Snn5 and facilitates entry into the leaf mesophyll","authors":"Gayan K. Kariyawasam, J. Richards, Nathan A. Wyatt, Katherine L D Running, Steven S. Xu, Zhaohui Liu, P. Borowicz, J. Faris, T. Friesen","doi":"10.1101/2021.02.26.433117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.26.433117","url":null,"abstract":"Parastagonospora nodorum, causal agent of septoria nodorum blotch, is a destructive necrotrophic fungal pathogen of wheat. P. nodorum is known to secrete several necrotrophic effectors that target wheat susceptibility genes that trigger classical biotrophic resistance responses but resulting in susceptibility rather than resistance. SnTox5 targets the wheat susceptibility gene Snn5 to induce necrosis. In this study, we used full genome sequences of 197 P. nodorum isolates collected from the US and their disease phenotyping on the Snn5 differential line LP29, to perform genome wide association study analysis to localize the SnTox5 gene to chromosome 8 of P. nodorum. SnTox5 was validated using gene transformation and CRISPR-Cas9 based gene disruption. SnTox5 encoded a small secreted protein with a 22 and 45 amino acid secretion signal and a pro sequence, respectively. The SnTox5 gene is under purifying selection in the Upper Midwest but under strong diversifying selection in the South/East regions of the US. Comparison of wild type and SnTox5-disrupted strains on wheat lines with and without the susceptibility target Snn5 showed that SnTox5 has two functions, 1) facilitating colonization of the mesophyll layer, and 2) targeting Snn5 to induce programmed cell death to provide cellular nutrient to complete its necrotrophic life cycle.","PeriodicalId":23025,"journal":{"name":"The New phytologist","volume":"9 1","pages":"409 - 426"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85452712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the role of MADS transcription factor complexes in apple tree dormancy","authors":"V. S. Falavigna, E. Severing, X. Lai, J. Estevan, I. Farrera, V. Hugouvieux, L. F. Revers, C. Zubieta, G. Coupland, E. Costes, F. Andrés","doi":"10.1101/2021.02.21.431301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.21.431301","url":null,"abstract":"Background The effect of global warming on dormancy and flowering patterns of crop trees threatens world-wide fruit production and food security. In Rosaceous tree species, it is believed that a group of genes encoding MADS transcription factors (TFs) controls temperature-mediated dormancy cycle. These genes are similar to SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) from Arabidopsis thaliana and referred as DORMANCY-ASSOCIATED MADS-BOX (DAM) genes. Results By making use of apple tree (Malus x domestica) as a model for Rosaceous species, we have investigated the function of MADS TFs during the dormancy cycle. We found that MdDAM and other dormancy related MADS TFs form multimeric complexes with MdSVPa, and that MdSVPa is essential for the transcriptional complex activity. Then, for the first time in non-model plant species, we performed sequential DNA Affinity Purification sequencing (seq-DAP-seq) to define the genome-wide binding sites of these MADS TF complexes. Target genes associated with the binding sites were identified by combining seq-DAP-seq data with transcriptomics datasets obtained by the inducible glucocorticoid receptor expression system, and reanalyzing preexisting data related to dormancy cycle in apple trees. Conclusion We have determined a gene regulatory network formed by MdSVPa-containing complexes that regulate the dormancy cycle in apple trees in response to environmental cues. Key genes identified with our genomic approach and the elucidated regulatory relationships provide leads for breeding fruit trees better adapted to changing climate conditions. Moreover, we provide novel molecular evidence on the evolutionary functional segregation between DAM and SVP proteins in the Rosaceae family.","PeriodicalId":23025,"journal":{"name":"The New phytologist","volume":"94 1","pages":"2071 - 2088"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88533162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sec24C mediates a Golgi-independent trafficking pathway that is required for tonoplast localization of ABCC1 and ABCC2.","authors":"Qiao-Yan Lv, Mei-Ling Han, Yi-Qun Gao, Chu-Ying Zhang, Ya-Ling Wang, Zhenfei Chao, L. Zhong, Dai-Yin Chao","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-74332/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-74332/v1","url":null,"abstract":"• Protein sorting is an essential biological process in all organisms. Trafficking membrane proteins generally relies on the sorting machinery of the Golgi apparatus. However, many proteins have been found to be delivered to target locations via Golgi-independent pathways, but the mechanisms underlying this delivery system remain unknown. • Here, we report that Sec24C mediates the direct secretory trafficking of the phytochelatin transporters ABCC1 and ABCC2 from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to prevacuolar compartments (PVCs) in Arabidopsis thaliana. • Genetic analysis showed that the sec24c mutants are hypersensitive to cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) treatments due to mislocalization of ABCC1 and ABCC2, which results in defects in the vacuole compartmentalization of the toxic metals. Furthermore, we found that Sec24C recognizes ABCC1 and ABCC2 through direct interactions to mediate their exit from the ER to PVCs, which is independent of BFA-sensitive post-Golgi trafficking pathway. • These findings expand our understanding of Golgi-independent trafficking, which also provide key insights regarding the mechanism of tonoplast protein sorting and open a new perspective on the function of Sec24 proteins.","PeriodicalId":23025,"journal":{"name":"The New phytologist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89245966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"VAPYRIN attenuates defence by repressing PR gene induction and localized lignin accumulation during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis of Petunia hybrida","authors":"Min Chen, Sébastien Bruisson, Laure Bapaume, Geoffrey Darbon, G. Glauser, M. Schorderet, D. Reinhardt","doi":"10.1101/2020.09.16.300590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.16.300590","url":null,"abstract":"The intimate association of host and fungus in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis can potentially trigger induction of host defence mechanisms against the fungus, implying that successful symbiosis requires suppression of defence. We addressed this phenomenon by using AM-defective vapyrin (vpy) mutants in Petunia hybrida, including a new allele (vpy-3) with a transposon insertion close to the ATG start codon. We explore whether abortion of fungal infection in vpy mutants is associated with the induction of defence markers such as cell wall alterations, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), defence hormones, and induction of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. We show that vpy mutants exhibit a strong resistance against intracellular colonization, which is associated with the generation of thick cell wall appositions (papillae) with lignin impregnation at fungal entry sites, while no accumulation of defence hormones, ROS, or callose was observed. Systematic analysis of PR gene expression revealed that several PR genes are induced in mycorrhizal roots of the wild type, and even more in vpy plants. Some PR genes are induced exclusively in vpy mutants. Taken together, these results suggest that VPY is involved in avoiding or suppressing the induction of a cellular defence syndrome that involves localized lignin deposition and PR gene induction.","PeriodicalId":23025,"journal":{"name":"The New phytologist","volume":"27 1","pages":"3481 - 3496"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73076486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Root growth responses to mechanical impedance are regulated by a network of ROS, ethylene and auxin signalling in Arabidopsis","authors":"Amy G R Jacobsen, George Jervis, Jian Xu, J. Topping, K. Lindsey","doi":"10.1101/2020.09.01.277707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.01.277707","url":null,"abstract":"The growth and development of root systems, essential for plant performance, is influenced by mechanical properties of the substrate in which the plants grow. Mechanical impedance, such as by compacted soil, can reduce root elongation and limit crop productivity. To understand better the mechanisms involved in plant root responses to mechanical impedance stress, we investigated changes in the root transcriptome and hormone signalling responses of Arabidopsis to artificial root barrier systems in vitro. We demonstrate that upon encountering a barrier, reduced Arabidopsis root growth and the characteristic ‘step-like’ growth pattern is due to a reduction in cell elongation associated with changes in signalling gene expression. Data from RNA-sequencing combined with reporter line and mutant studies identified essential roles for reactive oxygen species, ethylene and auxin signalling during the barrier response. We propose a model in which early responses to mechanical impedance include reactive oxygen signalling that is followed by integrated auxin and ethylene responses to mediate root growth changes. Inhibition of ethylene responses allows improved growth in response to root impedance, a result that may inform future crop breeding programmes.","PeriodicalId":23025,"journal":{"name":"The New phytologist","volume":"23 1","pages":"225 - 242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87565544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The immune-related, TGA1 redox-switch: to be or not to be?","authors":"Yuan Li, Gary J Loake","doi":"10.1111/nph.16785","DOIUrl":"10.1111/nph.16785","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23025,"journal":{"name":"The New phytologist","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38213952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RLP/K enrichment sequencing; a novel method to identify receptor‐like protein (RLP) and receptor‐like kinase (RLK) genes","authors":"Xiao Lin, M. Armstrong, Katie Baker, D. Wouters, R. Visser, P. J. Wolters, I. Hein, V. Vleeshouwers","doi":"10.1101/2020.02.26.966085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.26.966085","url":null,"abstract":"The identification of immune receptors in crop plants is time-consuming but important for disease control. Previously, resistance gene enrichment sequencing (RenSeq) was developed to accelerate mapping of nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing (NLR) genes. However, resistances mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) remain less utilised. Here, our pipeline shows accelerated mapping of PRRs. Effectoromics leads to precise identification of plants with target PRRs, and subsequent RLP/K enrichment sequencing (RLP/KSeq) leads to detection of informative SNPs that are linked to the trait. Using Phytophthora infestans as a model, we identified Solanum microdontum plants that recognize the apoplastic effectors INF1 or SCR74. RLP/KSeq in a segregating Solanum population confirmed the localization of the INF1 receptor on chromosome 12, and lead to the rapid mapping of the response to SCR74 to chromosome 9. By using markers obtained from RLP/KSeq in conjunction with additional markers, we fine-mapped the SCR74 receptor to a 43-kbp G-LecRK locus. Our findings show that RLP/KSeq enables rapid mapping of PRRs and is especially beneficial for crop plants with large and complex genomes. This work will enable the elucidation and characterisation of the non-NLR plant immune receptors and ultimately facilitate informed resistance breeding.","PeriodicalId":23025,"journal":{"name":"The New phytologist","volume":"80 1","pages":"1264 - 1276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85583965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Replaying the evolutionary tape to investigate subgenome dominance in allopolyploid Brassica napus","authors":"","doi":"10.1101/814491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/814491","url":null,"abstract":"One of the parental diploid genomes (subgenomes) in an allopolyploid often exhibits higher gene expression levels compared to the other subgenome(s) in the nucleus. However, the genetic basis and deterministic fate of subgenome expression dominance remains poorly understood. We examined the establishment of subgenome expression dominance in six isogenic resynthesized Brassica napus (rapeseed) allopolyploid lines over the first ten generations, and uncovered consistent expression dominance patterns that were biased towards the Brassica oleracea ‘C’ subgenome across each of the independent lines and generations. The number and direction of gene dosage changes from homoeologous exchanges (HEs) was highly variable between lines and generations, however, we recovered HE hotspots overlapping with those in multiple natural B. napus cultivars. Additionally, we found a greater number of ‘C’ subgenome regions replacing ‘A’ subgenome regions among resynthesized lines with rapid reduction in pollen counts and viability. Furthermore, DNA methylation differences between subgenomes mirrored the observed gene expression bias towards the ‘C’ subgenome in all lines and generations. Gene-interaction network analysis indicated an enrichment for network interactions and several biological functions for ‘C’ subgenome biased pairs, but no enrichment was observed for ‘A’ subgenome biased pairs. These findings demonstrate that “replaying the evolutionary tape” in allopolyploids results in repeatable and predictable subgenome expression dominance patterns based on preexisting genetic differences among the parental species. Significance Interspecific hybridization merges evolutionarily distinct parental genomes (subgenomes) into a single nucleus. A frequent observation is that one subgenome is “dominant” over the other subgenome(s) including higher gene expression levels. Which subgenome becomes dominantly expressed in allopolyploids remains poorly understood. Here we “replayed the evolutionary tape” with six isogenic resynthesized allopolyploid Brassica napus lines and investigated subgenome dominance patterns over the first ten generations. We found that the same parental subgenome was consistently more dominantly expressed in all lines and generations. This suggests that subgenome expression dominance is largely predetermined based on differences among the parental diploid genomes. These findings have major implications regarding the genotypic and phenotypic diversity observed following plant hybridization in both ecological and agricultural contexts.","PeriodicalId":23025,"journal":{"name":"The New phytologist","volume":"49 1","pages":"354 - 371"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89150958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Medicago truncatula Vacuolar iron Transporter‐Like proteins VTL4 and VTL8 deliver iron to symbiotic bacteria at different stages of the infection process","authors":"Jennifer H. Walton, Gyöngyi Kontra-Kováts, R. Green, Á. Domonkos, B. Horváth, Ella M. Brear, M. Franceschetti, P. Kaló, J. Balk","doi":"10.1101/689224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/689224","url":null,"abstract":"The symbiotic relationship between legumes and rhizobium bacteria in root nodules has a high demand for iron. The host plant is known to provide iron to developing bacteroids, but questions remain regarding which transporters are involved. Here, we characterize two Vacuolar Iron Transporter-Like (VTL) proteins in Medicago truncatula that are specifically expressed during nodule development. VTL4 is mostly expressed during early infection and the protein was localized to membranes and the infection thread. vtl4 mutants were delayed in nodule development. VTL8 is closely related to SEN1 in Lotus japonicus and expressed in the late stages of bacteroid differentiation. The VTL8 protein was localized to the symbiosome membrane. A mutant line lacking the tandemly-arranged VTL4 – VTL8 genes, named 13U, was unable to develop functional nodules and failed to fix nitrogen, which was restored by expression of VTL8 alone. Using a newly developed lux reporter to monitor iron status of the bacteroids, a slight decrease in luminescence was observed in vtl4 mutants and a strong decrease in the 13U mutant. Iron transport capability of VTL4 and VTL8 was shown by yeast complementation. Taken together, these data indicate that VTL-type transporters are the main route for delivering iron to symbiotic rhizobia.","PeriodicalId":23025,"journal":{"name":"The New phytologist","volume":"14 1","pages":"651 - 666"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87509561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}