Purpose:- To study common perceptions in children about the use of spectacles as well as refractive error and problems faced by these children while using spectacles. Methods:- This was a hospital-based observational study conducted over a period of 2 months in children between 5 to 15 years of age using spectacles. A self-designed, standardized, prevalidated questionnaire was provided and answers were evaluated. Data thus obtained was subjected to standard statistical analysis. Results:- Among 55 children in the study, twenty-nine (52.7%) were male and twenty-six (47.3%) were female, with a male-female ratio of 1.1:1. Their average age was 11± 2.8 years. 41.8% children felt that wearing spectacles is a sign of intelligence. 85.5% were of the opinion that if they do not use spectacles, their refractive power will increase. 10.9% children said that the continuous use of spectacles will lead to an increase in their power. 52.7% considered nutritional deficiency as a common cause of refractive error while 67.3% children thought that yoga or diet or traditional medicines or a combination of these can reduce the refractive error. 45.5% felt that they faced problems due to the use of spectacles. 47.3% were teased for using spectacles and 43.6% children considered spectacles as a cosmetic blemish. 36.4% children accepted that they feel ashamed or embarrassed in using spectacles. Conclusion:- Knowledge in children regarding use of spectacles and refractive errors is not very encouraging. Children do face problems in using spectacles. There is potential for incorporation of correct information in the curriculum and teachers’ training program. and parents/guardians were correct information after filling the taken. The procedures followed
{"title":"Spectacles and Refractive Errors: Children’s Perspective","authors":"Amit Maitreya, Renu Dhasmana","doi":"10.7869/DJO.304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7869/DJO.304","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose:- To study common perceptions in children about the use of spectacles as well as refractive error and problems faced by these children while using spectacles. Methods:- This was a hospital-based observational study conducted over a period of 2 months in children between 5 to 15 years of age using spectacles. A self-designed, standardized, prevalidated questionnaire was provided and answers were evaluated. Data thus obtained was subjected to standard statistical analysis. Results:- Among 55 children in the study, twenty-nine (52.7%) were male and twenty-six (47.3%) were female, with a male-female ratio of 1.1:1. Their average age was 11± 2.8 years. 41.8% children felt that wearing spectacles is a sign of intelligence. 85.5% were of the opinion that if they do not use spectacles, their refractive power will increase. 10.9% children said that the continuous use of spectacles will lead to an increase in their power. 52.7% considered nutritional deficiency as a common cause of refractive error while 67.3% children thought that yoga or diet or traditional medicines or a combination of these can reduce the refractive error. 45.5% felt that they faced problems due to the use of spectacles. 47.3% were teased for using spectacles and 43.6% children considered spectacles as a cosmetic blemish. 36.4% children accepted that they feel ashamed or embarrassed in using spectacles. Conclusion:- Knowledge in children regarding use of spectacles and refractive errors is not very encouraging. Children do face problems in using spectacles. There is potential for incorporation of correct information in the curriculum and teachers’ training program. and parents/guardians were correct information after filling the taken. The procedures followed","PeriodicalId":23047,"journal":{"name":"The Official Scientific Journal of Delhi Ophthalmological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72598640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Vallinayagam, J. Krishnamoorthy, L. Vijayakumar, Dilip Suryawanshi
comprises 1-2% NHL and 8-10% extra nodal NHL. Orbital NHL commonly involves the superolateral quadrant and 20% are bilateral. An eighty year old patient presented with gradually increasing, bilateral proptosis, mild pain, congestion and chemosis for eight months. A firm rubbery mass was palpable in the inferior aspect of left orbit and superonasal aspect of right orbit. Visual acuity and extraocular movements were normal. Whole body work up was normal. CT orbits revealed a well defined solid mass lesion in the left orbit, extending from the infraorbital to retrobulbar region, encasing the inferior rectus and inferior oblique, with tendon involvement. The lesion had a similar echotexture to muscle, involving the intraconal and extraconal compartments. The fat plane between the lesion and muscle was obliterated. Based on confluence of clinical and radiological findings, myositic pseudotumor was strongly suspected. Incision biopsy showed extranodal aggregates of small lymphocytes with clumped chromatin and indistinct nucleoli. Immunohistochemistry confirmed low grade B cell NHL. Orbital lymphoma can closely mimic inflammatory pseudotumor clinically and radiologically. Both entities present with common clinical features like proptosis, periorbital swelling, chemosis, restriction of movements and visual complaints. On imaging, a minority of lymphoma can demonstrate features of pseudotumor by an atypical location in the orbit, dual compartmentalisation (intraconal and extraconal), echotexture resembling muscle, tendon involvement and fat infiltration. Biopsy and histopathological examination confirms the diagnosis in such masquerades. Abstract
{"title":"Bilateral Primary Orbital Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Masquerading As Myositic Pseudotumor In An Elderly Patient","authors":"M. Vallinayagam, J. Krishnamoorthy, L. Vijayakumar, Dilip Suryawanshi","doi":"10.7869/djo.312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7869/djo.312","url":null,"abstract":"comprises 1-2% NHL and 8-10% extra nodal NHL. Orbital NHL commonly involves the superolateral quadrant and 20% are bilateral. An eighty year old patient presented with gradually increasing, bilateral proptosis, mild pain, congestion and chemosis for eight months. A firm rubbery mass was palpable in the inferior aspect of left orbit and superonasal aspect of right orbit. Visual acuity and extraocular movements were normal. Whole body work up was normal. CT orbits revealed a well defined solid mass lesion in the left orbit, extending from the infraorbital to retrobulbar region, encasing the inferior rectus and inferior oblique, with tendon involvement. The lesion had a similar echotexture to muscle, involving the intraconal and extraconal compartments. The fat plane between the lesion and muscle was obliterated. Based on confluence of clinical and radiological findings, myositic pseudotumor was strongly suspected. Incision biopsy showed extranodal aggregates of small lymphocytes with clumped chromatin and indistinct nucleoli. Immunohistochemistry confirmed low grade B cell NHL. Orbital lymphoma can closely mimic inflammatory pseudotumor clinically and radiologically. Both entities present with common clinical features like proptosis, periorbital swelling, chemosis, restriction of movements and visual complaints. On imaging, a minority of lymphoma can demonstrate features of pseudotumor by an atypical location in the orbit, dual compartmentalisation (intraconal and extraconal), echotexture resembling muscle, tendon involvement and fat infiltration. Biopsy and histopathological examination confirms the diagnosis in such masquerades. Abstract","PeriodicalId":23047,"journal":{"name":"The Official Scientific Journal of Delhi Ophthalmological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85578912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chinmay V. Deshpande, Dipti Amod Gogate, A. Deshpande
Purpose:- To assess the efficiency of visual functions and visual skills in strabismic & anisometropic amblyopes and to assess visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in anisometropic amblyopes with spectacles & contact lenses. Methods:- In a prospective clinical study, 32 children aged 5 to 15 years presenting with amblyopia in the pediatric department of Shri Ganapati Netralaya Jalna, India, were assessed. Visual acuity was measured with Snellen’s and Bailey-lovie log MAR charts and contrast sensitivity was measured with Pelli-Robson chart with spectacles and contact lenses. Saccadic movements were assessed with SCCO scoring criteria and accommodative facility was checked with ±1.50 DS flippers. Stereopsis was assessed with TNO test. Results:- By using Wilcoxon sign rank test p-value < 0.05 (<0.001), the mean linear visual acuity was 0.29 (˜6/21) and mean single optotype visual acuity was found to be 0.36 (˜6/18). Mean visual acuity of 0.27(˜6/21) with spectacles improved to 0.33 (˜6/18) with contact lenses in amblyopic eyes. The mean Log MAR visual acuity with spectacles and contact lens was found to be 0.602(˜6/24) and 0.531(˜6/21) respectively. The contrast threshold of 20 amblyopic eyes showed that the mean contrast threshold changed in 9 patients from 0.27 (spectacles) to 0.19 (contact lens). The mean accommodative facility was 5.31 (±2.37). 24 subjects (75%) revealed marked saccadic defects on the test applied. 78% subjects didn’t show even gross stereoscopic ability on TNO test. Conclusion:- This study supports the facts about amblyopia and associated deficits in visual skills which were claimed in previous studies. In addition, anisometropic amblyopia can be managed better with contact lenses than spectacles. Functional amblyopia occurs before 6-8 years of age and is attributable to form deprivation, strabismus, or anisometropia. Age of onset of amblyopia in humans is
{"title":"The Functional Impact of Amblyopia on Visual Skills In Children","authors":"Chinmay V. Deshpande, Dipti Amod Gogate, A. Deshpande","doi":"10.7869/djo.308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7869/djo.308","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose:- To assess the efficiency of visual functions and visual skills in strabismic & anisometropic amblyopes and to assess visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in anisometropic amblyopes with spectacles & contact lenses. Methods:- In a prospective clinical study, 32 children aged 5 to 15 years presenting with amblyopia in the pediatric department of Shri Ganapati Netralaya Jalna, India, were assessed. Visual acuity was measured with Snellen’s and Bailey-lovie log MAR charts and contrast sensitivity was measured with Pelli-Robson chart with spectacles and contact lenses. Saccadic movements were assessed with SCCO scoring criteria and accommodative facility was checked with ±1.50 DS flippers. Stereopsis was assessed with TNO test. Results:- By using Wilcoxon sign rank test p-value < 0.05 (<0.001), the mean linear visual acuity was 0.29 (˜6/21) and mean single optotype visual acuity was found to be 0.36 (˜6/18). Mean visual acuity of 0.27(˜6/21) with spectacles improved to 0.33 (˜6/18) with contact lenses in amblyopic eyes. The mean Log MAR visual acuity with spectacles and contact lens was found to be 0.602(˜6/24) and 0.531(˜6/21) respectively. The contrast threshold of 20 amblyopic eyes showed that the mean contrast threshold changed in 9 patients from 0.27 (spectacles) to 0.19 (contact lens). The mean accommodative facility was 5.31 (±2.37). 24 subjects (75%) revealed marked saccadic defects on the test applied. 78% subjects didn’t show even gross stereoscopic ability on TNO test. Conclusion:- This study supports the facts about amblyopia and associated deficits in visual skills which were claimed in previous studies. In addition, anisometropic amblyopia can be managed better with contact lenses than spectacles. Functional amblyopia occurs before 6-8 years of age and is attributable to form deprivation, strabismus, or anisometropia. Age of onset of amblyopia in humans is","PeriodicalId":23047,"journal":{"name":"The Official Scientific Journal of Delhi Ophthalmological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77130336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sandip B. Patil, N. Gohil, Nilesh V. Parekh, Jignesh J. Jethva
{"title":"Management of Ciliary Body Staphyloma and Complicated Cataract with Cadaveric Scleral Patch and Superimposed Amniotic Membrane Grafting","authors":"Sandip B. Patil, N. Gohil, Nilesh V. Parekh, Jignesh J. Jethva","doi":"10.7869/djo.300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7869/djo.300","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23047,"journal":{"name":"The Official Scientific Journal of Delhi Ophthalmological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85525228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A large and clinically symptomatic iridodialysis often requires surgical repair. In literature, many complex and surgically complicated techniques have been described which are not possible for a general ophthalmologist to replicate in routine operation theater settings. We describe a simple technique of repairing a large iatrogenic iridodialysis and implantation of a posterior-iris-fixated intraocular lens (IOL) in a single-sitting. We found it to be a safe, less traumatic, simple surgery which requires minimum instrumentation, provides maximum patient comfort and has satisfactory cosmetic results.
{"title":"A Simple Surgical Technique to Repair Large Iridodialysis","authors":"M. Kaur, A. Bajaj, Madhavi Sharma","doi":"10.7869/DJO.299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7869/DJO.299","url":null,"abstract":"A large and clinically symptomatic iridodialysis often requires surgical repair. In literature, many complex and surgically complicated techniques have been described which are not possible for a general ophthalmologist to replicate in routine operation theater settings. We describe a simple technique of repairing a large iatrogenic iridodialysis and implantation of a posterior-iris-fixated intraocular lens (IOL) in a single-sitting. We found it to be a safe, less traumatic, simple surgery which requires minimum instrumentation, provides maximum patient comfort and has satisfactory cosmetic results.","PeriodicalId":23047,"journal":{"name":"The Official Scientific Journal of Delhi Ophthalmological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72874503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Filtering bleb-related complications have increased manifold after use of anti metabolites for filtering surgery. Their diagnosis and management is of utmost importance in view of their potentially sight threatening implications. Though there are many conservative treatment modalities like pressure bandage, bandage contact lens, autologus serum & laser treatment etc that can be tried in early small leaks, a large leak with shallow anterior chamber or hypotonous maculopathy warrants surgical repair of the bleb. Various techniques of bleb repair like conjunctival advancement or graft, scleral or pericardium patch and amniotic membrane graft are described that can be tried according to the nature of the leak, surrounding healthy tissue or presence of fistula or suture tract. The results of bleb repair as reported by various studies are encouraging so we can conclude that proper intervention at the proper time can help in preventing vision-threatening complications.
{"title":"Techniques of Bleb Repair","authors":"V. Sehgal","doi":"10.7869/djo.283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7869/djo.283","url":null,"abstract":"Filtering bleb-related complications have increased manifold after use of anti metabolites for filtering surgery. Their diagnosis and management is of utmost importance in view of their potentially sight threatening implications. Though there are many conservative treatment modalities like pressure bandage, bandage contact lens, autologus serum & laser treatment etc that can be tried in early small leaks, a large leak with shallow anterior chamber or hypotonous maculopathy warrants surgical repair of the bleb. Various techniques of bleb repair like conjunctival advancement or graft, scleral or pericardium patch and amniotic membrane graft are described that can be tried according to the nature of the leak, surrounding healthy tissue or presence of fistula or suture tract. The results of bleb repair as reported by various studies are encouraging so we can conclude that proper intervention at the proper time can help in preventing vision-threatening complications.","PeriodicalId":23047,"journal":{"name":"The Official Scientific Journal of Delhi Ophthalmological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77739387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Slit lamp examination is an important clinical method for microscopic evaluation of anterior segment inflammation. However, it is observer dependant and existing grading systems are subjective with limited reproducibility. Laser flare photometry is an objective quantitative tool to analyze aqueous flare non-invasively and accurately. It allows precise monitoring of clinical activity in uveitic disorders, prediction of recurrence, detection of persistent subclinical disease and comparison of effects of different surgical techniques and anti-inflammatory agents spite of such advantages, it remains an underutilised investigative tool in day to day clinical practice. Clinicians should explore this potential instrument and identify its appropriate use in diagnosis, management and follow-up of ocular disorders.
{"title":"Laser Flare Photometry: An Under-Utilised Investigative Tool For Anterior Segment Inflammation","authors":"Devesh Kumawat, Pranita Sahay, Pradeep Kumar, Vinod Kumar","doi":"10.7869/djo.292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7869/djo.292","url":null,"abstract":"Slit lamp examination is an important clinical method for microscopic evaluation of anterior segment inflammation. However, it is observer dependant and existing grading systems are subjective with limited reproducibility. Laser flare photometry is an objective quantitative tool to analyze aqueous flare non-invasively and accurately. It allows precise monitoring of clinical activity in uveitic disorders, prediction of recurrence, detection of persistent subclinical disease and comparison of effects of different surgical techniques and anti-inflammatory agents spite of such advantages, it remains an underutilised investigative tool in day to day clinical practice. Clinicians should explore this potential instrument and identify its appropriate use in diagnosis, management and follow-up of ocular disorders.","PeriodicalId":23047,"journal":{"name":"The Official Scientific Journal of Delhi Ophthalmological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86713615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From the Editor’s Desk: Publish and Flourish","authors":"B. Chawla","doi":"10.7869/DJO.280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7869/DJO.280","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23047,"journal":{"name":"The Official Scientific Journal of Delhi Ophthalmological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89769304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Late rise of Intraocular Pressure (IOP) following filtering surgery can be due to blockage of internal ostium with iris, blood or vitreous or bleb fibrosis, progression of disease and loss of efficacy of drugs. In our patient, rise of IOP was due to internal blockade of ostium with vitreous which was identified on slit lamp evaluation and gonioscopy and confirmed by anterior segment OCT (ASOCT). The source of this vitreous was laser capsulotomy performed two years prior to trabeculectomy. The patient underwent right eye anterior vitrectomy. Postoperative IOP was well controlled without any anti-glaucoma medication with a follow up of eight months. This case highlights the importance of gonioscopy in well controlled patients of glaucoma who have sudden rise of IOP, even if they have a functioning bleb and also highlights that a very simple procedure of anterior vitrectomy can help in long term control of IOP in these patients.
{"title":"Delayed Vitreous Blockade of Trabeculectomy Ostium by Old Previous Laser Capsulotomy","authors":"M. Singh, Kanika Jain","doi":"10.7869/djo.289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7869/djo.289","url":null,"abstract":"Late rise of Intraocular Pressure (IOP) following filtering surgery can be due to blockage of internal ostium with iris, blood or vitreous or bleb fibrosis, progression of disease and loss of efficacy of drugs. In our patient, rise of IOP was due to internal blockade of ostium with vitreous which was identified on slit lamp evaluation and gonioscopy and confirmed by anterior segment OCT (ASOCT). The source of this vitreous was laser capsulotomy performed two years prior to trabeculectomy. The patient underwent right eye anterior vitrectomy. Postoperative IOP was well controlled without any anti-glaucoma medication with a follow up of eight months. This case highlights the importance of gonioscopy in well controlled patients of glaucoma who have sudden rise of IOP, even if they have a functioning bleb and also highlights that a very simple procedure of anterior vitrectomy can help in long term control of IOP in these patients.","PeriodicalId":23047,"journal":{"name":"The Official Scientific Journal of Delhi Ophthalmological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79796876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shreyas Temkar, Vineet Mutha, S. Meena, R. Chawla, R. Vohra, P. Venkatesh, Atul Kumar
Fibrovascular proliferations and tractional retinal detachment in patients with proliferative diabetic vitrectomy pose unique challenges in management. Surgical outcomes have improved with the availability of modern instrumentation and pharmacotherapy. The availability of anti-VEGF agents, small gauge instruments, bimanual techniques and intraoperative optical coherence tomography have reduced the overall risk of complications and improved the visual outcomes.
{"title":"Management of Complex Tractional Retinal Detachments In Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy","authors":"Shreyas Temkar, Vineet Mutha, S. Meena, R. Chawla, R. Vohra, P. Venkatesh, Atul Kumar","doi":"10.7869/djo.291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7869/djo.291","url":null,"abstract":"Fibrovascular proliferations and tractional retinal detachment in patients with proliferative diabetic vitrectomy pose unique challenges in management. Surgical outcomes have improved with the availability of modern instrumentation and pharmacotherapy. The availability of anti-VEGF agents, small gauge instruments, bimanual techniques and intraoperative optical coherence tomography have reduced the overall risk of complications and improved the visual outcomes.","PeriodicalId":23047,"journal":{"name":"The Official Scientific Journal of Delhi Ophthalmological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84970672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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