In order to reduce the communications costs in time-sharing systems and multicomputer communication systems, multiplexing techniques have been introduced to increase channel utilization. A commonly used technique is Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing (STDM). In Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing, for example, consider the transmission of messages from terminals to computer, each terminal is assigned a fixed time duration. After one user's time duration has elapsed, the channel is switched to another user. With synchronous operation, buffering is limited to one character per user line, and addressing is usually not required. The STDM technique, however, has certain disadvantages. As shown in Figure 1, it is inefficient in capacity and cost to permanently assign a segment of bandwidth that is utilized only for a portion of the time. A more flexible system that efficiently uses the transmission facility on an "instantaneous time-shared" basis could be used instead. The objective would be to switch from one user to another user whenever the one user is idle, and to asynchronously time multiplex the data. With such an arrangement, each user would be granted access to the channel only when he has a message to transmit. This is known as an Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing System (ATDM). A segment of a typical ATDM data stream is shown in Figure 2. The crucial attributes of such a multiplexing technique are: 1. An address is required for each transmitted message, and 2. Buffering is required to handle the random message arrivals.
{"title":"A study of asynchronous time division multiplexing for time-sharing computer systems","authors":"W. Chu","doi":"10.1145/1478559.1478640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1478559.1478640","url":null,"abstract":"In order to reduce the communications costs in time-sharing systems and multicomputer communication systems, multiplexing techniques have been introduced to increase channel utilization. A commonly used technique is Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing (STDM). In Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing, for example, consider the transmission of messages from terminals to computer, each terminal is assigned a fixed time duration. After one user's time duration has elapsed, the channel is switched to another user. With synchronous operation, buffering is limited to one character per user line, and addressing is usually not required. The STDM technique, however, has certain disadvantages. As shown in Figure 1, it is inefficient in capacity and cost to permanently assign a segment of bandwidth that is utilized only for a portion of the time. A more flexible system that efficiently uses the transmission facility on an \"instantaneous time-shared\" basis could be used instead. The objective would be to switch from one user to another user whenever the one user is idle, and to asynchronously time multiplex the data. With such an arrangement, each user would be granted access to the channel only when he has a message to transmit. This is known as an Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing System (ATDM). A segment of a typical ATDM data stream is shown in Figure 2. The crucial attributes of such a multiplexing technique are:\u0000 1. An address is required for each transmitted message, and\u0000 2. Buffering is required to handle the random message arrivals.","PeriodicalId":230827,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Fall)","volume":"255 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120932576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Large-scale integration for computer applications has been predicted for several years, but close examination shows that the progress has been uneven. Memory designers continually demand higher levels of integration for larger and faster memory systems, and new memory concepts are being developed to further exploit the characteristics of large-scale integration. The one-thousand-circuit chip will become nothing more than a milestone.
{"title":"Structured logic","authors":"R. Henle, I. Ho, G. Maley, R. Waxman","doi":"10.1145/1478559.1478567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1478559.1478567","url":null,"abstract":"Large-scale integration for computer applications has been predicted for several years, but close examination shows that the progress has been uneven. Memory designers continually demand higher levels of integration for larger and faster memory systems, and new memory concepts are being developed to further exploit the characteristics of large-scale integration. The one-thousand-circuit chip will become nothing more than a milestone.","PeriodicalId":230827,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Fall)","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123807188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Greenes, A. Pappalardo, C. W. Marble, G. Barnett
The application of computers to the delivery of patient care is more a problem of "data management" than of "data processing." Although calculations and interpretation of data are often required, of much greater concern are the problems involved in the collection, communication, coordination, and presentation of information. As the process of delivery of medical care becomes increasingly complex, and involves increasing numbers of professional and nonprofessional personnel, responsibility for achieving the continuity and comprehensiveness that is essential to medical care seems to rest heavily on the development of appropriate computer-based data management systems. Such systems may further provide the primary feasible means by which quality control, auditing of the medical care process, and research into the diagnosis and treatment of disease can be achieved.
{"title":"A system for clinical data management","authors":"R. Greenes, A. Pappalardo, C. W. Marble, G. Barnett","doi":"10.1145/1478559.1478593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1478559.1478593","url":null,"abstract":"The application of computers to the delivery of patient care is more a problem of \"data management\" than of \"data processing.\" Although calculations and interpretation of data are often required, of much greater concern are the problems involved in the collection, communication, coordination, and presentation of information. As the process of delivery of medical care becomes increasingly complex, and involves increasing numbers of professional and nonprofessional personnel, responsibility for achieving the continuity and comprehensiveness that is essential to medical care seems to rest heavily on the development of appropriate computer-based data management systems. Such systems may further provide the primary feasible means by which quality control, auditing of the medical care process, and research into the diagnosis and treatment of disease can be achieved.","PeriodicalId":230827,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Fall)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125398938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While batch-processed applications of convenient, highly developed digital continuous-system simulation languages are now commonplace, such systems do not provide the intimate man-machine intercourse cherished in analog/hybrid simulation. The DES-I system, which combined a special simulation console and a digital plotter with an SDS 9300 (medium-sized) computer was, then, a pioneering effort, unfortunately abandoned by its manufacturer. The only commercially available interactive system appears to be the IBM CSMP 1130 system which, like its predecessor PACTOLUS, can be programmed from a simple typewriter terminal. This is an interpreter system implemented on a small computer and thus yields relatively quite slow execution.
{"title":"Project DARE: Differential Analyzer REplacement by on-line digital simulation","authors":"G. Korn","doi":"10.1145/1478559.1478588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1478559.1478588","url":null,"abstract":"While batch-processed applications of convenient, highly developed digital continuous-system simulation languages are now commonplace, such systems do not provide the intimate man-machine intercourse cherished in analog/hybrid simulation. The DES-I system, which combined a special simulation console and a digital plotter with an SDS 9300 (medium-sized) computer was, then, a pioneering effort, unfortunately abandoned by its manufacturer. The only commercially available interactive system appears to be the IBM CSMP 1130 system which, like its predecessor PACTOLUS, can be programmed from a simple typewriter terminal. This is an interpreter system implemented on a small computer and thus yields relatively quite slow execution.","PeriodicalId":230827,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Fall)","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128404492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rapid solution of partial differential equations (PDE) has been a subject of increasing interest in recent years. This interest in partly due to advances in areas of technology which require the solution of PDEs, but is primarily due to the need to apply modern optimization and identification techniques to the spatially continuous systems that are best modeled by PDEs. The parallel organization of the analog subsection of a hybrid computer facilitates extremely rapid solutions of complicated systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Therefore, techniques to find a system of ODEs that can be solved to obtain a rapid approximate solution to a PDE on the hybrid computer have become the subject of intensive investigation.
{"title":"The extended space technique for hybird computer solution of partial differential equations","authors":"D. Newman, J. Strauss","doi":"10.1145/1478559.1478649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1478559.1478649","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid solution of partial differential equations (PDE) has been a subject of increasing interest in recent years. This interest in partly due to advances in areas of technology which require the solution of PDEs, but is primarily due to the need to apply modern optimization and identification techniques to the spatially continuous systems that are best modeled by PDEs. The parallel organization of the analog subsection of a hybrid computer facilitates extremely rapid solutions of complicated systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Therefore, techniques to find a system of ODEs that can be solved to obtain a rapid approximate solution to a PDE on the hybrid computer have become the subject of intensive investigation.","PeriodicalId":230827,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Fall)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114558110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Computer simulation of electronic circuits and systems has become an increasingly important tool in circuit and system design. Such simulations enable one to: 1. Eliminate the necessity of building many breadboard models in order to evaluate different design approaches. 2. Analyze the performance of the circuit as a function of different parameters. 3. Model semiconductor devices and integrated circuits so that intrinsic parameters become accessible. 4. Perform optimization and tolerance analysis of a circuit which requires many evaluations of the circuit with different sets of parameters.
{"title":"HYPAC: a hybrid-computer circuit simulation program","authors":"P. Balaban","doi":"10.1145/1478559.1478651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1478559.1478651","url":null,"abstract":"Computer simulation of electronic circuits and systems has become an increasingly important tool in circuit and system design. Such simulations enable one to:\u0000 1. Eliminate the necessity of building many breadboard models in order to evaluate different design approaches.\u0000 2. Analyze the performance of the circuit as a function of different parameters.\u0000 3. Model semiconductor devices and integrated circuits so that intrinsic parameters become accessible.\u0000 4. Perform optimization and tolerance analysis of a circuit which requires many evaluations of the circuit with different sets of parameters.","PeriodicalId":230827,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Fall)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122376907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A high performance computer memory must operate at high speed, require a minimum amount of power, and be capable of operating under extreme environmental conditions. Thin film memories meet these requirements, however, anyone who expected them to become the primary memory technology was certainly premature. Despite its superior performance features, the thin film memory has encountered producibility problems which have prevented it from becoming cost competitive. Univac has developed the MATED FILM memory concept and a continuous vacuum deposition system which together have overcome previous producibility obstacles and now make the evaporated film memory a serious contender for main store applications. The features which are new and unique to this approach are: 1. Economical continuous deposition for 16-hour periods with all deposition parameters maintained in equilibrium. 2. The closed-flux path design has wide operating margins and provides an exceptionally low susceptibility to process variations. 3. Changing the film array organization from a word-bit matrix to a bit-slice array has greatly reduced the number of connections and process steps required to fabricate the memory stack.
{"title":"Mated film memory: implementation of a new design and production concept","authors":"L. A. Prohofsky, D. W. Morgan","doi":"10.1145/1478559.1478619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1478559.1478619","url":null,"abstract":"A high performance computer memory must operate at high speed, require a minimum amount of power, and be capable of operating under extreme environmental conditions. Thin film memories meet these requirements, however, anyone who expected them to become the primary memory technology was certainly premature. Despite its superior performance features, the thin film memory has encountered producibility problems which have prevented it from becoming cost competitive. Univac has developed the MATED FILM memory concept and a continuous vacuum deposition system which together have overcome previous producibility obstacles and now make the evaporated film memory a serious contender for main store applications. The features which are new and unique to this approach are:\u0000 1. Economical continuous deposition for 16-hour periods with all deposition parameters maintained in equilibrium.\u0000 2. The closed-flux path design has wide operating margins and provides an exceptionally low susceptibility to process variations.\u0000 3. Changing the film array organization from a word-bit matrix to a bit-slice array has greatly reduced the number of connections and process steps required to fabricate the memory stack.","PeriodicalId":230827,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Fall)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131358384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Very thin permalloy sheets were used by RCA, in 1963, in order to achieve integrated magnetic memories. In 1964, LFE has described an approach to mass memories (107--109 bits) using this material and an integrated wiring. For different reasons, these two projects were abandoned. This paper shows that the two conditions of success are the choice of the shape of the element and the integration process.
{"title":"A new integrated magnetic memory","authors":"M. Blanchon, M. Carbonel","doi":"10.1145/1478559.1478618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1478559.1478618","url":null,"abstract":"Very thin permalloy sheets were used by RCA, in 1963, in order to achieve integrated magnetic memories. In 1964, LFE has described an approach to mass memories (107--109 bits) using this material and an integrated wiring. For different reasons, these two projects were abandoned. This paper shows that the two conditions of success are the choice of the shape of the element and the integration process.","PeriodicalId":230827,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Fall)","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116682813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISDS (Instruction Set Design System), a program that designs instruction languages for computers, is the result of research aimed at gaining a better understanding of computer-assisted design and, in particular, automated design of computers. The primary goal of the research was to develop techniques for writing programs that solye design problems without intervention by human designers. This paper describes a program that solves a specific design problem---the selection of an order code for a computer---but the general approach can be easily adapted to other design problems.
{"title":"ISDS: a program that designs computer instruction sets","authors":"F. Haney","doi":"10.1145/1478559.1478630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1478559.1478630","url":null,"abstract":"ISDS (Instruction Set Design System), a program that designs instruction languages for computers, is the result of research aimed at gaining a better understanding of computer-assisted design and, in particular, automated design of computers. The primary goal of the research was to develop techniques for writing programs that solye design problems without intervention by human designers. This paper describes a program that solves a specific design problem---the selection of an order code for a computer---but the general approach can be easily adapted to other design problems.","PeriodicalId":230827,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Fall)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132002258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The motivation for the development of digital simulation languages may be seen by tracing the thoughts of two widely different people preparing to analyze a continuous dynamic system. Both are experienced engineers and mathematicians, but the first is a novice programmer with little or no FORTRAN experience. Both have access to one or more digital computers. The novice's thoughts might be as follows: "I do not know FORTRAN and I'm not really interested in learning it just to solve this problem. I have heard that digital continuous simulation languages are simple and easy to use. I'll try one". The experienced programmer, on the other hand, might think, "I only need a few quick solutions, why bother with a FORTRAN program. I'll use a simulation language for convenience."
{"title":"MOBSSL-UAF: an augmented block structured continuous system simulation language for digital and hybrid computers","authors":"M. J. Merritt, Donald S. Miller","doi":"10.1145/1478559.1478589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1478559.1478589","url":null,"abstract":"The motivation for the development of digital simulation languages may be seen by tracing the thoughts of two widely different people preparing to analyze a continuous dynamic system. Both are experienced engineers and mathematicians, but the first is a novice programmer with little or no FORTRAN experience. Both have access to one or more digital computers. The novice's thoughts might be as follows: \"I do not know FORTRAN and I'm not really interested in learning it just to solve this problem. I have heard that digital continuous simulation languages are simple and easy to use. I'll try one\". The experienced programmer, on the other hand, might think, \"I only need a few quick solutions, why bother with a FORTRAN program. I'll use a simulation language for convenience.\"","PeriodicalId":230827,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Fall)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114119803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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