In the past decade, many computer systems intended for operational use by large military and governmental organizations have been "custom made" to meet the needs of the particular operational situation for which they were intended. In recent years, however, there has been a growing realization that this design approach is not the best method for long term system development. Rather, the development of general purpose systems has been promoted that provide a broad, general base on which to configure new systems. The concepts of time-sharing and general-purpose data management have been under development for several years, particularly in university or research settings. These methods of computer usage have been tested, evaluated, and refined to the point where today they are ready to be exploited by a broad user community.
{"title":"The ADEPT-50 time-sharing system","authors":"R. Linde, C. Weissman, C. Fox","doi":"10.1145/1478559.1478564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1478559.1478564","url":null,"abstract":"In the past decade, many computer systems intended for operational use by large military and governmental organizations have been \"custom made\" to meet the needs of the particular operational situation for which they were intended. In recent years, however, there has been a growing realization that this design approach is not the best method for long term system development. Rather, the development of general purpose systems has been promoted that provide a broad, general base on which to configure new systems. The concepts of time-sharing and general-purpose data management have been under development for several years, particularly in university or research settings. These methods of computer usage have been tested, evaluated, and refined to the point where today they are ready to be exploited by a broad user community.","PeriodicalId":230827,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Fall)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124030282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
If any design goal is common to all computer system organization schemes, it is that of providing "effective service" both externally to the user of the computational facility and internally with respect to utilization of system resources. Thus, generally speaking, there are at least two dimensions to this design objective. On the one hand, effective service is the external satisfaction of a broad spectrum of user demands. For example, the ideal system might be visualized as one which economically provides a large number of programming languages; machine compatibility with other computers of widely diverse hardware; and rapid computation. On the other hand, effective service is the internal utilization of all system components so as to increase computational efficiency. In this respect, system structures are implemented which strive to maximize sub-system simultaneity and system throughput. For example, a degree of macro-parallelism is attained in many present day systems by allowing a central processing unit (CPU) and input/output controller to share the use of a main memory register, thereby enabling processing and input/output (I/O) to proceed concurrently (for one or several independent programs, depending upon the system software).
{"title":"Performance modeling and empirical measurements in a system designed for batch and time-sharing users","authors":"J. Shemer, Douglas W. Heying","doi":"10.1145/1478559.1478562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1478559.1478562","url":null,"abstract":"If any design goal is common to all computer system organization schemes, it is that of providing \"effective service\" both externally to the user of the computational facility and internally with respect to utilization of system resources. Thus, generally speaking, there are at least two dimensions to this design objective. On the one hand, effective service is the external satisfaction of a broad spectrum of user demands. For example, the ideal system might be visualized as one which economically provides a large number of programming languages; machine compatibility with other computers of widely diverse hardware; and rapid computation. On the other hand, effective service is the internal utilization of all system components so as to increase computational efficiency. In this respect, system structures are implemented which strive to maximize sub-system simultaneity and system throughput. For example, a degree of macro-parallelism is attained in many present day systems by allowing a central processing unit (CPU) and input/output controller to share the use of a main memory register, thereby enabling processing and input/output (I/O) to proceed concurrently (for one or several independent programs, depending upon the system software).","PeriodicalId":230827,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Fall)","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126230458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the growth of information processing systems incorporating large data bases, many situations arise in which the data to be entered is a human's analysis of a problem. Often it will be undesirable to require the user to learn to type, and this mode can be cumbersome for random two-dimensional entry on a form or drawing. Using an electronic tablet coupled to a display tube would make it convenient for the user to point to a correct answer or print it in a very natural way. This paper describes a new technique for converting these hand written symbols to code words which can subsequently be processed by a computer.
{"title":"On-line recognition of hand-generated symbols","authors":"George M. Miller","doi":"10.1145/1478559.1478606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1478559.1478606","url":null,"abstract":"With the growth of information processing systems incorporating large data bases, many situations arise in which the data to be entered is a human's analysis of a problem. Often it will be undesirable to require the user to learn to type, and this mode can be cumbersome for random two-dimensional entry on a form or drawing. Using an electronic tablet coupled to a display tube would make it convenient for the user to point to a correct answer or print it in a very natural way. This paper describes a new technique for converting these hand written symbols to code words which can subsequently be processed by a computer.","PeriodicalId":230827,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Fall)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117034347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Magnetic domain behavior in single crystal magnetic oxides has been studied extensively over the last several decades. These investigations, both theoretical and experimental, are an attempt to better understand these materials and their complex domain structures. Recently single crystal oxides have been utilized in memory and logic devices. This paper will update work on cylindrical domains in orthoferrites first published in 1967 and later discussed at the 1968 and 1969 Intermag Conferences.
{"title":"A new approach to memory and logic-cylindrical domain devices","authors":"A. Bobeck, R. Fischer, A. Perneski","doi":"10.1145/1478559.1478617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1478559.1478617","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic domain behavior in single crystal magnetic oxides has been studied extensively over the last several decades. These investigations, both theoretical and experimental, are an attempt to better understand these materials and their complex domain structures. Recently single crystal oxides have been utilized in memory and logic devices. This paper will update work on cylindrical domains in orthoferrites first published in 1967 and later discussed at the 1968 and 1969 Intermag Conferences.","PeriodicalId":230827,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Fall)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116327366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The utility of associative memory in a wide variety of information handling systems has been long recognized and in the early 1950's such memory systems were proposed for implementation through cryotron logic and storage arrays. Cryogenic element technology afforded the ingredient of compatible logic and memory within a basic cell, a requirement essential to the practical realization of associative memories. To date, such an approach has not been successful due mainly to processing difficulties connected with thin film elements operating in a liquid helium environment. Other approaches, involving the use of multi-apertured magnetic elements, have been proposed and implemented, but the resultant cost was prohibitive due to complexities of peripheral electronics as well as the magnetic storage element itself. Furthermore, systems of this type have relatively long parallel search times (~ 10 μsecs) especially if access is on a serial-by-bit basis. These considerations have seriously limited the applicability of associative concepts in all forms of data processing and have resulted in a situation where system designers do not consider associative memory as a solution to a given problem in spite of many obvious advantages in applications such as sorting, merging, pattern recognition, and most recently, memory allocation in time shared computers.
{"title":"Silicon-on-sapphire complementary MOS circuits for high speed associative memory","authors":"J. Burns, J. Scott","doi":"10.1145/1478559.1478615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1478559.1478615","url":null,"abstract":"The utility of associative memory in a wide variety of information handling systems has been long recognized and in the early 1950's such memory systems were proposed for implementation through cryotron logic and storage arrays. Cryogenic element technology afforded the ingredient of compatible logic and memory within a basic cell, a requirement essential to the practical realization of associative memories. To date, such an approach has not been successful due mainly to processing difficulties connected with thin film elements operating in a liquid helium environment. Other approaches, involving the use of multi-apertured magnetic elements, have been proposed and implemented, but the resultant cost was prohibitive due to complexities of peripheral electronics as well as the magnetic storage element itself. Furthermore, systems of this type have relatively long parallel search times (~ 10 μsecs) especially if access is on a serial-by-bit basis. These considerations have seriously limited the applicability of associative concepts in all forms of data processing and have resulted in a situation where system designers do not consider associative memory as a solution to a given problem in spite of many obvious advantages in applications such as sorting, merging, pattern recognition, and most recently, memory allocation in time shared computers.","PeriodicalId":230827,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Fall)","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126443639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
State-of-the-art advances---in particular, anticipated advances generated by LSI---have given fresh impetus to research in the area of parallel processing. The motives for parallel processing include the following: 1. Real-time urgency. Parallel processing can increase the speed of computation beyond the limit imposed by technological limitations. 2. Reduction of turnaround time of high priority jobs. 3. Reduction of memory and time requirements for "housekeeping" chores. The simultaneous but properly interlocked operations of reading inputs into memory and error checking and editing can reduce the need for large intermediate storages or costly transfers between members in a storage hierarchy. 4. An increase in simultaneous service to many users. In the field of the computer utility, for example, periods of peak demand are difficult to predict. The availability of spare processors enables an installation to minimize the effects of these peak periods. In addition, in the event of a system failure, faster computational speeds permit service to be provided to more users before the failure occurs. 5. Improved performance in a uniprocessor multi-programmed environment. Even in a uniprocessor environment, parallel processable segments of high priority jobs can be overlapped so that when one segment is waiting for I/O, the processor can be computing its companion segment. Thus an overall speed up in execution is achieved.
{"title":"A survey of techniques for recognizing parallel processable streams in computer programs","authors":"C. Ramamoorthy, Mario J. Gonzalez","doi":"10.1145/1478559.1478561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1478559.1478561","url":null,"abstract":"State-of-the-art advances---in particular, anticipated advances generated by LSI---have given fresh impetus to research in the area of parallel processing. The motives for parallel processing include the following:\u0000 1. Real-time urgency. Parallel processing can increase the speed of computation beyond the limit imposed by technological limitations.\u0000 2. Reduction of turnaround time of high priority jobs.\u0000 3. Reduction of memory and time requirements for \"housekeeping\" chores. The simultaneous but properly interlocked operations of reading inputs into memory and error checking and editing can reduce the need for large intermediate storages or costly transfers between members in a storage hierarchy.\u0000 4. An increase in simultaneous service to many users. In the field of the computer utility, for example, periods of peak demand are difficult to predict. The availability of spare processors enables an installation to minimize the effects of these peak periods. In addition, in the event of a system failure, faster computational speeds permit service to be provided to more users before the failure occurs.\u0000 5. Improved performance in a uniprocessor multi-programmed environment. Even in a uniprocessor environment, parallel processable segments of high priority jobs can be overlapped so that when one segment is waiting for I/O, the processor can be computing its companion segment. Thus an overall speed up in execution is achieved.","PeriodicalId":230827,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Fall)","volume":"54 48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114983770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The cost of storing information in machine-accessible form has declined markedly in the last decade, and promises are such that one can look forward to having complete libraries available in such form. This places increased importance on algorithms which make it possible to search large files efficiently.
{"title":"An information retrieval system based on superimposed coding","authors":"John R. Files, H. D. Huskey","doi":"10.1145/1478559.1478609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1478559.1478609","url":null,"abstract":"The cost of storing information in machine-accessible form has declined markedly in the last decade, and promises are such that one can look forward to having complete libraries available in such form. This places increased importance on algorithms which make it possible to search large files efficiently.","PeriodicalId":230827,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Fall)","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124777149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At present, the system described in this paper has not been approved by the Department of Defense for processing classified information. This paper does not represent DOD policy regarding industrial application of time- or resource-sharing of EDP equipment.
{"title":"Security controls in the ADEPT-50 time-sharing system","authors":"C. Weissman","doi":"10.1145/1478559.1478574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1478559.1478574","url":null,"abstract":"At present, the system described in this paper has not been approved by the Department of Defense for processing classified information. This paper does not represent DOD policy regarding industrial application of time- or resource-sharing of EDP equipment.","PeriodicalId":230827,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Fall)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125059971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the arrival of large real-time, time-shared systems, the requirement of system reliability has become even more demanding. The result of even a momentary system misbehavior could be catastrophic, since any disruption of service is experienced by all the users on-line at that time. Thus for real-time systems such as telephone switching systems, airline reservation systems, on-line teaching machine, etc., where numerous users are served, and critical real-time systems such as command and control, a high degree of system dependability and maintainability must be realized.
{"title":"Design principles for processor maintainability in real-time systems","authors":"H. Chang, J. Scanlon","doi":"10.1145/1478559.1478596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1478559.1478596","url":null,"abstract":"With the arrival of large real-time, time-shared systems, the requirement of system reliability has become even more demanding. The result of even a momentary system misbehavior could be catastrophic, since any disruption of service is experienced by all the users on-line at that time. Thus for real-time systems such as telephone switching systems, airline reservation systems, on-line teaching machine, etc., where numerous users are served, and critical real-time systems such as command and control, a high degree of system dependability and maintainability must be realized.","PeriodicalId":230827,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Fall)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125339517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the past quarter century, from MARK 1 (1944) ENIAC (1946) to IBM-360/195 and CDC-7600, the information processing community has progressed in diametrically opposite directions. On the one hand, the hardware and software development has been toward a general purpose computer system. On the other hand, the computer users often dedicate a general purpose computer for a special application where only parts of the computer system resources are used.
{"title":"Resources management subsystem for a large corporate information system","authors":"Honien Liu, William S. Peck, P. Pollard","doi":"10.1145/1478559.1478611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1478559.1478611","url":null,"abstract":"In the past quarter century, from MARK 1 (1944) ENIAC (1946) to IBM-360/195 and CDC-7600, the information processing community has progressed in diametrically opposite directions. On the one hand, the hardware and software development has been toward a general purpose computer system. On the other hand, the computer users often dedicate a general purpose computer for a special application where only parts of the computer system resources are used.","PeriodicalId":230827,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Fall)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127750580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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